Esta pesquisa investigou as motivações econômicas que explicam o nível de reconhecimento dos tributos diferidos sobre o lucro nas companhias abertas brasileiras no período inicial de adoção das IFRS no Brasil e da vigência obrigatória do Regime Tributário de Transição. Foram selecionadas companhias abertas não financeiras brasileiras componentes no índice IBrX 100, sendo identificadas 68 companhias nos anos de 2010 à 2013 compreendendo assim 272 observações. A análise descritiva dos dados evidenciou que o montante dos passivos fiscais diferidos foi superior ao montante dos ativos fiscais diferidos em todos os anos pesquisados, situação esta que contrata com o cenário pré-IFRS onde existiam menos passivos fiscais diferidos devido às reduzidas opções de exclusões temporárias, e que os ativos fiscais diferidos são majoritariamente oriundos de diferenças temporárias, porém ocorrendo um crescimento maior dos créditos fiscais referentes a prejuízos fiscais no período combinado com uma evolução maior dos ativos fiscais totais do que dos passivos fiscais diferidos. Por meio da análise multivariada de regressão múltipla com dados em painel foi possível constatar que: (i) não há relacionamento significativo entre o reconhecimento de tributos diferidos e o endividamento da empresa, isto é, não existe evidência que as companhias utilizem os tributos diferidos com a finalidade de influenciar o nível de endividamento, apesar da possibilidade de quebra de covenants e, consequentemente, aumento de seu risco de crédito, (ii) as maiores empresas tendem a registrar um valor menor de ativos fiscais diferidos líquidos de forma a reduzir seus lucros e divulgar sua sobretaxação a fim de reduzir sua exposição pública, e (iii) as empresas menos lucrativas são propensas a reconhecer um montante maior de ativos fiscais diferidos líquidos para, presumivelmente, atenuar o baixo resultado da empresa e com isso mascarar o seu fraco desempenho, e também, por outro lado, as companhias que possuem maior rentabilidade tendem a registrar valores menores de ativos fiscais diferidos líquidos no sentido de reduzir o lucro, e com isso, diminuir seus custos políticos. Assim, os resultados obtidos sugerem que as empresas utilizam a discricionariedade proporcionada pela regulação contábil dos tributos diferidos para atingir seus objetivos e demandas, no sentido de reduzir sua exposição pública e melhorar sua rentabilidade. / This research investigated the economic motivations that explain the level of recognition of deferred income taxes in the Brazilian companies during initial adoption of IFRS in Brazil and the mandatory term of the Transitional Tax Regime. Non-financial public companies were selected in the index IBrX 100, 68 companies were identified from 2010 to 2013 comprising 272 observations. The descriptive analysis of the data indicated that the amount of deferred tax liabilities was greater than the amount of deferred tax assets in all years studied, a situation that contracts with the pre-IFRS scenario where there were fewer deferred tax liabilities due to reduced options of temporary exclusions and that the deferred tax assets are mainly arising from temporary differences, however there was further growth of tax credits related to tax losses in the period combined with a greater increase in total tax assets than deferred tax liabilities. In the multivariate multiple regression analysis with panel data it was found that: (i) there is no significant relationship between the recognition of deferred taxes and the debts of the Company, that is, there is no evidence that companies use deferred taxes for the purpose of influencing the level of debt, despite the possibility of covenants be broken and, consequently, increase its credit risk, (ii) larger firms tend to register a lower value of net deferred tax assets to reduce their profits and disclose their overcharge in order to reduce public exposure, and (iii) the least profitable firms are likely to recognize a greater amount of net deferred tax assets for presumably mitigate the low result of the company and thus mask their poor performance and also, on the other hand, companies that have higher profitability tend to register lower values of net deferred tax assets to reduce profit, and thus, lower their political costs. Thus, the results suggest that companies use discretion provided by the accounting regulation of deferred taxes to achieve their goals and demands, to reduce public exposure and improve its profitability.

