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Im Projekt ArbeitsTeilung Entwickler Operateur (ATEO) wird die Funktionsteilung zwischen Mensch und Maschine erforscht, wobei der Entwickler von Automatiken stärker in den Vordergrund gerückt wird. Im Vergleich mit Operateuren wird seine Leistung bei der Steuerung komplexer dynamischer Prozesse durch die entwickelten Automatiken gemessen. Dabei entscheidet die Antizipationsleistung der Entwickler weit im Voraus über den Erfolg oder Misserfolg der Automatiken. Ein Operateur hat dagegen den Vorteil sehr schnell auf unerwartete Ereignisse zu reagieren, wenn er diese erkennt und die nötige Expertise besitzt, korrekt zu handeln. Für den Vergleich zwischen beiden Gruppen werden gemeinsame Ressourcen wie Zeit und Informationsquellen herangezogen, um so für beide optimale Bedingungen zu schaffen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden zwei Studien durchgeführt. Für die erste Studie wurde studentischen Entwicklerteams im Rahmen von Lehrveranstaltungen an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin mehr Zeit gegeben als die für einen Vergleich herangezogene Studie von Saskia Kain mit professionellen Entwicklerteams aus Industrie und Forschung. Der Vergleich dieser beiden Gruppen von Entwicklerteams ergab keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der Qualität der entwickelten Automatikkonzepte. Für die zweite Studie wurde ein sehr gutes Automatikkonzept ausgewählt und seine Leistung im Labor getestet. Im Vergleich zur Leistung von Operateuren aus angesprochenen empirischen Studien des ATEO Projektes konnte durch die Automatiken nur die Genauigkeit verbessert werden. Der Unterschied weiterer Leistungsmerkmale wie Geschwindigkeit und Anstrengung der Versuchspersonen während der Durchführung war nicht signifikant. Im Übergang zwischen der eigenen Trackingleistung der Versuchspersonen und einer Leistung mit Unterstützung durch die Automatik zeigte sich eine signifikante Verschlechterung fast aller Leistungsmaße. / The project ‚ArbeitsTeilung Entwickler Operateur‘ (ATEO) (Division of Labour between Developers and Operators) investigated the function allocation between man and machines for designers of automation and operators. Compared with operators, the designer‘s achievements will be measured by the performance of the designed automation controlling complex and dynamic processes. In doing so, efficient anticipation of future events separates the good automation from the bad. The operator, on the other hand, has the advantage of quick reactions to unexpected events, if s/he recognizes them and is trained to act appropriately. Resources like time and amount of information, which are common to these two groups, were used for comparison under equal and optimal conditions. This thesis reports on two studies. In the first study, students of the Humboldt-University in Berlin designed concepts for automation during the course of the semester, while professional design teams from different companies and research facilities had only two hours for the conception phase in a comparable study conducted by Saskia Kain. When comparing these two groups, student and professional design teams, the quality and quantity of these concepts of automation did not show significant differences. For the second study, one of the best rated concepts of automation was tested with subjects, regarding its performance in optimizing the speed, accuracy and workload of test subjects, using SAM and compared with operators. Results showed a significant difference in increased accuracy during the tracking task by the designed automation. The effects of automation were insignificant for the performance indicators speed and workload. The transition from cooperative tracking with and without assistance of automation during the same experiment showed a significant decrease in almost all performance dimensions, when the automation should have supported the subjects.

