Pour fournir des simulations fiables, les modèles hydrologiques nécessitent usuellement le calage de leurs paramètres sur des données de débit. Toutefois, ces dernières sont limitées et la plupart des bassins versants sont non jaugés. Des méthodes alternatives regroupées sous le terme de 'régionalisation' sont alors nécessaires pour estimer les paramètres des modèles. La thèse propose de combiner les trois méthodes les plus classiques afin de régionaliser les paramètres d'un modèle distribué sur deux grands bassins versants français : la Loire à Gien et la Durance à Cadarache. À partir des trois méthodes de régionalisation, le degré de spatialisation est adapté aux différents paramètres du modèle d'après leurs caractéristiques et leur rôle hydrologique. In fine, l'approche multi-méthode et multi-motif proposée (i) réduit considérablement le nombre de degrés de liberté du modèle, (ii) améliore la représentation de la variabilité physique du bassin et (iii) améliore très nettement les performances des simulations. En contexte non jaugé, la spatialisation des paramètres permet un gain d'environ 10 %, l'approche multi-méthode et multi-motif apportant en particulier un gain d'environ 7 % par rapport à une méthode de régionalisation unique. Malgré ces gains, l'impact de la spatialisation des forçages météorologiques demeure 6 fois plus important que spatialisation des paramètres. / To provide reliable simulations, hydrological models usually require the calibration of their parameters over streamflow data. However, the latter are limited and most of the catchments remained ungauged. Consequently, alternative methods termed ‘regionalization’ are needed to estimate model parameters. The thesis proposes to combine the three classical methods in order to regionalize the parameters of a distributed model over two large French catchments: the Loire catchment at Gien and the Durance catchment at Cadarache. On the basis of the three regionalization methods, the degree of spatialization is adapted to the different model parameters according to their characteristics and their hydrological role. In fine, the proposed multi-method and multi-pattern approach (i) significantly reduces the number of degrees of freedom, (ii) improves the representation of the catchment physical variability, and (iii) significantly improves the performance of the simulations. In the ungauged context, the parameter spatialization allows an improvement of about 10%, and in particular, the multi-method and multi-pattern povides an improvement of about 7% compared to a single regionalization method. Despite these improvements, the impact of the climatic input spatialization remains 6 times greater than th parameter spatialization.

The thesis deals with hydrological conditions in a proglacial environment, focusing on the development of glacial lakes and the assessment of their susceptibility to outburst. The study site is the Adygine glacier-moraine complex located in the north-facing valley of the Kyrgyz Ridge, northern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, at an altitude of 3400-4200 m a.s.l. In the past 50 years, the receding glacier allowed formation of several lakes, which form a three-level cascade and are fed by glacier meltwater. Below the glacier, there is a complex of several generations of moraines, through which the glacier meltwater is routed downstream. The aims of the work were to evaluate the development of individual lakes, their susceptibility to sudden outburst and possible triggers, to estimate the probable development of the site in the future, to analyse the hydrological regime of the lakes and to obtain basic information on the subsurface flow of water from the site to the stream. For the purposes of assessing the development of the lakes, the data obtained in the field (geodetic surveying of a shore line, bathymetric measurements), as well as satellite and aerial images were used. Fluctuation of lake water level was monitored by pressure sensors and the processing of this data allowed to analyse the hydrological...

This thesis deals with the evaluation of influence of small water reservoirs on the extreme runoff events (floods and drought) in the upper Úpa River basin. It summarizes knowledge about both hydrological extremes and their manifestations in the basin of interest as well as about small water reservoirs in the sense of water retention measures and their possible importance during the periods of low flows or floods. In this thesis two localities of possible reservoirs at place of former splash dams in Obří důl and on the Lysečinský Brook were chosen. To assess the influence of small water reservoirs on runoff during two chosen flood events and two periods of drought, the hydrological model HEC-HMS was applied. The results of model simulation proved a positive influence of reservoirs on the reduction of flood peaks (except for a concurrence of transformed flood waves in the outlet that occurred during one flood event), but the effect was decreasing with the increasing catchment area and the intensity of precipitation and with smaller storage capacity of a reservoir. During the low flows, a positive influence of reservoirs was observed as well, relating to the release of stored water. However, the ability of a reservoir to reduce deficit volume and to balance the flow was decreasing with smaller...

