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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
251

Advanced low temperature metal hydride materials for low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell application

Ntsendwana, Bulelwa January 2010 (has links)
<p>Energy is one of the basic needs of human beings and is extremely crucial for continued development of human life. Our work, leisure and our economic, social and physical welfare all depend on the sufficient, uninterrupted supply of energy. Therefore, it is essential to provide adequate and affordable energy for improving human welfare and raising living standards. Global concern over environmental climate change linked to fossil fuel consumption has increased pressure to generate power from renewable sources [1]. Although substantial advances in renewable energy technologies have been made, significant challenges remain in developing integrated renewable energy systems due primarily to mismatch between load demand and source capabilities [2]. The output from renewable energy sources such as photo-voltaic, wind, tidal, and micro-hydro fluctuate on an hourly, daily, and seasonal basis. As a result, these devices are not well suited for directly powering loads that require a uniform and uninterrupted supply of input energy.</p>
252

Elaboration d'un alliage métallique de structure cubique centrée pour le stockage portatif de l'hydrogène / Development of a metallic alloy with a centered cubic structure for a mobile hydrogen storage device

Planté, Damien 11 July 2013 (has links)
Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre du stockage de l’hydrogène pour des applications mobiles de faibles puissances électriques. Elle a été réalisée dans le cadre du projet FUI HyCAN. L’objectif était la formulation et la fonctionnalisation d’un alliage métallique de structure cubique corps centrée. Ces solutions solides désordonnées sont à base de vanadium qui présente initialement une bonne réactivité vis-à-vis de l’hydrogène.Cependant la thermodynamique du système V-H ne permet pas une utilisation pour des températures inférieures à 40°C, son coût est prohibitif et sa mise en oeuvre en milieu industriel nécessite quelques précautions. Nous avons travaillé sur trois grandes familles d’alliages à base de vanadium. Les alliages de Ti-V-Cr ont été étudiés au rayonnement synchrotron par diffraction X in operando dans le but de comprendre les transformations structurales observables lors de l’hydruration et de les relier à la thermodynamique des composés. Dans unsecond temps, le cahier des charges du projet nous a orienté vers des composites à base de vanadium dans lesquels nous développons une structure intergranulaire permettant une meilleure activation et une déstabilisation contrôlée de l’hydrure pour atteindre des températures de fonctionnement proche de 0°C.L’utilisation du ferro-vanadium en tant que précurseur a motivé l’étude des alliages de type Ti-V-Fe et Ti-V-Fe-Cr. La viabilité des solutions de stockage sur la base de ces matériaux est discutée. Tout au long de ces travaux la relation microstructure/propriété de sorption de l’hydrogène est systématiquement discutée et des modèles empiriques décrivant l’équilibre de l’hydrure sont systématiquement confrontés à la base bibliographique.Enfin, une partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’étude et à la modélisation des réservoirs en condition de fonctionnement, d’un point de vue de la thermique, du respect des normes de sécurité et des contraintes mécaniques générées par le lit de poudre réactif. / This study has been carried out in the framework of solid state hydrogen storage for mobile applications withlow electrical power. It was conducted under the FUI project HyCAN. The objective was to develop andfunctionalize a bcc alloy. Such disordered solid solutions are based on vanadium, which initially has a goodreactivity in relation to hydrogen. However, the thermodynamics of V-H system does not allow applicationsbelow 40 ° C, the cost is prohibitive and its implementation in industrial environments is not straightforward.We worked on three major families of vanadium alloys. Alloys Ti-V-Cr have been studied by in operandosynchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction in order to understand the observable structural transformations that takeplace during hydrogenation and then to link them to the thermodynamics of compounds. In a second step, thespecifications of the project directed us towards vanadium composites in which we develop an intergranularstructure for a better controlled activation and destabilization of the hydride so as to reach operatingtemperatures near 0 ° C. The use of ferro-vanadium as a precursor prompted the study of alloys in the Ti-V-Feand Ti-V-Cr-Fe systems. The viability of storage solutions on the basis of these materials is discussed.Throughout the course of this work the relationship between microstructure and hydrogen sorption properties issystematically discussed and empirical models describing the hydride equilibrium are routinely faced with thebibliographic database.Finally, part of the study is devoted to the study and modeling of reservoirs in operating condition, from thepoint of view of heat exchange, compliance with safety standards and mechanical stresses generated by the bedreactive powder.
253

