It is known that certain inert substances significantly improve the process of aerobic degradation of organic mass during composting. The cause is not completely clear yet, but it improves catalytic oxidation or hydrolysis process rather than aeration at the surface of inert substance. Generally, it is not clear, whether this benefit effect occurs during synthesis process of "humification", which should happen after decay of organic mass in compost.

This dissertation contains evaluation of the growth dynamics and nutritional status of tree species plantations after application of biological and chemical amelioration treatments, impact of trees on quality of soil and on the accumulation of surface humus. There were evaluated: Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), Blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.), Birch (Betula spp.), European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), Gray alder (Alnus incana Moench.), Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.), Eastern White pine (Pinus strobus L.) and Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.). On 4 research plots in Boleboř (Ore Mts.) was measured height, thickness of root collar, breast-height diameter. Were taken samples of soil, weed and assimilation apparatus. There was determined yellowing, browsing, plants mortality and calculated amount of accumulated surface humus. Application of fertilizer Silvamix Forte on spreading windrows reduced mortality and increased increment for the first 3 years, the effect is evident even after 10 years. It was not confirmed the attractiveness of plants for wildlife after Silvamix Forte application. Silvamix Mg fertilizer application had minimal effect on the growth dynamics and nutrient contents in needles. Positively impacted soil characteristics, increased the value of the cation exchange capacity, decrease in hydrolytic acidity, increase the saturation of sorption bases, decrease of aluminium ions Al3+ and decrease of Fe2O3. On fertilized plots increased content of available nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium, increase of the total supply of nitrogen, calcium and magnesium. The rapid increase in the content of Ca and Mg is related to the liming in 2002. Fertilizer application significantly supported the development of ground-weed on plots of Colorado blue spruce mixed with birch, while in pure stands of Colorado blue spruce led to a reduction in aboveground biomass. For the Colorado blue spruce mixed with birch plot compared with only Colorado blue spruce plot were documented favourable soil properties, increased supply of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Rowan tree on an intact soil surface exhibits the lowest reaction pH as humus and in the mineral, high hydrolytic acidity, extremely sorption unsaturated soil state, high content of ion Al3+ and low content of available calcium, although was applied liming. Technical and biological reclamation (Boleboř III.) has a long-term positive effect on the average height and breast-height diameter of Colorado blue spruce and white pine. The growth dynamics of European larch and Lodgepole pine were affect only at the beginning. Meliorated stand of Gray Alder has very good growth dynamics, comparable with Larch and Lodgepole pine. The big problem is the game impact, especially in Lodgepole pine, which led to the destruction of all individuals. Colorado Blue spruce in terms of biological reclamation is totally inappropriate. This Spruce has reduced resistance to abiotic factors, which often suffer uprooting and breakage. During the 21 years the Clorado Blue spruce mixed with birch accumulated of 66,09 t.ha-1 humus matter with better properties also in the deeper horizon. Colorado Blue spruce accumulated 54,11 t.ha-1 of humus matter. Rowan tree accumulated on the intact soil largest amount of humus matter (194,98 t.ha-1), however acidifies the deeper horizons. The stand of Norway Spruce occurred during the reporting period a decrease of 47% to 107,03 t.ha-1. The decline may be associated with more open stand and due to air liming.