Le cadre prescrit de l'ingénierie système, avant tout centré sur les systèmes techniques, doit évoluer pour permettre de prendre en compte dès la phase de spécification système les interactions critiques des systèmes homme-machine tels que le système de maintenance aéronautique. L'objectif est d'assurer que le comportement de ce type de système, dépendant des synergies entre les différentes interactions qui prennent place entre les constituants techniques et humains, soit maintenu dans un domaine de performances acceptables. La démarche d'intégration des facteurs humains en Ingénierie Système consiste alors à s'intéresser à la performance globale des diverses interfaces des systèmes homme-machine. Ces interfaces sont le siège d'interactions émergeantes complexes, dont certaines sont recherchées pour faciliter la performance globale visée et la résilience face à un environnement perturbateur non anticipé, et d'autres construites pour finaliser le système en regard de sa mission. Le paradigme exploré par nos travaux se fonde sur la possibilité de faire inter-opérer des modèles de processus physiologiques avec des modèles de processus techniques en spécification d'interaction homme-machine, en combinant un cadre de Modélisation Système avec celui Mathématique et Computationnel de la Physiologie Intégrative. Notre travail se focalise sur la spécification d'exigences physico-physiologiques d'une interaction de perception visuelle, modélisées avec SysML, pour que l'opérateur humain perçoive bien les propriétés symboliques "affordées" par les objets techniques qu'il doit maintenir dans des contextes opérationnels variables. Les résultats de ces travaux de spécification nous amène à proposer une nouvelle organisation d'une ingénierie système support de maintenance basée sur les modèles / Current Systems Engineering framework must evolve in order to take into account the critical interactions of human-machine systems since the specification phase. The objective is to ensure that the behavior of such systems is kept within an accepted domain of performances whatever is the context of use. Those performances depend on the synergies of the different interactions that take place between technical and human systems when operating a common object. Human Factors Integration in Systems Engineering also known as Human Systems Integration implies to start working on the overall performance of all the interfaces of a human-machine system. These different interfaces exhibit emerging complex interactions. Some of them are inquired to ease the whole system performances and facilitate system resilience capabilities within disruptive unanticipated environment. Other ones are designed to finalize the system mission according to the purpose of its context of use. The paradigm we have explored in our work is based on the hypothesis of possible inter-operations between physiological and technical processes for human-machine interaction specification by coupling a System Modeling Framework with the Mathematical Theory of Integrative Physiology one. Our work focuses on the physical and physiological requirements specification (modeled with SysML) of a visual perceptive interaction for human to perceive right the meaning of symbolic properties technical objects afford when they are being maintained in variable contextualized situations. Our specification work results lead us to propose a Model-Based Support Systems Engineering organization

Propõe-se uma agenda de intervenção para a ergonomia da atividade no processo de requisitos de sistemas computacionais interativos centrados no usuário. Esta agenda adotou a abordagem multidisciplinar preconizada em normas internacionais de qualidade de software, como a ISO-13407. O objetivo da agenda é integrar a Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho na engenharia de requisitos, abordando a complexidade do ambiente de uso de forma sistemática, e garantir a interoperabilidade com a equipe de desenvolvimento. A agenda é aplicada experimentalmente em um estudo de caso de informatização na área médica, e envolveu o especialista em usuário, especialistas em computação e especialistas na área médica. Os resultados apresentados corroboram para a abordagem multidisciplinar proposta, evidenciando-se em processos de informatização de atividades de trabalho. / An agenda for the intervention of the activity ergonomics in the requirements process of interactive computing systems centered in the user is proposed. The agenda adopted a multidiscplinary approach aimed by international software quality standarts, as ISO 13407. The objective of the agenda is to integrate the Ergonomic Analysis of Work in the requirements engineering, approaching complexity of the environment of use, while making possible interoperability with the development team. The agenda is experimentally applied in a case study of automation in the medical field, involving user, computing and medical specialists. Results presented corroborated to the multidisciplinary approach proposed, argued for automation of working activities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:13:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valeria Cristiane Aprobato.pdf: 2740048 bytes, checksum: 6ff132f76e5eceafaa974144d5756610 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-18 / Each new technology creates impacts on communication processes, way of life, values, daily life, perception and cognition. This research aims to study, conduct qualitative field research and develop a training system customized body using fun games dancing Kinect application and analyze the complexities of interaction with this system interface body. Created for the video game device Microsoft Xbox 360, Kinect has attracted research interest in various fields of knowledge (Mazalek). In this research, the Kinect will be understood as a system of communication "bodymind- virtual environment." Due to their playful and interactive features, our hypothesis is that, through the mediation of the Kinect, the interactor can develop and / or improve their physical abilities,emotional, mental and enhance their intelligence. The research is based on the theories of Flusser in mediation theory of Martin - Barbero and the materiality of communication (Gumbrecht). To discuss the game as language the reasoning involves Feitoza, Fantin and Corrêa, Vaguetti and Botelho, Hansen, Galloway, Leo and Tavares. And to discuss the reading of the body and the five senses, fundamented in Serres. The methodology of a theoretical and practical, is comprised of literature review and qualitative field research. Practice trials (tests), development of training, monitoring students, questionnaires and nondirective interviews constituted stages of the investigative process. For the development of interviews, this research relied on the procedures of qualitative research (Alami) which provided the data for the analysis of the complexities of interaction with the Kinect. We observed that, after a journey of trial and error, the participants became more agile, precise, dynamic and visible improvement of their minds, because there was a considerable increase in their motor and cognitive skills, due to stimulation by Kinect device in a pyramid in increasing levels of difficulty in implementation throughout the research / Cada nova tecnologia gera impactos nos processos comunicacionais, modo de vida, valores, cotidiano, percepção e cognição. A presente pesquisa visa estudar, realizar pesquisa de campo qualitativa e desenvolver um sistema de treinamento corporal personalizado utilizando jogos lúdicos de dança do aplicativo Kinect e analisar as complexidades da interação com esse sistema de interface corporal. Criado para o dispositivo de videogame da Microsoft Xbox 360, o Kinect tem despertado interesse de pesquisa nos mais variados campos de conhecimento (Mazalek). Nessa pesquisa, o Kinect será compreendido enquanto um sistema de comunicação corpo-menteambiente virtual . Devido às suas características lúdicas e interativas, nossa hipótese é que, através da mediação do Kinect, o interator pode desenvolver e/ou melhorar suas habilidades físicas, emocionais, mentais e aprimorar sua inteligência. A pesquisa se fundamenta nas teorias de Flusser, na teoria da mediação de Martin- Barbero e na materialidade da comunicação (Gumbrecht). Para discutir o videogame enquanto linguagem a fundamentação envolve Feitoza, Fantin e Corrêa, Vaguetti e Botelho, Hansen, Galloway, Leão e Tavares. E para discutir a leitura do corpo e dos cinco sentidos, fundamentamo-nos em Serres. A metodologia, de caráter teóricoprático, é composta por revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa de campo qualitativa. Experimentações práticas (testes), desenvolvimento de treinos, acompanhamento de alunos, questionários e entrevistas não-diretivas constituíram etapas do processo investigativo. Para o desenvolvimento das entrevistas, a presente investigação se apoiou nos procedimentos da pesquisa qualitativa (Alami) que forneceu os dados para a análise das complexidades da interação com o Kinect. Pudemos observar que, ao fim de uma jornada de tentativas e erros, os participantes se tornaram mais ágeis, precisos, dinâmicos e com uma melhora visível de suas inteligências, pois houve um aumento considerável de suas habilidades motoras e cognitivas, devido ao estímulo dado pelo dispositivo Kinect, em uma pirâmide crescente em níveis de dificuldade de execução ao longo da pesquisa