Síntese por reação do TiFe nanoestruturado para o armazenamento de hidrogênio, a partir da moagem de alta energia de misturas de pós de TiH2 e Fe / Reaction synthesis of nanostructured TiFe for hydrogen storage from high-energy ball milling of TiH2 and Fe powders mixtures

FALCAO, RAILSON B. 10 March 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Mery Piedad Zamudio Igami (mery@ipen.br) on 2017-03-10T16:23:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T16:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho investigou-se a obtenção do composto TiFe a partir da moagem de alta energia de misturas de pós de TiH2 e Fe, seguida de aquecimento sob vácuo para a reação de síntese. No lugar do Ti, o TiH2 foi escolhido como precursor em razão de sua fragilidade, benéfica para a diminuição da aderência dos pós ao ferramental de moagem. Foram preparados dois lotes de misturas obedecendo-se a relação Ti:Fe de 50:50 e 56:44. Ambos foram processados em um moinho do tipo planetário por tempos que variaram de 5 até 40 horas, sob atmosfera de argônio de elevada pureza. Em todos os experimentos foram mantidos constantes a velocidade de rotação do prato do moinho, a quantidade de amostra, o diâmetro e o número de bolas. As amostras moídas foram caracterizadas por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria (TG), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios X (DRX) e fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia (EDXRF). Apenas TiH2 e Fe foram observados nas amostras moídas, com um grau crescente de mistura em função do tempo de moagem. O composto TiFe nanoestruturado (12,5 a 21,4nm) foi obtido de forma majoritária em todas as amostras após a reação de síntese promovida pelo tratamento térmico a 600ºC (873K). As amostras reagidas foram caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e DRX. Um equipamento do tipo Sievert, operando sob um fluxo constante (modo dinâmico), foi utilizado para levantar as curvas termodinâmicas de absorção e dessorção de hidrogênio. Todas as amostras absorveram hidrogênio à temperatura ambiente (~298K) sem a necessidade de ciclos térmicos de ativação. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com as amostras moídas por 25 e 40 horas, de composição não estequiométrica 56:44. Tais amostras absorveram e dessorveram hidrogênio à temperatura ambiente, sob os platôs de aproximadamente 6,4 e 2,2bar (~0,6 e 0,2MPa), respectivamente. A capacidade máxima de armazenamento foi de 1,06% em massa de hidrogênio (H:M~0,546), sob pressão de até 11bar (1,1MPa), com reversão de até 1,085% em massa de hidrogênio (H:M~0,559), sob pressão de até 1bar (0,1MPa). Estas amostras também apresentaram maior cinética de absorção e dessorção de hidrogênio com fluxos de 1,23 (25h) e 2,86cm3/g.min. (40h). Tais resultados são atribuídos à variação composicional da fase TiFe e à maior quantidade de TiH2 livre. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear ) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
254

Estudo das características eletroquímicas e microestruturais de eletrodos de hidreto metálico à base de LaNi com adições de elementos de liga / Study of electrochemical and microstructural characteristics of lani-based metallic hydride electrodes with alloying additions