Im Einzugsgebiet des Wairau River auf der Südinsel Neuseelands sind in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten klimatische Veränderungen beobachtet worden. Beeinflusst durch eine Abnahme der jährlichen Niederschläge sinken auch die Gebietsabflüsse. Der Wairau Aquifer, der für die Bewässerung Neuseelands größtem Weinanbaugebiet genutzt wird, ist maßgeblich von dem Abflussverhalten des Wairau River abhängig und verzeichnet einen Rückgang der Grundwasserstände. Die Simulation der hydrologischen Prozesse im Einzugsgebiet ist daher notwendig, um das Verständnis für die Zusammenhänge zu erhöhen. Um die Prozesse abzubilden, wurde in dieser Masterarbeit die Modular Assessment of Rainfall–Runoff Models Toolbox (MARRMoT) verwendet. Ziel der Anwendung von MARRMoT war, ein Modell oder ein Modellensemble zu finden, das für die Simulation der Niederschlags-Abfluss-Beziehungen im Einzugsgebiet Wairau River geeignet ist. Zu diesem Zweck wurden in einem ersten Szenario 42 Modelle aus MARRMoT auf das Einzugsgebiet Wairau River mit dem Gütekriterium Kling-Gupta-Effizienz (KGE) kalibriert. In weiteren Szenarien wurden die Kalibrierungen mit dem KGE mit invers transformierten Durchflüssen (KGEi) sowie mit einer Mischform der beiden Kriterien (KGEm) realisiert. Die Bewertung der Modellperformance erfolgte anhand ausgewählter Gütekriterien. Durch die Auswertung konnten drei MARRMoT-Modelle ermittelt werden, die in allen drei Kalibrierszenarien eine hohe Performance gezeigt haben und für die weitere Anwendung im Einzugsgebiet Wairau River geeignet sind. Ein Teilziel dieser Arbeit war zudem die Korrektur von simulierten Niederschlagsdaten aus dem unbeobachteten Quellgebiet des Wairau River, die in vorherigen Arbeiten als fehlerhaft identifiziert wurden (Ludwig 2018). Dafür wurde eine höhenabhängige Korrekturvorschrift ermittelt. Die anschließende Simulation des Gebiets hat jedoch gezeigt, dass die Korrektur ohne eine bessere Datengrundlage nicht erfolgreich ist.:1. Einführung 2. Beschreibung des Untersuchungsgebiets 2.1 Klima 2.2 Einzugsgebietsgrenzen 2.3 Geologie 2.4 Boden 2.5 Landnutzung 2.6 Aquifer 3. Datengrundlage 3.1 Meteorologische Daten 3.2 Hydrologische Daten 4. Analyse und Korrektur von Niederschlagsdaten 4.1 Problematik im Teileinzugsgebiet Dip Flat 4.2 Aufbereitung der Daten 4.3 Erstellung einer Korrekturvorschrift 5. Anwendung der MARRMo Toolbox 5.1 Grundlagen von MARRMoT 5.2 Betrachtung ausgewählter MARRMoT-Modelle 5.3 Gütekriterien 5.4 Kalibrierung und Evaluierung 5.4.1 Grundlagen 5.4.2 Automatische Kalibrierung mit MARRMoT 5.4.3 Kalibrierszenarien 6. Analyse und Diskussion der Ergebnisse 6.1 Niederschlagskorrektur und Datengrundlage 6.1.1 Erstellung der Korrekturvorschrift 6.1.2 Unsicherheiten der Niederschlagskorrektur 6.1.3 Analyse der Datengrundlage für das Gesamteinzugsgebiet 6.1.4 Zusammenfassung 6.2 Anwendung der MARRMo Toolbox 6.2.1 Ergebnisse der Kalibrierszenarien 6.2.2 Detaillierte Auswertung ausgewählter Modelle 6.2.3 Unsicherheiten zwischen und innerhalb der MARRMoT Modelle 6.2.4 Zusammenfassung 6.3 Zusammenführung der Ergebnisse 7. Fazit und Ausblick 8. Literaturverzeichnis / In the catchment area of the Wairau River on the South Island of New Zealand, climatic changes were observed in the past decades. Influenced by a decrease in precipitation, the runoff is reduced. The Wairau Aquifer, which is used for irrigation of New Zealand's largest wine-growing region, is significantly dependent on the runoff of the Wairau River and recorded a decline in groundwater levels. The simulation of the hydrological processes in the catchment area is therefore necessary. For that reason in this Master’s thesis the Modular Assessment of Rainfall Runoff Model Toolbox (MARRMoT) was used in order to find a model or model ensemble suitable for the simulation of precipitation-runoff relationships in the Wairau River catchment. In a first scenario, 42 models from MARRMoT were calibrated for the Wairau River catchment using the efficiency criteria Kling-Gupta-Efficiency (KGE). In further scenarios, calibrations using the KGE with inverse transformed flows (KGEi) as well as a mixed form of the two criteria (KGEm) were realized. The evaluation of the model performance was based on selected performance criteria. The evaluation led to three MARRMoT models, which demonstrated high performance in all three calibration scenarios and are suitable for further use in the Wairau River catchment. A secondary objective of this work was the correction of simulated precipitation data from the unobserved headwaters of the catchment, which were identified as faulty in previous work (Ludwig 2018). For this purpose, a height-dependent correction rule was determined. Subsequent simulation of the area, however, has shown that the correction was unsuccessful and needs a more solid data foundation.:1. Einführung 2. Beschreibung des Untersuchungsgebiets 2.1 Klima 2.2 Einzugsgebietsgrenzen 2.3 Geologie 2.4 Boden 2.5 Landnutzung 2.6 Aquifer 3. Datengrundlage 3.1 Meteorologische Daten 3.2 Hydrologische Daten 4. Analyse und Korrektur von Niederschlagsdaten 4.1 Problematik im Teileinzugsgebiet Dip Flat 4.2 Aufbereitung der Daten 4.3 Erstellung einer Korrekturvorschrift 5. Anwendung der MARRMo Toolbox 5.1 Grundlagen von MARRMoT 5.2 Betrachtung ausgewählter MARRMoT-Modelle 5.3 Gütekriterien 5.4 Kalibrierung und Evaluierung 5.4.1 Grundlagen 5.4.2 Automatische Kalibrierung mit MARRMoT 5.4.3 Kalibrierszenarien 6. Analyse und Diskussion der Ergebnisse 6.1 Niederschlagskorrektur und Datengrundlage 6.1.1 Erstellung der Korrekturvorschrift 6.1.2 Unsicherheiten der Niederschlagskorrektur 6.1.3 Analyse der Datengrundlage für das Gesamteinzugsgebiet 6.1.4 Zusammenfassung 6.2 Anwendung der MARRMo Toolbox 6.2.1 Ergebnisse der Kalibrierszenarien 6.2.2 Detaillierte Auswertung ausgewählter Modelle 6.2.3 Unsicherheiten zwischen und innerhalb der MARRMoT Modelle 6.2.4 Zusammenfassung 6.3 Zusammenführung der Ergebnisse 7. Fazit und Ausblick 8. Literaturverzeichnis