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-05-30T14:01:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1950608 bytes, checksum: 86ce9edf2ae6c14704b23eea6f458809 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T14:01:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1950608 bytes, checksum: 86ce9edf2ae6c14704b23eea6f458809 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os fatores que regulam a dinâmica do Carbono (C) e Nitrogênio (N) do solo na rizosfera são ainda pouco compreendidos. A mineralização de C na rizosfera pode ser fortemente influenciada pelo estado nutricional da planta, a concentração de CO2 na atmosfera e a temperatura do ambiente, entre outros. Em este estudo, avaliamos o status nutricional de N em plantas de Eucalyptus spp. e sua influência na dinâmica do C e do N n a rizosfera. Realizamos um experimento usando um rhizobox dividido em dois compartimentos. No compartimento de cima plantas foram cultivadas e areia lavada e supridas com uma solução nutritiva contendo todos o nutrientes e a mesma solução porém sem N . No compartimento inferior o contato das raízes com o solo foi limitado usando uma membrana de nylon com abertura de 5 μm. Observamos uma maior razão raiz:parte aérea e maiores concentrações de CO2 no solo das plantas com deficiência de N. As raízes das plantas deficientes em N, apresentaram maiores concentrações em relação as plantas não deficientes em N, de citrato e tallose, e menores concentrações de sucrose e aminoácidos. A análise de C e N da fração de matéria orgânica ligada aos minerais , junto com os dados obtidos pela termoquimolise indicam um aumento na mineralização de C e uma modificação na dinâmica do N. Devido a impossibilidade de contato físico direto com o solo, pela presença da membrana de nylon, a única forma de modificar o solo seria então pela exsudação de compostos pelas raízes. O contrastante conteúdo de aminoácidos e açúcares na raiz, junto com os dados do extrato da solução do solo e de mineralização de C, indica que a composição destes exsudatos diferiu em razão da deficiência de N. Enquanto as plantas deficientes em N exsudaram mais ácidos orgânicos, as plantas com ótimo status nutricional foram capazes de exsudar compostos energeticamente ricos. Os dados de δ13C da matéria orgânica ligada aos minerais indica que as plantas deficientes em N afetaram um maior volume de solo que as plantas supridas de N. Tudo isto mostra que, diferentes mecanismos de efeito priming foram dominantes, dependendo do status nutricional da planta. Em plantas deficiente de N, a mineralização de C no solo foi dominada pelo mecanismo chamado de “mineração de N”, enquanto no solo das plantas supridas de N o mecanismo dominante foi a “estequiometria microbiana”. Este trabalho demostra pela primeira vez, ao nosso saber, a atuação de diferentes mecanismos de efeito priming n a mesma planta, sobre diferente status de N . Assim ressaltando, a importância do manejo de nutrientes na dinâmica do C da rizosfera. / The factors that regulate the dynamics of soil Carbon (C) and Nitrogen (N) in the rhizosphere are still poorl y understood. The soil C mineralization in the rhizosphere ca n be heavil y influenced by plant’s nutritional status, atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature, among others. In this study, we assess the influence of Eucalyptus spp. N status on the C and N dynamics in the rhizosphere. We performed an experiment us ing two compartment rhizobox. In the upper compartment, plants were cultivated in washed sand and supplied with a solution containing all nutrients or all nutrients but N. The lower compartment limited the contact of the roots with the soil using a 5 μm mesh nylon membrane. We observed a higher root-shoot ratio for the N deficient plants and an increase in its soil CO2 concentration. The roots of the –N planted treatment had higher concentrations of citrate and tallose and lower concentration of sucrose and aminoacids, when compared to the +N planted treatment. The C and N anal ysis of the mineral associated organic matter fraction, together with the thermochemol ysis data showed an increase in C mineralization in both planted treatments and changes in N dynamics. As the roots had no physical contact with the soil due to the nylon membrane, the changes in the soil must have been consequence of root exudation. The contrasting sugar and aminoacid root content, together with the citrate concentration in soil solut ion extract and the C mineralization data, indicate that exudate composition changed due to the plants N status. The data indicates that the plants in the –N treatment exudated more organic acids than the plants of the +N treatment. Still the exudate comp osition of the plants with the +N treatment may had a higher energetic content and thus affected differentl y the soil microbial communities. The δ13C data indicate that the N deficient plants affected a higher volume of soil than the plants of the +N treatment. All this together shows different priming mechanisms were dominant due to the plants N status. As the plants were N deficient, the mineralization of soil C was driven by the “N-mining” mechanism while in the soil of the +N planted treatment the dominant mechanism was “microbial stoichiometry”. This work demonstrates, to our knowledge, by the first time using the same plants, different priming mechanisms due to the plants N status. Thus highlighting, the importance of plants nutrient management in the rhizosphere C dynamics.