Lia Maria Carlotti Zarpelon 18 November 2016 (has links)
Neste trabalho avaliou-se a ação positiva da substituição de lantânio por praseodímio e de lantânio por magnésio na performance eletroquímica de eletrodos de ligas de armazenamento de hidrogênio em estado bruto de fusão e com tratamento térmico. O La foi substituído por Mg nas ligas La0,7-xMgxPr0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co0,5Ni3,8 (x=0,0-0,7) e por Pr nas ligas La0,7-yPryMg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co0,5Ni3,8 (y=0,0-0,7). Os parâmetros eletroquímicos analisados foram ativação, capacidade de descarga, retenção da capacidade de descarga, autodescarga e alta taxa de descarga. As ligas apresentaram comportamento passivo em relação à corrosão. As análises por MEV/EDS e por DRX com refinamento por Rietveld revelaram a presença majoritária de fases similares às fases LaNi5, PrNi5, LaMg2Ni9 e PrMg2Ni9 em função das composições das ligas estudadas. Os parâmetros de rede e os volumes da célula unitária das fases diminuíram com a substituição crescente de La por Mg e de La por Pr. As capacidades de descarga máxima decresceram com a substituição crescente de La por Mg e de La por Pr, acompanhando o decréscimo da abundância da fase similar à fase LaNi5 e o aumento da abundância da fase similar à fase LaMg2Ni9. Comparativamente, menores taxas de autodescarga e maior estabilidade cíclica foram observadas para o eletrodo da liga na condição x=0,1, ao passo que o eletrodo da liga na condição y=0,0 apresentou maiores valores de alta taxa de descarga, indicando melhor performance cinética. / In this work, the positive action of the substitution of lanthanum by praseodymium and lanthanum by magnesium in the electrochemical performance of the as-cast and annealed hydrogen storage alloys electrodes had been evaluated. La was replaced by Mg in La0.7-xMgxPr0.3Al0.3Mn0.4Co0.5Ni3.8 (x=0.0-0.7) alloys and by Pr in La0.7-yPryMg0.3Al0.3Mn0.4Co0.5Ni3.8 (y=0.0-0.7) alloys. The electrochemical parameters analyzed were activation, discharge capacity, discharge capacity retention, self-discharge rate and high-rate dischargeability. The alloys showed a passive corrosion behavior. The analyses by SEM/EDS and XRD with Rietveld refinement revealed the majority presence of LaNi5, PrNi5, LaMg2Ni9 and PrMg2Ni9 similar reference phases depending on the compositions of the studied alloys. The lattice parameters and cell volumes of the component phases decreased with increasing substitution of La for Mg and with La for Pr. The maximum discharge capacity decreased with increasing substitution of La for Mg and with La for Pr, following the decrease in the abundance of LaNi5 similar phase and the increase in the abundance of to the LaMg2Ni9 similar phase. Lower self-discharge rates were observed for the alloy electrode when x=0.1, while higher high-rate dischargeability for the alloy electrode when y=0.0 indicated better kinetic performance, comparatively.
255

Synthèse, propriétés et utilisations d'hydrures métalliques (alane AlH3) comme additifs pour la propulsion spatiale / Synthesis and characterization of aluminium hydride AlH3 for space propulsion