The aim of this paper is evaluation of hydrological regime of the upper part of Lužnice River basin. Upper stream of the Lužnice river represents low intensity of modification. Larger part of the river is a meandering stream with many ponds and pools in the floodplain where the safe retention of water during floods is possible. First part of this paper focus on detailed area hydrography description. The main part concentrates to hydrological regime. The methodology of this research is based on statistical evaluation of the longtime data series from the Pilař station. Flood events and dry periods are analyzed during the past 46 years. Detailed discharge measurements (realized in this area by Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology) are used for recent flood evaluations. Higher occurrence of floods and dry periods was identified in the past 10 years.

Conventional hydrological compartmental models have been shown to exhibit a high degree of uncertainty for predictions of peak flows, such as the design floods for design of hydropower infrastructure. One reason for these uncertainties is that conventional models are parameterised using statistical methods based on how catchments have responded in the past. Because the rare occurrence of peak flows, these are underrepresented during the periods used for calibration. This implies that the model has to be extrapolated beyond the discharge intervals where it has been calibrated. In this thesis, hydromechanical approaches are used to investigate the properties of stream networks, reflecting mechanisms including stage dependency, damming effects, interactions between tributaries (network effects) and the topography of the stream network. Further, it is investigated how these properties can be incorporated into the streamflow response functions of compartmental hydrological models. The response of the stream network was shown to vary strongly with stage in a non-linear manner, an effect that is commonly not accounted for in model formulation. The non-linearity is particularly linked to the flooding of stream channels and interactions with the flow on flood-plains. An evaluation of the significance of using physically based response functions on discharge predictions in a few sub-catchments in Southern Sweden show improvements (compared to a conventional model) in discharge predictions – particularly when modelling peak discharges. An additional benefit of replacing statistical parameterisation methods with physical parameterisation methods is the possibility of hydrological modelling during non-stationary conditions, such as the ongoing climate change. / QC 20101022

