This thesis deals with the determination of the effects of utilization of production capacity according to methodologies Czech accounting legislation and IFRS on the value of inventory and on the Company's earnings. The theoretical part deals with the definition of stocks from the perspectives of Czech accounting legislation and also in terms of IFRS. In this part there are also methods of allocating overhead costs, because of the close ties to the valuation of inventory. The practical part uses the knowledge gained from the theoretical part on data of actual production and the gained results are evaluated.

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Desde 2010, os bancos brasileiros são obrigados a publicar suas demonstrações financeiras anuais consolidadas em dois padrões contábeis diferentes, COSIF e IFRS. Este estudo buscou conhecer e apontar impactos do peculiar processo de adoção dos bancos brasileiros ao IFRS, tanto sob o ponto de vista de quem fornece as informações, quanto dos investidores. Para tanto, buscou-se inicialmente conhecer a população brasileira de bancos e quais as mudanças divulgadas em suas demonstrações financeiras. Por meio de uma análise comparativa das demonstrações financeiras, foram encontradas diferenças entre os valores publicados em praticamente todas as contas das DREs das instituições e com uma aparente independência entre as decisões de reclassificação uma vez que ocorreram em amplitudes e sentidos diferentes. Por meio de uma amostra de 16 bancos, observou-se que o Lucro Líquido apresentado em IFRS foi menor em nove e o Patrimônio Líquido aumentou em 14 bancos. Pela ótica dosinvestidores (usuários externos da informação) o impacto foi mensurado por meio de variações de valor de mercado e de um estudo de evento. Os resultados do estudo de evento evidenciaram a existência de retornos anormais acumulados (CAR) entre -16,9% e +12,5%, sugerindo que a adoção de IFRS foi Value Relevant. O relacionamento entre as variáveis foi obtido por meio de uma matriz de correlações de Spearman e indica que o mercado reagiu em sentido inverso ao risco, com correlação de -0,89. A reação do mercado foi mensurada pelo CAR e o risco pelos betas. Esta correlação fornece indícios de que o mercado reagiu mais negativamente a instituições de maior risco. Logo, pode-se supor que o novo padrão contábil apresentou informações que podem ter aumentado a percepção dos investidores ao risco. / Since 2010, Brazilian banks are required to publish their consolidated financial statements in accounting standards: IFRS and COSIF. This study aims to know and point impacts of particular adoption process of Brazilian banks to IFRS, both from the point of view of who provides the information and investors. It sought to know the population of Brazilian banks and the changes disclosed in its financial statements. The results showed differences between the values published in all accounts of Income Statement, in all institutions, with rare exceptions, and an apparent independence of the reclassification decisions as they occurred in different directions and amplitudes. Given a sample of 16 banks, net income presented in accordance with IFRS was lower in nine and equity increased by 14. From the standpoint of investors (external users of information) impact was measured through changes in market value and an event study. The results of the event study indicated the existence of cumulative abnormal returns between -16.9% and +12.5%, suggesting evidence that the adoption of IFRS was Value Relevant. The relationship between variables was obtained from a matrix of Spearman and showed evidence that the market reacted to the risk in reverse, with a correlation of -0.89. Market reaction was measured by the CAR and risk betas. This correlation points to evidence that the market reacted more negatively the greater the risk, where one can assume that the new accounting standard may have increased investors\' perception of risk.

Does compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) mandatory disclosures appear in form but not substance? This paper examines the conflicting incentives, both national and European, faced by firms in the European Union (EU) when complying with IFRS mandatory disclosures. The purpose of the study was to test Ball's (2006) assertion that international companies used one of two tiers of IFRS compliance: (a) boilerplate disclosures that present a veneer of uniformity with no national enforcement or (b) detailed disclosures backed by a national enforcement regime. This research reviewed annual reports from 3,300 listed companies within the 27 EU member nations and sampled 150 companies within the EU to see if these companies complied with IFRS mandatory disclosures in a consistent and comparable manner. This study compared compliance levels for the original EU15 member nations with New Member States (NMS). The key findings were that most EU companies did comply in form with Level 1 IFRS disclosures regardless of the country of origin or the level of enforcement. An ADR Listing was very important in predicting Level 1 Compliance. For Level 2, compliance in substance, companies from the EU15 member states and from stronger enforcement regimes had better compliance than those companies from NMS or weaker enforcement regimes. Having a Big 4 auditor and an ADR listing also had a positive influence on Level 2 Compliance.