Quantitative and qualitative Soil Organic Matter (SOM) properties were observed in the soil samples of a medium-term field experiment (Cambisol ? Studena, Czech Republic) and an exact field experi?ment (Chernozem ? Gross Enzersdorf, Austria) in the year 2005 considering different soil tillage systems (conventional and minimum tillage). Except the standard parameters, soil organic matter content and quality in particulate water stable aggregates size fractions was additional determinated for Cambisol. Cambisol showed more favourable values of both quantitative and qualitative SOM parameters in minimum tillage system compared to those in conventional tillage system. SOM quality in the water stable aggregates fractions was better in minimum tillage compared to conventional tillage. Cambisol also showed that SOM in aggregates fractions is much more quality compared to SOM in the original soil samples. Chernozem showed higher values of both quantitative and qualitative SOM parameters in conventional tillage compared to those in minimum tillage but the differences are not high. It can be said that Chernozem organic matter reaction to tillage technology changes is slower and of minor rate in comparison with that of Cambisol organic matter. The results of quantitative and qualitative parameters do not conform to the generally recognised values for the Chernozem soil type.

Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster en Química área de Especialización en Medio Ambiente y Memoria para optar al Título de Químico / Chile se ubica en el primer lugar de Latinoamérica en lo que se refiere al procesamiento de aguas residuales, lo cual ha posibilitado paulatinamente la descontaminación de los cursos de aguas superficiales y marítimos. El tratamiento de las aguas residuales trae consigo la generación de biosólidos, los cuales pueden ser utilizados como fertilizantes, mejoradores de los suelos, y también como materia prima para la generación de biogás. Aunque el plan de saneamiento de aguas servidas mejora significativamente la calidad del agua, no todos los contaminantes son capaces de ser completamente eliminados y pueden llegar al medioambiente a través del agua tratada o por la aplicación de biosólidos a los suelos. Los productos farmacéuticos y de cuidado personal (PPCPs) son contaminantes orgánicos que permanecen en los biosólidos, entre éstos se encuentran el Triclosán (TCS) y hormonas, como 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2). El TCS es un agente antimicrobiano usado en jabones, detergentes, pasta de dientes, cosméticos y productos farmacéuticos. El 17α-etinilestradiol es un estrógeno sintético usado como un ingrediente activo de los anticonceptivos orales y suplementos hormonales. El riesgo ambiental de los compuestos orgánicos contenidos en los biosólidos depende de su concentración, de su persistencia, su capacidad para incorporarse a la cadena trófica, su labilidad y su biotoxicidad. Por lo que se plantea como hipótesis que la adsorción de 17α-Etinilestradiol y de Triclosán en el suelo aumentaría con el incremento de materia orgánica aportada por el biosólido y por tanto disminuiría la biodisponibilidad de los contaminantes a las plantas de trigo. El objetivo general de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de biosólidos en relación a la adsorción de hormonas esteroidales (17α-Etinilestradiol) y agentes bactericidas (triclosán) en suelos y la biodisponibilidad de estos compuestos determinada mediante ensayos con plantas de trigo. Para el estudio de biodisponibilidad se utilizó arena y dos series de suelos de la Región Metropolitana: Lampa y Lo Prado además de un biosólido de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de la misma Región. Se realizó una caracterización física y química tanto de los suelos, como del biosólido, a través de pH, carbono orgánico (CO) y textura (determinada sólo para los suelos). La arena y suelos utilizados fueron tratados con una dosis de 0 y 90 Mgha-1 de biosólido. Se determinó la concentración de EE2 y TCS en el biosólido, a través de una extracción con acetato de etilo utilizando baño de ultrasonido, encontrándose concentraciones de 0,54 ± 0,06 y 8,31 ± 0,19 mgkg-1 respectivamente. La determinación de ambos se realizó por medio de cromatografía gaseosa acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Para los ensayos con plantas de trigo, las muestras fueron extraídas y determinadas con la misma técnica. Los resultados obtenidos de la extracción de EE2 y TCS de las plantas de trigo, indicaron que los