Potet, Ludovic 05 December 2014 (has links)
L'hydrure d'aluminium AlH3 ou alane est à la fois un matériau très important et une espèce chimique fascinante qui reçoit actuellement un regain d'intérêt lié à son utilisation potentielle pour différentes applications : (i) comme additif énergétique pour les ergols solides, (ii) comme agent réducteur dans les piles alcalines et (iii) comme source possible d'hydrogène pour des piles à combustibles basses températures. L'alane a une capacité de stockage volumique d'hydrogène de 0,148 g mL-1 soit deux fois plus que l'hydrogène liquide (0,07 g mL-1). Sa capacité de stockage d'hydrogène est supérieure à 10 % en masse. Malheureusement, le coût de production d'alane est élevé ce qui limite son utilisation notamment dans le domaine de la propulsion. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'optimiser la synthèse de l'alane α pur, variété cristalline considérée comme la plus stable et ainsi d'en réduire les coûts de production. Différentes méthodes de synthèse sous atmosphère contrôlée ont été mises en oeuvre. Il a été montré que le traitement thermique sous vide d'un complexe éthéré de AlH3 permettait de s'affranchir de l'utilisation de toluène et ainsi de réduire la quantité de solvants et de réactifs de 25 % tout en obtenant une phase α pure mise en évidence par DRX. Des essais de stabilisation contrôlés par ATD-ATG ont montré que la température de décomposition à pression atmosphérique de l'alane α était de 174 °C contre 160 °C pour la phase α non stabilisée. Une autre voie de synthèse, sans solvant et à l'aide d'une presse fabriquée au laboratoire a été explorée. Un plan d'expériences a été réalisé afin d'identifier les paramètres influant le plus sur le rendement en alane α et la pureté de la phase obtenue. L'alane synthétisé par ces différentes méthodes a été caractérisé par DRX, MEB, MET, ATD-ATG et ICP-OES. Un transfert technologique de la synthèse en solution a été opéré vers les partenaires industriels de ce travail. / Aluminium hydride or alane (AlH3) is a very important and fascinating material that draws increasing attention due to its potential uses: (i) as an energetic component in rocket propellants, (ii) as a reducing agent in alkali batteries and (iii) as a possible hydrogen source for low temperature fuel cells. It exhibits a density of 1,48 g cm-3, a volumetric hydrogen capacity of 0,148 g mL-1, that is more than twice as much as that of liquid hydrogen (0,07 g mL-1). Its hydrogen mass capacity slightly exceeds 10 wt.-%. Unfortunately, production of alane suffers from a high cost that hinders its opportunity to be an excellent candidate for propulsion. Moreover, only the α phase of alane is known to be stable enough to be stored and used. This work aims at developing cheaper methods for alane production while keeping a maximum selectivity towards the formation of α phase. Preparation using a classical organometallic synthesis in ether was implemented. An etherate complex was formed, the ether was removed under vacuum and finally an adequate thermal treatment led to pure α phase of alane as identified by powder X-ray diffraction. A toluene free synthesis method was implemented and resulted in a cost reduction of 25 %. The stability of the material was characterized through thermal analysis (DTA-TGA). The morphology and purity of the alane were characterized using TEM, SEM and ICP-OES. Alane was synthesized using doping compounds and resulted in a significant increase in the decomposition temperature from ca. 160 °C to ca. 174 °C. Syntheses without solvent were studied using a homemade reactor and following a design of experiment to identify the key parameter towards the highest yield in α-AlH3. The synthesis method in ether was transferred to our industrial partners.
256

Stockage solide et génération d’hydrogène : du borohydrure de sodium NaBH4 à l’hydrazine borane N2H4BH3 : catalyse, cinétique et mécanismes / Solid-state hydrogen storage and generation : from sodium borohydride NaBH4 to hydrazine borane N2H4BH3 : catalysis, kinetic and mechanisms