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Denna studie syftar till att undersöka implementeringen av det nya regelverket, K3 som en standardisering av redovisningsreglerna, både internationellt och nationellt. K-projektet påbörjades år 2004, då BFN beslutade om att ändra inriktning på sin normgivning. BFN bestämde sig för att ta fram samlade, kompletta regelverk för olika kategorier av företag, K1-K4 för att ersätta tidigare spridd normgivning. Tanken med K-projektet var att alla regler och föreskrifter, som ett företag ska tillämpa vid upprättandet av sin årsredovisning, ska finnas samlade i en och samma vägledning för att underlätta för upprättare. Vi har valt att genomföra intervjuer vid insamling av data samt studerat remissinstansernas remissvar på BFNs “Upprättande av årsredovisning (K3) - Utkast”. God redovisningssed och rättvisande bild är två av de främsta termerna inom svensk redovisning. Studien belyser hur K3 förhåller sig till en rättvisande bild och god redovisningssed utifrån tre olika perspektiv; upprättarperspektivet, branschperspektivet och intressentperspektivet. / This study aims to investigate the implementation of the new accounting standards, K3, as standard accounting rules, both internationally and nationally. The K-project began in year 2004, when the BFN decided to change focus of their accounting principles. BFN decided to produce a single, comprehensive framework of rules covering the different categories of companies, K1 - K4 that should replace previously standards. The idea of the K-project is that all rules and regulations applicable for a company, in the preparation of its annual financial reports, shall be collected into the same guidance framework. We have chosen to collect data by interviews with and studies of the referral organizations responses on BFNs "Upprättande av årsredovisning (K3) - Utkast". Generally accepted accounting principles and true and fair view, are two of the main terms in Swedish accounting. This study illustrates how the K3-standards are related to those two terms from three different perspectives; the preparers-, the industry- and the stakeholder perspective.