Este estudo investiga a relevância das informações contábeis antes e depois do início do processo de convergência para as normas internacionais de contabilidade no Brasil. Foram analisadas 2.277 observações trimestrais de todas as empresas que compuseram a carteira teórica do Ibovespa durante um período de 15 anos, entre 1995 e 2009. Especificamente, pretendeu-se analisar essa questão sobre três perspectivas distintas. A primeira perspectiva, com um enfoque de curto prazo, analisa a reação do mercado de capitais brasileiro associada à divulgação das demonstrações contábeis em três diferentes momentos: antes, durante e após a transição do padrão contábil brasileiro (BR_GAAP) para o padrão híbrido (BR_GAAP/IFRS). A metodologia utilizada para essa perspectiva foi o estudo de eventos. Adicionalmente, o estudo objetiva tratar as empresas analisadas de maneira heterogênea, conforme sugerido por Holthausen (2003) e Lopes e Walker (2008). Assim sendo, nessa primeira perspectiva ocorre a segmentação da amostra da pesquisa de acordo com alguns sinalizadores que indicam maior propensão das empresas em fornecer informações contábeis de maior qualidade, independentemente do regramento contábil do Brasil. Ou seja, intentou-se relacionar se os incentivos que as empresas têm para serem mais informativas mitiga o impacto da adoção de um padrão contábil de maior qualidade (IFRS). Os resultados encontrados indicam que: as demonstrações contábeis possuem conteúdo informacional, isto é, oferecem novas informações que são incorporadas aos preços; para a amostra de empresas que possuem os incentivos para serem mais informativas (ADR), não foram constatadas diferenças em seu conteúdo informacional antes e depois do início do processo de migração para as normas IFRS; para as empresas da amostra cujas boas práticas de governança corporativa foram mensuradas através do Brazilian Corporate Governance Index (BCGI), os resultados mostraram-se inconclusivos. A segunda perspectiva contemplada na pesquisa volta-se a uma análise de longo prazo entre a associação de variáveis contábeis e variáveis de mercado. Essa análise ocorreu de duas formas distintas, porém complementares. Através da investigação da associação entre as informações contábeis (lucro e patrimônio líquido) e o preço, pretendeu-se identificar se a adoção de um padrão contábil de maior qualidade no Brasil (IFRS), mesmo em se tratando de uma adoção considerada parcial, aumenta o nível de associação entre essas variáveis contábeis e o preço. De modo complementar, também foi analisada a relevância da informação contábil, mas com uma modelagem econométrica diferente. Trata-se do modelo de retorno ou timeliness. Nessa segunda perspectiva, os resultados indicam que a relevância da informação contábil, mensurada através dos modelos de preço e retorno, aumentou após a adoção parcial das normas IFRS no Brasil. Esses resultados foram obtidos por meio de dados anuais e trimestrais. Por fim, a terceira perspectiva inspirou-se na análise da relevância dos números contábeis em um momento específico, que é a divulgação dos ajustes de reconciliação do lucro e do patrimônio líquido nas demonstrações contábeis no período de transição entre o padrão contábil brasileiro e as normas IFRS. Salienta-se que os modelos econométricos para verificar essa associação são similares aos adotados na segunda perspectiva (relevância e timeliness). Nessa perspectiva, as evidências indicam que os ajustes de reconciliação do lucro líquido e do patrimônio líquido são relevantes para o mercado de capitais brasileiro. Isso significa que os mesmos eventos econômicos, quando mensurados por diferentes normas contábeis, alteram as expectativas dos investidores acerca dos lucros futuros da empresa e, por conseguinte, modificam os preços. / This study investigates the value-relevance of accounting information before and after the initial convergence process towards international accounting standards in Brazil. A total of 2,277 quarterly observations of all the companies that composed the theoretical portfolio of Ibovespa during a 15-year period, from 1955 to 2009, have been analyzed. The study aims at analyzing this issue from three different perspectives. The first one has a short-term focus, and analyzes the reaction of the Brazilian capital market to the disclosure of financial statements at three different moments: before, during and after the transition from the Brazilian accounting standard (BR_GAAP) to the hybrid standard (BR_GAAP/IFRS). The methodology used in this perspective is the event study. Additionally, the study aims at approaching the companies analyzed in a heterogeneous way, as suggested by Holthausen (2003) and Lopes & Walker (2008). Thus, in the first perspective, there is a segmentation of the research sample according to some markers signing that companies are more likely to provide higher quality accounting information, regardless the accounting rules in Brazil. The aim was to find out whether incentives the companies have to become more informative smooth the impact of adopting a higher quality accounting standard (IFRS). Results have shown that: financial statements have informational content, i.e. they provide new information that is then incorporated into prices; as to the companies from the sample that count on incentives to be more informative (ADR), no differences have been found in their informational content either before or after the beginning of the process of migration to IFRS norms; as to companies from the sample whose good corporate governance practices were measured through the Brazilian Corporate Governance Index (BCGI), results have been inconclusive. The second perspective has turned to a long-term analysis of the association between accounting variables and market variables. This analysis has been carried out in two different, but complementary manners. Through the investigation of the association between accounting information (earnings and equity) and price, the purpose is to identify whether the adoption of a higher quality accounting standard in Brazil (IFRS), despite being partial, increases the level of association between those accounting variables and price. In a complementary way, the value-relevance of the accounting information has also been analyzed, but with a different econometric model: the return model or timeliness. In the second perspective, the results have shown that the value-relevance of the accounting information, as measured through the return and price models, has increased after the partial adoption of IFRS norms in Brazil. These results have been obtained from annual and quarterly data. Finally, the third perspective has been inspired in the analysis of value-relevance of accounting figures at a specific moment, which is the disclosure of adjustments of equity and earnings reconciliation in financial statements along the period of transition from the Brazilian accounting standard to IFRS. We should highlight that the econometric models to check such association are similar to those adopted in the second perspective (value-relevance and timeliness). In this perspective, evidences have shown that the adjustments of earnings and equity reconciliation are value-relevant to the Brazilian capital market. This means that the same economical events, when measured through different accounting norms, both change investors\' expectations as to the future earnings of a company and, consequently, modify prices.