Propõe-se uma agenda de intervenção para a ergonomia da atividade no processo de requisitos de sistemas computacionais interativos centrados no usuário. Esta agenda adotou a abordagem multidisciplinar preconizada em normas internacionais de qualidade de software, como a ISO-13407. O objetivo da agenda é integrar a Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho na engenharia de requisitos, abordando a complexidade do ambiente de uso de forma sistemática, e garantir a interoperabilidade com a equipe de desenvolvimento. A agenda é aplicada experimentalmente em um estudo de caso de informatização na área médica, e envolveu o especialista em usuário, especialistas em computação e especialistas na área médica. Os resultados apresentados corroboram para a abordagem multidisciplinar proposta, evidenciando-se em processos de informatização de atividades de trabalho. / An agenda for the intervention of the activity ergonomics in the requirements process of interactive computing systems centered in the user is proposed. The agenda adopted a multidiscplinary approach aimed by international software quality standarts, as ISO 13407. The objective of the agenda is to integrate the Ergonomic Analysis of Work in the requirements engineering, approaching complexity of the environment of use, while making possible interoperability with the development team. The agenda is experimentally applied in a case study of automation in the medical field, involving user, computing and medical specialists. Results presented corroborated to the multidisciplinary approach proposed, argued for automation of working activities.

Human-in-the-loop simulators have long been used in the research community as well as in industry. The aviation field has been the pioneers in the use of simulators for design purposes. In contrast, corresponding activities in the automotive area have been less widespread. Published reports on experimental activities based on human-in-the-loop simulations have focused on methods used in the study, but nobody seems to have taken a step back and looked at the wider methodological picture of Simulator-Based Design. The purpose of this thesis is to fill this gap by drawing, in part, upon the author’s long experience in this field. In aircraft and lately also in ground vehicles there has been a technology shift from pure mechanics to computer-based systems. The physical interface has turned into screen-based solutions. This trend towards glass has just begun for ground vehicles. This development in vehicle technology has opened the door for new design approaches, not only for design itself, but also for the development process. Simulator-Based Design (SBD) is very compatible with this trend. The first part of this thesis proposes a structure for the process of SBD and links it to the corresponding methodology for software design. In the second part of the thesis the focus changes from methodology to application and specifically to the design of three-dimensional situation displays. Such displays are supposed to support the human operator with a view of a situation beyond the more or less limited visual range. In the aircraft application interest focuses on the surrounding air traffic in the light of the evolving free-flight concept, where responsibility for separation between aircraft will be (partly) transferred from ground-based flight controllers to air crews. This new responsibility must be supported by new technology and the situational view must be displayed from the perspective of the aircraft. Some basic design questions for such 3D displays were investigated resulting in an adaptive interface approach, where the current situation and task govern the details of information presentation. The thesis also discusses work on situation displays for ground vehicles. The most prominent example may be the Night Vision system, where the road situation ahead is depicted on a screen in the cab. The existing systems are based on continuous presentation, an approach that we have questioned, since there is strong evidence for negative behavioral adaptation. This means, for example, that the driver will drive faster, since vision has been enhanced, and thereby consume the safety margins that the system was supposed to deliver. Our investigation supports a situation-dependant approach and no continuous presentation. In conclusion, the results from our simulator-based studies showed advantages for adaptive interface solutions. Such design concepts are much more complicated than traditional static interfaces. This finding emphasizes the need for more dynamic design resources in order to have a complete understanding of the situation-related interface changes. The use of human-in-the-loop simulators and deployment of Simulator-Based Design will satisfy this need.