Hannauer, Julien 12 December 2011 (has links)
Parmi les procédés de stockage d’hydrogène étudiés actuellement, le stockage solide de l’hydrogène dans les hydrures chimiques, associée à sa génération par une réaction de solvolyse, est une technologie prometteuse. La première partie de cette thèse s’articule donc autour de l’étude de la solvolyse de deux composés étudiés ces dernières années, le borohydrure de sodium NaBH4 et l’ammoniaborane NH3BH3. Le dégagement contrôlé d’hydrogène peut alors se faire par des réactions d’hydrolyse. La comparaison de la cinétique de la réaction d’hydrolyse du NaBH4 avec celle de la méthanolyse du NaBH4 nous a permis de décrire ces réactions avec le modèle de Langmuir-Hinshelwood. Concernant la réaction d’hydrolyse du NH3BH3, nos recherches se sont focalisées sur la préparation in situ de catalyseurs présentant de fortes activitéspar l’étude des hydrolyses spontanées et catalysées de mélanges NH3BH3-NaBH4. La seconde partie de la thèse est consacrée au développement d’un nouveau système N2H4BH3-eau pour la génération d’hydrogène. Les premiers essais, réalisés avec des métaux de transition comme catalyseur, nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que cette réaction se faisait en deux étapes catalytiques, l’hydrolyse de BH3, puis la décomposition de N2H4.Une faible sélectivité pour la décomposition complète de N2H4 étant atteinte dans ces conditions, la suite de l’étude a porté sur la préparation de catalyseurs sélectifs. La stratégie adoptée a été l’utilisation de matériaux bimétalliques Ni-Pt. La sélectivité de la réaction est alors dépendante de la teneur en Pt et une sélectivité maximum de 93 % pour la seconde étape de la réaction a été obtenue avec Ni0,89Pt0,11 / Hydrogen use as a potential alternative solution to fossil fuels is hindered by engineering problems, its storage being one of the most prominent. Various storage methods are under investigation but solid-state storage in chemical hydrides appears to be convenient with regards to their storage capacities, safety and cost. The first part of this thesis deals with the solvolysis reaction of two well known compounds, sodium borohydride NaBH4 and ammonia borane NH3BH3. The hydrogen can be easily released by hydrolysis at ambient temperature. We focused on understanding the kinetics and reaction mechanisms of NaBH4 hydrolysis. Thus, we compared this reaction with NaBH4 methanolysis, and found that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model well captures the kinetics of the reaction. Concerning the NH3BH3 hydrolysis reaction, we concentrated our efforts on the in situ preparation of highly-active catalysts. This was achieved by studying the spontaneous and catalyzed hydrolysis of NaBH4-NH3BH3 mixtures. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the development of the N2H4BH3-water system for hydrogen generation. Initial tests using transition metals as catalysts allowed us to determine that the reaction takes place in two steps, the hydrolysis of BH3 and the N2H4 decomposition. Since Rh as catalyst exhibits only a 29 % selectivity for the complete decomposition of N2H4, the strategy was set up to use Ni-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles. It has been found that the selectivity for the reaction is dependent on the Pt content in the Ni-Pt alloy and a selectivity of 93 % was reached in the presence of Ni0,89Pt0,11 nanoparticles
257

Advanced low temperature metal hydride materials for low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell application

Ntsendwana, Bulelwa January 2010 (has links)
Magister Scientiae - MSc / Energy is one of the basic needs of human beings and is extremely crucial for continued development of human life. Our work, leisure and our economic, social and physical welfare all depend on the sufficient, uninterrupted supply of energy. Therefore, it is essential to provide adequate and affordable energy for improving human welfare and raising living standards. Global concern over environmental climate change linked to fossil fuel consumption has increased pressure to generate power from renewable sources [1]. Although substantial advances in renewable energy technologies have been made, significant challenges remain in developing integrated renewable energy systems due primarily to mismatch between load demand and source capabilities [2]. The output from renewable energy sources such as photo-voltaic, wind, tidal, and micro-hydro fluctuate on an hourly, daily, and seasonal basis. As a result, these devices are not well suited for directly powering loads that require a uniform and uninterrupted supply of input energy. / South Africa
258

Unusual oxidation behavior of light metal hydride by tetrahydrofuran solvent molecules confined in ordered mesoporous carbon

Klose, Markus, Lindemann, Inge, Bonatto Minella, Christian, Pinkert, Katja, Zier, Martin, Giebeler, Lars, Nolis, Pau, Baró, Maria Dolors, Oswald, Steffen, Gutfleisch, Oliver, Ehrenberg, Helmut, Eckert, Jürgen 11 June 2020 (has links)
Confining light metal hydrides in micro- or mesoporous scaffolds is considered to be a promising way to overcome the existing challenges for these materials, e.g. their application in hydrogen storage. Different techniques exist which allow us to homogeneously fill pores of a host matrix with the respective hydride, thus yielding well defined composite materials. For this report, the ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-3 was taken as a support for LiAlH₄ realized by a solution impregnation method to improve the hydrogen desorption behavior of LiAlH₄ by nanoconfinement effects. It is shown that upon heating, LiAlH₄ is unusually oxidized by coordinated tetrahydrofuran solvent molecules. The important result of the herein described work is the finding of a final composite containing nanoscale aluminum oxide inside the pores of the CMK-3 carbon host instead of a metal or alloy. This newly observed unusual oxidation behavior has major implications when applying these compounds for the targeted synthesis of homogeneous metal–carbon composite materials.
259