A contabilidade brasileira passou por mudanças normativas que deixaram suas demonstrações de acordo com o padrão internacional. Pesquisas realizadas com empresas de capital aberto em vários países do mundo indicam que essa nova norma tende a melhorar a qualidade da informação e deixá-la mais comparável e transparente. Diante disso, o estudo tem como objetivo analisar o impacto da adoção do International Financial Reporting Standard sobre os níveis de gerenciamento de resultados das companhias brasileiras de capital aberto (com exceção das instituições financeiras). A hipótese desenvolvida é de que a nova norma reduz o gerenciamento de resultados nas empresas brasileiras. Os dados foram extraídos das demonstrações contábeis trimestrais dos bancos de dados do Economática e da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários referentes ao período de 2006 a 2011. Para alcançar o objetivo da pesquisa, foi examinada por meio de um modelo proposto a relação entre as variáveis accruals discrionários e a aderência do International Financial Reporting Standard. Na equação, além dessas, foram inseridas as variáveis de controle como o nível de endividamento, o fluxo de caixa operacional, o retorno sobre o ativo e o tamanho da empresa. Para o cálculo dos accruals discricionários foi empregado o Modelo de Jones Modificado. Com base no modelo proposto, foram utilizadas várias técnicas estatísticas e aplicou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para analisar se a amostra possui dados distribuídos normalmente. Em seguida, foi analisada a correlação de Spearman entre as variáveis do modelo proposto e analisada as médias dos accruals, por meio do teste U de Mann-Whitney. Por fim, foi elaborada a análise de regressão com dados dispostos em painel com correção de Newey- West. A correlação e o teste de médias corroboraram a hipótese desenvolvida, porém aregressão não confirmou a hipótese, com significância estatística, de que o novo padrão contábil reduziu o nível de gerenciamento de resultados nas divulgações das demonstrações elaboradas com a adoção das normas IFRS pelas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto. / The Brazilian accounting has undergone regulatory changes that have left their statements according to international standard. Research conducted with publicly traded companies in various countries around the world indicate that this new standard tends to improve the quality of information and make it more comparable and transparent. Thus, the study aims to analyze the impact of adopting International Financial Reporting Standard on the levels of earnings management of Brazilian companies traded (excluding financial institutions). The hypothesis is that the new standard reduces the earnings management in Brazilian companies. Data were extracted from the quarterly financial statements of databases Economática and Comissão de Valores Mobiliários for the period 2006 to 2011. To achieve the objectives of the study was examined by means of a model the relationship between the variables discretionary accruals and International Financial Reporting Standard. In the equation, beyond these, the control variables were entered as the level of debt, the operating cash flow, return on assets and firm size. For the calculation of discretionary accruals, we employed the Modified Jones Model. Based on the proposed model, several statistical techniques were used and applied the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to examine whether the sample has normally distributed data. Next, we analyzed the Spearman correlation between the variables of the model and analyzed the average, by means of the U of Mann-Whitney. Finally, we elaborate regression analysis with data arranged in a panel with Newey-West correction. The correlation and mean test corroborated the hypothesis developed, but the regression did not confirm the hypothesis with statistical significance that the new accounting standard reduced the level of earnings management disclosures in the financial statements prepared with the adoption of IFRS for publicly traded Brazilian companies.