In a populated region with very high potential evapotranspiration, where the rainwater falls only during the winter and mostly in the mountains, the need for sustainable water management and fair distribution is crucial. In the West Bank, Palestine, the main potable water source is a karst mountain aquifer system. Precipitation occurs usually in the form of rainfall in the mountainous regions during winter period and recharges the groundwater systems. The water either reaches the surface as spring water, or is extracted through pumped wells. But the scarcity of drinking water in Palestine is not due to lack of water resources or technical knowledge of water extraction but a direct consequence of Israeli policies, water management, breached water rights and the occupation of Palestinian territories. Because of such restrictions, ground water is not an option to provide more freshwater, instead it is suggested to collect rainwater runoff in reservoirs. In 2011, the first surface water dam was built in Palestine in Al Auja, just north of Ariha. It was built as an experimental project for future dams and is therefore a small earth fill dam which will be expanded to collect water also from an adjacent watershed, much larger than the current one. The purpose of this study is to determine how much bigger the reservoir needs to be to safely store the inflowing rainwater runoff in the future. This was achieved through hydrological modelling using the HEC-HMS software which is a physical based model. The data used in this study were: 25 m DEM, land use data, soil data (both from remote sense and field visit), river network map, precipitation data, location of the gauges and geological formations. Field visits and soil tests were also great contributions of insights and knowledge crucial for the project. Hourly time-series data for precipitation for the winters 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 and monthly evapotranspiration for 2010-2011 were used as input to the model. Water level data in Al Uja reservoir with 20 minutes intervals were used to evaluate the simulations. Simulations were first optimized for the current scenario to find sets of parameters that match the changes in water level in the dam reservoir. This was done both for single rainfall events as well as for the whole seasons. The parameters creating the most matching results were used in additional simulations with the adjacent watershed included. The difference in results between the simulations with the current watershed and the expanded one was used to answer how much more water the reservoir would have received during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 if the larger watershed were included. The model results reveal that the reservoir should have been able to hold about three times as much water as today. Installation of an inflow meter is suggested for the future along with an evaluation of local climate change in precipitation and evapotranspiration.

The diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of hydrological drought in the Bouřlivec and Loučenský stream basins, located in the northwest of the Czech Republic in the Ore Mountains. Available hydrological and climatological data series from two limnographic and four climatological stations were used to characterize the hydrological drought. The intensity of the occurrence of hydrological drought in the stream basins of interest was assessed using the method of threshold values and the method of insufficient volumes. According to the results of the work, the hydrological year 2020 was marked as extremely low in water on both monitored profiles, which points to the accumulating causes of drought from previous years. In terms of hydrological drought, the year 2018 was also significant. The diploma thesis also aims to detect trends in data series of precipitation, air temperature and inflow into the Všechlapy reservoir using the Mann-Kendall test. The results of statistical testing of the trend point to an increasing trend of air temperature and a decreasing trend of the inflow into the Všechlapy reservoir. A significant trend in the precipitation data series was not confirmed. Trend testing was preceded by an assessment of the homogeneity of the available data sets. Last but not least, emphasis is...

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Climate change and socio-economic development are greatly affecting the quality of freshwater, especially the excessive accumulation of nutrients (N and P), which eventually leads to the occurrence of eutrophication. Lake Vomb is one of the main sources of drinking water in southern Sweden and the nutrient load from the catchment makes it a eutrophic lake with recurring algal blooms. This project developed a hydrological model by Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to model the impact of climate and socio-economic changes on nutrient dynamics on Lake Vomb. Two combinations of future scenarios were selected as combinations of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP): 1) SSP1/RCP4.5 and 2) SSP5/RCP8.5. For the calibration and validation period, satisfactory results were obtained for monthly flow (R2 and NSE were 0.92 and 0.82, respectively) and yearly nutrient load simulation obtained overall convincing results (R2, NSE and PBIAS were 0.67, 0, 17% for total nitrogen (TN) and 0.78, -0.11, -1% for total phosphorus (TP) at the main inflow and R2, NSE and PBIAS were 0.46, 0.27, 15% for TN and 0.62, -0.01, -0.06% for TP at the second inflow). Simulation results of increased future flow scenarios showed higher peaks under the RCP8.5 scenario than under RCP4.5. Also, there was an increasing trend that flow will continuously rise during the simulation period. Results from future nutrient load simulation showed that the TN load was below the baseline in most scenarios and the TP load was all above the baseline. Besides, nutrient loading is more sensitive to the combination of SSPs and RCPs and got the highest loads under RCP4.5/SSP1. The challenge of reducing nutrient load increases over time, especially for P because the simulated load was higher for 2090-2100 than the load for 2040-2050. This project has limitations such as uncertain agriculture activities input and nutrient observations. This project provides projections of flows and nutrient loads into Lake Vomb for a combination of possible future scenarios and more different scenarios such as different RCPs and different designed SSPs deserve to be studied in the future.