Rascherstarrte nanokristalline Magnesiumlegierungen für die Wasserstoffspeicherung

Kalinichenka, Siarhei 18 November 2011 (has links)
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sind die Struktur und die Wasserstoffsorptionseigenschaften neuer nanokristalliner, hydridbildender magnesiumbasierter Legierungen, die mittels Rascherstarrung (Melt-Spinning Verfahren) hergestellt wurden, untersucht worden. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bestand in der Erforschung der Vorgänge während der Aktivierung und der zyklischen Hydrierung/Dehydrierung der rascherstarrten Mg-Legierungen. Zusätzlich wurde das Gefüge, das sich nach der Kristallisation, Aktivierung bzw. Hydrierung einstellt, seine Erhaltung und Auswirkung auf das H2-Speicherverhalten (Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen) untersucht. Die für die Verbesserung der Kinetik des H2-Speicherverhaltens angestrebte Nanostruktur konnte nach der Hydrierung der rascherstarrten Legierungen erreicht werden. Die REM-, TEM- sowie EFTEM (EELS)-Untersuchungen zeigten, dass ein Y-Zusatz zu Mg-basierten Legierungen zu einer sehr feinen (ca. 50 nm) und homogenen Verteilung von Y-Hydriden im Gefüge der rascherstarrten Bänder führt. Mg2Ni-Hydride bilden dagegen größere Körner im Größenbereich von 2-3 µm. Bei den Cu-haltigen Legierungen wurde eine Koexistenz von Mg2NiH4 und MgCu2 in direkter Nachbarschaft nachgewiesen. Detaillierte Untersuchungen der Wasserstoffabsorption haben gezeigt, dass die Chemisorption während des linearen Anfangsbereiches des Hydrierungsverlaufes geschwindigkeitsbestimmend ist. Nach dem linearen Hydrierungsverlauf ist die Hydrierungskinetik von der Wasserstoffdiffusion durch eine geschlossene Hydridschicht beeinflusst. Mit dem breiten Spektrum der Untersuchungen (REM, EELS, TEM, HP-TGA, DSC, in situ-Synchrotron-XRD) als auch durch gezielte Variation der Zusammensetzungen wurden neue und grundlegende Erkenntnisse zum H2-Speicherverhalten der rascherstarrten Mg-basierten Legierungssysteme gewonnen. Besondere Beachtung verdient die Mg90Ni8Y1,6SE0,4-Legierung. Durch die Möglichkeit einer einfachen Herstellung, ihre schnelle Reaktionskinetik, ihren hohen Wasserstoffgehalt (bis zu 5,6 Gew.%) und ihre gute Zyklenstabilität eignet sich diese Legierung zur sicheren, volumeneffizienten sowie leichtgewichtigen Speicherung von Wasserstoff. Damit kann Wasserstoff gespeichert, transportiert und als CO2-freier Sekundärenergieträger in stationären und mobilen Anwendungen eingesetzt werden.
260

FC³ - 2nd Fuel Cell Conference Chemnitz 2022 - Saubere Antriebe. Effizient Produziert.: Wissenschaftliche Beiträge und Präsentationen der zweiten Brennstoffzellenkonferenz am 31. Mai und 01. Juni 2022 in Chemnitz

von Unwerth, Thomas, Drossel, Welf-Guntram 27 May 2022 (has links)
Die zweite Chemnitzer Brennstoffzellenkonferenz wurde vom Innovationscluster HZwo und dem Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU durchgeführt. Ausgewählte Fachbeiträge und Präsentationen werden in Form eines Tagungsbandes veröffentlicht. / The second fuel cell conference was initiated by the innovation cluster HZwo and the Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology. Selected lectures and presentations are published in the conference proceedings.

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