This dissertation consists of three separate, but related, studies on the institutionalization of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The first study examines the relationship between the national variables and the level of IFRS adoption. Theoretical insights regarding the level of national IFRS adoption come from the world-level institutional theory (Meyer et. al., 1997). Archival data are utilized for the study. The findings indicate that countries with weaker national governance structures and lower economic development demonstrate the highest level of commitment to IFRS. Nationalism was found to influence the extent of adoption. The study contributes to IFRS adoption literature by recognizing the multi-level possibilities of IFRS adoption and discovering the factors that drive the degree of IFRS adoption on a national level. The second study examines the ongoing change in the U.S. accounting regulation related to IFRS. The specific event investigated is an historic ruling by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) made in 2007 to accept IFRS filings from foreign issuers. This move toward acceptance of IFRS by the primary U.S. regulator is of academic interest because it represents an opportunity to study regulatory institutional change. The event is analyzed using a qualitative study of the rhetoric found in the comment letters submitted to the SEC. The following theoretical frameworks were used to interpret the qualitative findings: a model of institutional change (Greenwood et. al., 2002), the role of rhetoric in legitimating institutional change (Suddaby & Greenwood, 2005), and the agents of change model (Djelic & Quack, 2003b). The conversation of opponents and proponents through the comment letters revealed the struggle of the participants to legitimize their positions. As expected, rhetorical themes associated with the moral and pragmatic legitimacy of their positions were utilized. Unexpectedly, the shifting site of regulation and the related power of SEC were troubling for proponents and opponents of the change. The study contributes to transnational accounting regulation literature in a number of ways. It presents a synthesis of different theoretical perspectives to investigate institutional change in accounting regulation. It also deepens the understanding of how institutional change is theorized by evaluating the rhetoric of domestic, foreign, and transnational participants. The third study evaluates the diffusion of IFRS in developing countries, using the specific case of Russia. The study investigates whether individual perceptions of various aspects of financial reporting and reforms are associated with IFRS adoption. Particularly of interest is whether there are differences between voluntary adopters and those for which adoption was mandated. The data were obtained from a 2007 survey exploring Russia's transition to IFRS. In general, adopters had a more positive view of transition toward IFRS and financial reforms in Russia. Further, the perceptions of reforms by adopters did not vary based on whether the adoption was required by a national or a foreign mandate. The study contributes both theoretically and empirically to the literature on IFRS in developing countries. Taken together, these three studies focus on issues that have not been addressed previously in the accounting literature. They will advance the international accounting literature on factors related to IFRS adoption, regulations, and influences.

<p>Denna uppsats har behandlat ämnet valutasäkringar samt de svenska normer och internationella standarder som finns för redovisning av dessa. Den första januari 2005 övergick samtliga svenska börsnoterade koncernbolag från att vid koncernredovisning använda svenska standarder till att redovisa enligt de internationella redovisningsstandarderna IFRS, utfärdade av IASB. Övergången har inneburit ett byte av redovisningsstandarder och en förändrad syn på värdering och klassificering av valutasäkringar.</p><p>Problem uppstår vid övergången dels till följd av den ändrade synen på redovisning och även tolkning av redovisningsprinciper. Författarna upplever att standarderna för valutasäkringar vållat ytterliggare problem då de har varit komplexa och föränderliga. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att uppmärksamma de skillnader som finns gällande klassificering, värdering och redovisning av valutasäkringar samt vilka anpassningar som gjorts av företagen och vilka svårigheter som övergången medfört.</p><p>För att uppnå syftet med uppsatsen har svensk och internationell normgivning för valutasäkringar studerats. Vidare har även en surveyundersökning genomförts, studien kompletteras även med en granskning av årsredovisningar.</p><p>I teorin har grunderna för upprättande av finansiella rapporter och ämnesområdet valutasäkringar samt svenska respektive internationella standarder för dessa presenterats. I empirikapitlet har de skillnader som urskiljts efter en jämförande studie av standarderna presenterats. Vidare har resultatet av surveyundersökningen presenterats liksom relevant information från årsredovisningarna.</p><p>De slutsatser som erhållits efter studier av valutasäkringar är att det föreligger väsentliga skillnader mellan svenska och internationella standarder kring valutasäkringar. Vidare indikerar studien även på slutsatsen att företag kommer ändra sin valutasäkringshantering som en följd av de omfattande dokumentationskrav som IFRS kräver.</p>

Den 1 januari 2005 började redovisningsstandarden IFRS tillämpas på noterade bolag inom Europeiska unionen. En av förändringarna med införandet av standarden är att noterade bolag ska utföra ett årligt nedskrivningstest av goodwill. Detta för att undersöka om det inträffat en värdeminskning av tillgången. Revisorn har en viktig roll i processen genom att kvalitetssäkra de finansiella rapporterna. Syftet med studien är att förklara och ge fördjupad insikt i vilken roll revisorn har vid nedskrivningstest av goodwill, hur de upplever granskningsproblematik som uppstår, och hur de löser den. Studien applicerar akademisk forskning om granskningsproblematik, revisorns roll i processen, samt om hur yrkesroller förändras. Resultatet av studien visar att det uppstår flera granskningsproblem, där subjektiviteten i bedömningarna är den viktigaste förändringen. Vidare påvisar studien att revisorns roll har förändrats, eftersom de samverkar med värderingsexperter.