compuestos se concentran mayoritariamente en la raíz de la planta que en la parte aérea. Además, se obtuvo que la biodisponibilidad de los compuestos en las plantas depende exclusivamente de las propiedades de los contaminantes y del suelo. Los estudios de adsorción muestran que el incremento de materia orgánica en los suelos aumenta la adsorción de TCS y EE2 en estos sustratos, y que ambos compuestos siguen el modelo de adsorción de Freundlich. La desorción indica, que la movilidad y disponibilidad en un periodo de 24 horas tanto de TCS como de EE2 depende del tipo de suelo, ya que fue mínima en el caso del suelo Lampa, con y sin aplicación de biosólido, en cambio en el suelo Lo Prado se observó una desorción de casi un 50% de TCS / Chile is ubicated in first place regarding to the wastewater treatment in Latin America, which has gradually enabled the decontamination of surface and sea water courses. The wastewater treatment entails the generation of biosolids, which could be used as fertilizers, soil improvers, and also as a feedstock for biogas generation. Although the wastewater treatment plan significantly improves water quality, there are contaminants that are not completely eliminated and may reach the environment through treated water or due the biosolids application to soils. Biosolids may contain inorganic and organic contaminants, among the latter are the pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), which have given rise to a series of emerging contaminants, among these are triclosan (TCS) and hormones, such as 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). The TCS is an antimicrobial agent used in soaps, detergents, toothpastes, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The 17α-ethinylestradiol is a synthetic estrogen used as an active ingredient in oral contraceptives and hormone supplements. The environmental risk of organic compounds in biosolids depends on their concentration, persistence, ability to enter the food chain, its lability and biotoxicity. As hypothesis, It is proposed that the adsorption of 17α-ethinylestradiol and triclosan in the soil would increase with increasing of organic matter provided by the biosolids and thereby would decrease the bioavailability of pollutants to the wheat plants. The general aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of biosolids application in relation to the adsorption of steroid hormones (17α-ethinylestradiol) and antibacterial agents (TCS) in soils and their bioavailability through testing with wheat plants. For the bioavailability study, sand and two soil series of Metropolitan Region were used: Lampa and Lo Prado. The biosolid was obtained from wastewater treatment plant in the same Region. Both soils and biosolid were characterized through pH, organic carbon (OC) and, for soil only, texture. The sand and soils were treated with two biosolid rates (0 and 90 Mg ha-1). The EE2 and TCS concentration in biosolids was determined through ethyl acetate extraction using ultrasonic bath, finding concentrations of 0.54 ± 0.06 and 8.31 ± 0.19 mgkg-1 respectively. The determination of both compound was carried out through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The same extraction technique and determination was used for wheat plant assays. The results of the extraction of EE2 and TCS from wheat plants indicated that the compounds are mainly concentrated in roots more than shoots. Furthermore, it was found that the bioavailability of the compounds in plants depends exclusively on the properties of the contaminants and the soil. Adsorption studies showed that the increase of organic matter in the soil increases the adsorption of TCS and EE2 on these substrates, and both compounds follow the Freundlich adsorption model. The desorption indicates that the mobility and availability within 24 hours for both TCS and EE2 depends on soil type, because it was minimum in the case of soil Lampa, with and without biosolids application, while in the soil Lo Prado an increase of almost 50% in the case of TCS was observed