Due to the varieties in knowledge advancements nowadays, the concepts of control room have been created in different directions. These concepts have been implemented in various fields of business to increase advantages over competitors. Meanwhile, an individual company has its own experiences and strategies, the results in the actual implementation are different to the conceptual plan. Most of them were not qualified to the actual specification and expectation. These exposures lead this research to find out and discuss about the proper criteria to improve the control centers’ performance. The viewpoints used in this study are discussed based on the perspectives of control system designers, operators, and researchers to create validity for the analysis and conclusion. The final result of this research can be used to generate realization in the necessities of improving control centers to support the operators’ performances to create competitive advantages for business sectors. In conclusion, this research aspires to be used as a guideline for the control centers design and improvement strategies to increase their performance and productivities.

This thesis problematizes the concept of usefulness, in part by taking questions to the extreme. The starting point is the contemporary view of usefulness, a view that remains within a traditional paradigm of technical rationality in which important aspects are disregarded or not perceived because they are not part of the equation. For scrutiny of technological usefulness that is a socially situated phenomenon regarding physical systems, neither interpretivist nor positivist research approaches are sufficient. Both views are required. Critical Realism supports such duality, facilitating the combination of elements from different paradigms, and provides methodological guidelines for doing this. The critical realist approach makes it possible to transcend the boundaries of technical rationality and contribute an alternative definition of usefulness that takes into account also the situated, the contextual, and the unpredictable. The aim is that this definition will contribute to a transformation of society. Concepts related to usefulness, such as predictability, controllability, effectiveness, and safety, are revisited, redefined, or complemented. Underlying aspects and mechanisms are explored and tensions identified, resulting in a theoretical contribution with models and frameworks explaining what is argued to be the true nature of usefulness. Potentiality is suggested as a complementary concept to effectiveness, similar to how resilience complements safety. Situated usefulness is then defined using these four concepts. The phenomenon known as situation awareness is scrutinized as well, and complemented by system awareness and the thesis title concept, edge awareness. Four cases, two airline crashes and two nuclear power plant events, and three future scenarios, constitute the empirical contribution. The analysis shows that the contributed frameworks and redefinition of usefulness facilitate different or extended explanations of all four events, and that future cases lack considerations of situated usefulness. Research implications center on the human role and our responsibilities in relation to the technology that we use, and on the meaning of concepts defining this role. We are situated human beings. Our role is to be involved and responsible, a role requiring awareness and controllability. The escalating ubiquity and the character of computerized technological systems make therefore the quest for edge awareness more important than ever.

In this thesis study, it is aimed to improve the performance of an Internet-based teleoperation system enabling the remote operation of a 6 DOF industrial robot. In order to improve the safety and efficiency of the teleoperation, stability and synchronization (hand-eye coordination) are considered. The selected communication medium between the human operator and remote robot is the Internet. The variable time delays and nondeterministic characteristics of the Internet may lead to instability of the teleoperation system. Considering the disturbing effects of the Internet onto the transmission, an event-based control approach is used in order to improve the stability of the teleoperation system. Besides, a visual feedback system is developed and a force-feedback mouse is designed in order to improve synchronization between the human operator and robot during the command generation according to the feedback obtained from the control system. A client-server software application is developed to interface the human operator with remote environment. It is observed that, using the event-based control approach in the operation makes the teleoperation stable and improves the synchronization ability. Implementation of visual feedback and force-feedback mouse to the teleoperation system improves the human operator&rsquo / s ability to perform remote operation.