Abstract  Background and problem discussion: Revenues has been an important financial measure in financial reports. During the last decades the revenue accounting has been problematic and some remarkable incidents have occurred. The 1 January 2018 entered the new revenue recognition standard IFRS 15. Transition into IFRS 15 has been expected to have varying results for the companies.  Purpose: The purpose with this study was to review how IFRS 15 affected profitability ratios for companies listed on the Stockholm exchange. The study also intended to discuss how the relationship between companies and investors was affected by a new revenue standard within IFRS.  Method: This study has been based on a quantitative approach when the empirical data was collected. The data were collected mainly from the selected companies annual reports for the fiscal year 2017. To measure the effect of adaption to IFRS 15 for the companies, the key ratios were chosen for gross margin and operating margin.  Result: In this study 18 of a total of 225 companies got a percentage effect on the selected key ratios. Where 16 of these companies got an effect on gross margin and 16 on operating margin. The hypotheses that was created and tested in the study did not show any statistic significant difference on the key ratios. / Sammanfattning  Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Intäkter har alltid varit en viktig post i företags årsredovisning. Under de senaste decennierna har redovisningen av intäkter varit problematisk och en del uppseendeväckande händelser har skett. Den 1 januari 2018 trädde den nya intäktsredovisningsstandarden IFRS 15 i kraft. Övergången till IFRS 15 har förväntats få varierande utfall för företagen.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att granska hur IFRS 15 påverkade lönsamhetsnyckeltalen i företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen samt vad som kännetecknade de med påverkan. Studien ämnade även att diskutera hur relationen mellan företag och investerare påverkats av en ny redovisningsstandard inom IFRS.  Metod: Denna studie har utgått från ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt när den empiriska data samlats in. Data samlades främst in från de utvalda företagens årsredovisningar för räkenskapsåret 2017. För att kunna mäta den kvantifierbara påverkan av anpassning till IFRS 15 för företagen så valdes lönsamhetsnyckeltalen bruttomarginal och rörelsemarginal ut.  Resultat: Av totalt 225 studerade företag fick 18 stycken en procentuell påverkan på de utvalda nyckeltalen. Där 16 av dessa företag fick en påverkan på bruttomarginal och 16 stycken på rörelsemarginal. De hypoteser som utformades och testades i studien visade ingen statistiskt signifikant skillnad på nyckeltalen.

Thesis advisor: Billy Soo / Politicians, accountants, and businesspersons have debated the merits of Last-in, First-out (LIFO) inventory accounting for decades. With the inauguration of a new president and increasingly global business markets, this matter is again rising to the forefront of policy debates. It is especially relevant given the likely adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the United States. Under IFRS, LIFO would no longer be an option for financial accounting purposes. Though researchers and pundits have written to express strong opinions on this matter, there exists no comprehensive analysis of the effects that a repeal of LIFO would have on the nation. This paper seeks to conduct this analysis and determine the potential effects of LIFO repeal through a qualitative analysis of the merits and shortcomings of LIFO as well as through a quantitative analysis of the industries that would be most affected by LIFO repeal and the tax consequences they would face. This paper looks to make an assessment of the feasibility of LIFO repeal based on these analyses, and to conclude whether LIFO repeal would be beneficial for the nation. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Accounting.

The thesis is focused on a comprehensive analysis of a number of valuation models of shares that are classified as financial assets in the investor's financial statements. The analysis follows the classification according to the level of control and in the structure of the context the valuation models of shares in the existence of the minority influence, significant influence and control, and finally the joint control are considered. The both measurement of shares denominated in foreign currencies and measurement of shares in investor's separate financial statements are also discussed in the thesis. The accounting rules follows primarily the current wording of the IFRS and in certain passages are complemented by US GAAP rules or by Czech accounting regulations.

The thesis is devoted to recent improvements in the process of harmonization of the Russian accounting system with International Financial Reporting Standards. Firstly, it takes a look on the historical development of accounting in Russia, investigating reforms that were leading to transition to market economy. Onwards, it provides a description of the regulation of financial accounting and the placement of the accounting profession in Russia, providing insights of the gradual implementation of IFRS into Russian legislation. Finally, the thesis features the auditing profession, which is also undergoing some changes at the moment.