To this day are terminological inaccuracies in subject publications, which direct us to wrong deductions. Therefore I devote oneself to literature search about soil organic matter, in my theses. Separately is split primary organic matter, levels of it´s lability and stable humus. I clarify the term stability and the difference in humus and primary soil organic matter. In this theses were effected analyses acid cambi soil in region Czech Budejovice and acid cambi soil in range of Bohemian Forest ? Kubova Huť. Was quantificated content HK, FK, Cox, humification degree SH, mineralized carbon Cminer, speed constant of biochemical oxidation C, fraction of labile organic substance Ccws, Chws, a CPM. I had compared this data with data, which we keep at one´s disposal from analyses effected twelve years ago. By comparing the real quality of humus in samples A (Kubova Huť) and B (České Budějovice) it stands to reason, that the B sample is superior in quality than sample A. Practice and media very often consider as ?humus? total content of Cox. If this thought should be the true, I would have to consider sample A (with content 9,3% Cox) as a soil with high level of humus and I would expect record returns in it. This conclusion would be real absurd. We can not talk about humus according to Cox content only. It is also necessary to take the primary claims (that the content Chws is an indicator of soil fertility) of some big men in field of pedology (for example Haynes) with a grain of salt. This applies only if soil micro ? edaphon is not decimated somehow. I came to the conclusions, that the final result of the analyses, effected by my thesis supervisor (Kolář) twelve years ago, on practically identical soil samples, are almost exactly the same with my results.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1998Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_ah_me_araiq.pdf: 516521 bytes, checksum: f4c7ea7ac1bc51926aee3818d09347f1 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Substâncias Húmicas (SH), extraídas de turfa sob diferentes condições foram caracterizadas com o objetivo de se desenvolver nova metodologia de extração com elevado rendimento, baixo teor de cinzas e sem grandes alterações estruturais. Parâmetros como: tempo, temperatura, atmosfera de extração, razão solo/extrator, granulometria do solo, extrator e sua concentração foram avaliados e mostraram ter grande influência no processo. Pelos estudos feitos e resultados obtidos pode-se concluir para a amostra estudada que: 1 - a extração alcalina das substâncias húmicas utilizando-se hidróxido de potássio aumenta o rendimento e diminui o teor de contaminantes inorgânicos co-extraídos em relação ao procedimento utilizando hidróxido de sódio; 2 - a concentração do extrator influencia muito no rendimento, teor de cinzas, razão E4/E6, razão AH/AF e composição elementar das substâncias húmicas extraídas; 3 - 4 horas de extração são suficientes para extrair praticamente toda matéria orgânica presente na amostra; 4 - a razão solo/extrator não exerce influência no teor de matéria orgânica extraída, entretanto, a diminuição dessa razão eleva o teor de contaminantes inorgânicos no extrato húmico; 5 - espectros na região do infravermelho e visível mostraram que o aumento da temperatura de extração causa mudanças estruturais nos ácidos húmico e fúlvico... / Humic Substances (HS), extracted from the peat under different conditions were characterised with the aim of developing a methodology of extraction with high yields, low contents of ashes and without big structural alterations. Parameters such as: time, temperature, extraction atmosphere, soil/extractor ratios, soil granulemetry, extractor and its concentration were evaluated and showed to have great influence on the process. By the studies done and results obtained we can conclude to the studied sample that: 1. the alkaline extraction from the humic substances using potassium hydroxide increase the yields and reduce the contents of inorganic contaminator co-extracted in relation to the procedure that uses sodium hydroxide; 2. the concentration of the extractor influences very much on the yields, contents of ashes, E4/E6 ratios, AH/AF ratios and elementary composition of the extracted humic substances; 3. four hours of extraction are enough to extract almost all the organic material present in the sample; 4. the soil/extractor ratios does not exert any influence on the contents of the extracted organic material, however, the decrease of this ratio increases the contents of inorganic contaminator in the humic extract; 5. spectres in the region of the infrared and visible showed that the increase of temperature of extraction provokes structural changes in the humic and fulvic acids. It was also verified that the reduction of the contents of humic acid and elevation of the fulvic acid extracted with the increase of temperature; 6. the nitrogen atmosphere minimises the oxidation of the humic and fulvic acids during the extraction. The increase in time of extraction of the humic substances in the absence of nitrogen favours the oxidative processes; ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a resposta da cultura de melão conduzida em sistema orgânico a diferentes doses de substâncias húmicas extraídas de leonardita e esterco. Os tratamentos foram quatro doses de substâncias húmicas (0, 5, 10 e 20 mg.L-1 de solo) e esterco em combinação com dois biofertilizantes mais dois tratamentos adicionais utilizando fertilizantes convencionais com e sem esterco. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com doze tratamentos e três repetições. Em função dos resultados obtidos, nas condições do experimento (solo com baixa CTC e baixo teor de matéria orgânica), pode-se concluir que: (i) a melhor resposta da cultura de melão (produtividade total e comercial, número de frutos comerciais e comprimento do fruto), conduzido em sistema orgânico de produção, na região de Petrolina-PE, é obtida com a adição de esterco; (ii) a produtividade total e comercial, o número total e comercial de frutos e a massa média de frutos de melão aumentaram com as doses de substâncias húmicas combinadas ao biofertilizante Agrobom; e (iii) não houve efeito da adição de esterco e das doses de substâncias húmicas, em combinação com caldas biofertilizantes aplicadas via fertirrigação na firmeza, na espessura da casca e no diâmetro da cavidade do fruto. / The present experiment had the aim of studying organic melon crop response to different rates of humic substances extracted from leonardite and manure. The treatments were four rates of humic substances (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg.L-1) and manure combined with two biofertilizers and two additional treatments using conventional fertilizers with and without manure. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, with twelve treatments and three replications. The results (under similar soil conditions: low CEC and low organic matter content) allowed the following conclusions: (i) for all tested organic production systems, carried out at Petrolina, Pernambuco State (Brazil), the higher total and commercial yield, and the number and length of commercial melon fruits were obtained with manure addition; (ii) the higher rates of humic substances, combined with Agrobom biofertilizers, increased the total and commercial yield, the total and the commercial number and the mean mass of melon fruits; and (iii) there was no effect of manure addition and humic substances application (combined with two biofertilizers applied by fertigation) on the hardness, rind thickness and socket diameter of melon fruit.

This thesis is   focused on making an assessment of possibilities and limitations regarding an   application of Svenskt Sigill’s climate- certification on the organization   Fjällbete. Another aim with the thesis was to be able to provide   recommendations for future development of climate certifications in order to   provide information for decision makers. The production of the organization   Fjällbete is mainly focused on lamb, and they are aiming to promote a   long-term sustainable agriculture by promoting a regenerative agriculture and   holistic management. The climatecertification provided by Svenskt Sigill was   developed during a project in corporation with KRAV (the leading eco-label   for food in Sweden), initiated in 2007. This certification mostly concern   choice of feed, nitrogen fertilizer, animal welfare and energy efficiency.   This was partly a case-study of the organization. To identify the   opportunities and limitations, the effect of an introduction of Sigills’   climate certification, three criteria were being assessed. These were the   impact on greenhouse-gas emissions, carbon sequestration and biodiversity.   The criteria were further evaluated in a table to assess how compliance with   the regulations would affect Fjällbetes’ impact on the three criteria.   From the result, it was concluded that an   application of Sigills’ climate-certification on the organization Fjällbete   would likely effect the organization significantly in the right direction   regarding their impact on greenhouse gases deriving from energy consumption.   It was also concluded that a compliance with the regulations regarding the   slaughter age for animals would potentially effect the organization in the   wrong direction regarding its impact on greenhouse gases, carbon   sequestration and biodiversity. The magnitude of the effect of the   consequences regarding a compliance with this regulation cannot be detected   from this study. It was interpreted that an application of the certification   on the organization would not help them significantly to communicate their   differentiation on the market. If more factors regarding regeneration of   land, biodiversity and conservation values would be included in the   certification, the motivation would potentially be higher. Another conclusion   was that for a future development of a climate-certification, it is essential   to include a wide spectrum of different types of farmers. / DennaC-uppsats visar upp en bedömning av möjligheter och begränsningar gällande entillämpningen av Svenskt Sigills klimatcertifiering på organisationen"Fjällbete". Ett delsyfte med studien var att kunna gerekommendationer för framtida utveckling av klimatcertifieringar.Organisationen "Fjällbete" är huvudsakligen inriktad pålammproduktion, och deras mål är att verka för ett långsiktigt hållbartjordbruk genom att främja ett ”holistic management” och regenerativt jordbruk.Klimatcertifieringen från Svenskt Sigill utvecklades under ett projekt isamarbete med KRAV (Sveriges ledande miljömärkning för mat), som inleddes 2007.Denna certifiering fokuserar främst på val av foder, kvävegödsel, djurskydd ochenergieffektivitet.Detta var delvis en fallstudie av organisationen. För attidentifiera möjligheterna och begränsningarna av effekten av en applicering avSigills klimatcertifiering, utvärderades tre kriterier. Dessa var inverkan påväxthusgasutsläpp, koldioxidutsläpp och biologisk mångfald. Kriteriernautvärderades ytterligare i en tabell för att kunna bedöma hur enöverensstämmelse med regelverket skulle påverka Fjällbetes påverkan på de trekriterierna.Av resultatet utlästes att en tillämpning av Svenskt Sigillsklimatcertifiering på organisationen Fjällbete eventuellt skulle kunna ledaorganisationen i rätt riktning avseende deras påverkan på växthusgaser somhärrör från energiförbrukningen. Det drogs också slutsatsen att enöverensstämmelse med regulationerna gällande slaktålder för djur potentielltskulle kunna påverka organisationen i fel riktning vad gäller dess påverkan påväxthusgaser, koldioxidutsläpp och biologisk mångfald.En slutsats var att entillämpning av certifieringen på organisationen inte skulle hjälpa dem avsevärtatt kommunicera sin differentiering på marknaden. Om fler faktorer avseenderegenerering av mark, biodiversitet och bevarandevärden skulle ingå icertifieringen skulle motivationen kunna vara högre.En annan slutsats var attvid en framtida utveckling av klimatcertifiering är det viktigt att inkluderaett brett spektrum av olika typer av jordbrukare. / <p>2017-10-11</p>

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo rehabilitar un suelo degradado debido a la extracción de áridos, teniendo como hipótesis que la acción conjunta de residuos orgánicos en el sustrato edáfico aumenta la productividad de un suelo sometido a extracción del subsuelo. Por lo tanto, se planteó evaluar dos residuos orgánicos, uno correspondiente a la producción de aceite de oliva (alperujo) y el otro proveniente del procesamiento de algas para la extracción de fitovigorizantes. Se utilizaron distintas mezclas en volumen de estos residuos (0 – 25 – 50 – 75 – 100%) más un testigo. En un suelo areno francoso (Serie Rinconada de Lo Vial), se aplicaron dosis de 7,5 y 15 Mg ha-1 de las mezclas en macetas de 1,8 L, estableciendo un cultivo de Avena sativa L. con un diseño factorial de 6 × 2 (mezclas y dosis respectivamente) con 4 repeticiones. Se evaluaron parámetros de la planta (cantidad de semillas germinadas, cantidad de macollas por maceta, producción de biomasa seca) y algunos parámetros físicos de suelo (retención de agua, densidad aparente y densidad real) trascurridos tres meses desde el acondicionamiento. Los resultados obtenidos en suelos sometidos a extracción de áridos y acondicionados con materia orgánica, indican que mejora la retención de agua y disminuye la densidad aparente del suelo. La mayor producción de biomasa se obtiene con la aplicación de enmiendas con contenido de algas superior a 75% en el volumen, en cambio las mezclas con mayor cantidad de alperujo en su composición (mayor al 75% del volumen) se observa una producción de biomasa menor que la obtenida con el testigo sin enmienda, aunque sin diferencias estadísticas significativas con respecto a éste. La aplicación de residuos orgánicos no siempre resulta en un aumento de la productividad de los suelos degradados, dependiendo en gran medida de la estabilidad de los residuos y la dosis de aplicación.