Le thème central de ma thèse de doctorat est le Règlement sous de multiples formes. Plus précisément, je me concentre sur les paramètres affectés par obligatoire, facultatif ou en auto-développés le règlement. Les trois chapitres de l'actuel document utilisent comme paramètre l'industrie bancaire dans les pays de l'Union européenne (UE). Au cours de la dernière décennie, le secteur bancaire a subi plusieurs transformations de réglementation qui ont influé sur la quantité et la qualité de l'information divulguée. En outre, la récente crise financière avait les banques dans le projecteur, compte tenu de leur rôle central dans la chute des marchés.Dans le premier chapitre, "Ne Bâle II affectent le marché Évaluation des provisions pour pertes sur prêts discrétionnaires?", j'étudie l'impact de l'Accord de capitaux lI de Bâle 2008 mise en oeuvre dans l'Union européenne. Bâle II était destiné à mettre un niveau accru de transparence concernant les opérations des banques. Par conséquent, Bâle II introduit une incitation pour les banques à (1) accroître leur approvisionnement prospectives et (2) de réduire leur approvisionnement opportunistes.Dans notre établissement, Bâle II introduit des mesures d'incitation pour les gestionnaires de reconnaître moins de revenu discrétionnaire croissant des provisions pour pertes sur prêts (DLLPs). Le revenu-DLLPs croissante sont importants puisqu'ils sont reconnus dans la littérature comme surtout opportuniste. Ces conclusions sont d'une importance particulière compte tenu de l'évolution réglementaire récentes et à venir dans le secteur bancaire. Je veux parler de l'introduction des IFRS 9 en 2018 et celui de Bâle III en 2019. Nos résultats soulignent la nécessité pour la comptabilité et les autorités de réglementation bancaire de coordonner leurs efforts avec mépris à leur façon innée des objectifs différents.Pour ma deuxième chapitre, "A Bâle II induit le conservatisme a réduit le niveau de la gestion des revenus des banques de l'UE?" Bâle II réduit le pouvoir discrétionnaire des provisions qui est utilisé dans la période de pré-adoption de rapports opportunistes (à reconnaître les recettes croissantes pour atteindre les gains gestion DLLPs objectifs).Le troisième chapitre, " l'impact de la Banque de l'UE 2010 Test de stress La divulgation des résultats sur les banques " gains " gestion analyse l'impact que la divulgation de la Prospective 2010 Test de stress macroéconomique (ST) a sur le niveau des banques participantes opportuniste reporting. Plus précisément, il teste si la divulgation diminue et par conséquent l'opacité de la banque gains (établie de façon approximative par gestion et régularisation du revenu de référence pour le battre) testé les banques par rapport aux non-banques testées.Nous constatons que les banques qui entrent dans l'ère de réduire le niveau de leurs coups de référence. Dans la corroboration avec les résultats précédents, nous documentons que la divulgation de la ST réduit probablement les résultats de l'opacité des banques et gestionnaires de réduire les rapports opportunistes en raison du renforcement l'examen public. Ce document est le premier d'analyser l'impact que la divulgation de la ST Résultats a sur le niveau des gains des banques des pratiques de gestion et qu'elle ajoute à la littérature ST émergents.Dans l'ensemble, ma thèse jette de la lumière sur les questions actuelles et pertinentes qui concernent l'un des plus minutieusement examiné et critiqué les industries dans le monde. En analysant l'effet de différents ensembles de règlements sur les rapports financiers et sur l'évaluation des nombres de comptabilité, cette thèse apporte de nombreuses contributions à la littérature académique et jette de la lumière sur les effets pratiques de chevauchement des règlements dans l'UE. / The central theme of my PhD thesis is regulation under multiple forms. Specifically, I focus on settings impacted by mandatory, optional or self-developed regulation. All three chapters in the current document use as setting the banking industry in countries from the European Union (EU). In the last decade, the banking industry has faced several regulatory transformations that impacted the quantity and quality of the disclosed information. Moreover, the recent financial crisis had banks in the spotlight, given their central role in the fall of the markets.In the first chapter, "Does Basel II affect the Market Valuation of Discretionary Loan Loss Provisions?", I study the impact of the 2008 Basel lI Capital Accord implementation in the European Union. Basel II was intended to bring an enhanced level of transparency regarding banks' operations. Consequently, Basel II introduces an incentive for banks to (1) increase their forward-looking provisioning and (2) to reduce their opportunistic provisioning.In our setting, Basel II introduces incentives for managers to recognize less income-increasing discretionary loan loss provisions (DLLPs). The income-increasing DLLPs are important as they are recognized in the literature as especially opportunistic. These findings are of particular importance given the recent and forthcoming regulatory developments in the banking industry. I refer to the introduction of IFRS 9 in 2018 and that of Basel III in 2019. Our results highlight the need for accounting and banking regulators to coordinate their efforts with disregard to their innately different objectives.For my second chapter, "Has Basel II Induced Conservatism Reduced the Level of EU Banks' Earnings Management?" Basel II reduces discretion in provisioning that is used in the pre-adoption period for opportunistic reporting (to recognize income-increasing DLLPs for reaching earnings management objectives).The third chapter, "The Impact of the 2010 EU Bank Stress-test Results Disclosure on Banks' Earnings Management" analyzes the impact that the disclosure of the forward-looking 2010 macroeconomic stress-test (ST) has on the level of participating banks’ opportunistic reporting. Specifically, it tests if the disclosure reduces bank opacity and consequently earnings management (proxied by income smoothing and benchmark beating) for the tested banks relative to non-tested banks.We find that the banks which enter the ST reduce the level of their benchmark beating. In corroboration with the previous results, we document that the disclosure of the ST's results likely reduces banks' opacity and managers reduce the opportunistic reporting due to enhanced public scrutiny. This paper is the first to analyze the impact that the disclosure of the ST results has on the level of banks' earnings management practices and it adds to the emerging ST literature.Overall, my thesis sheds light on current and relevant issues that concern one of the most scrutinized and criticised industries in the world. By analyzing the effect of different sets of regulations on financial reporting and on the valuation of accounting numbers, this thesis brings numerous contributions to the academic literature and sheds light over the practical effects of overlapping regulations in the EU.

As organizações, para financiar suas atividades, fazem uso de fontes internas e externas de recursos financeiros. Entretanto, na presença de imperfeições no mercado de capitais, como assimetria de informações, problemas de agência e custos de transação, elas podem optar por uma fonte em detrimento a outra. As imperfeições do mercado aliadas as restrições de financeiras podem afetar o gerenciamento de caixa das organizações. Em contextos de crise, por exemplo, os efeitos da indisponibilidade de financiamento podem ser ainda maiores. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos das Restrições Financeiras e crise financeira sobre as políticas de caixa, assim como, estudar os impactos de uma boa Governança Corporativa e seus efeitos sobre os níveis de caixa. Para tanto, fez-se uso de uma amostra composta por 141 empresas de capital aberto, não financeiras, obtidas por meio da base de dados Economática®. O período analisado compreende 15 anos, iniciando em 2000 e se estendendo até 2014. Optou-se pela utilização do modelo de regressão com dados em painel, por meio de um painel desbalanceado, no intuito de não reduzir o número de observações utilizadas (1906). Os resultados indicaram que o nível de caixa das organizações é impactado pelo nível de sua restrição financeira, assim como por contextos de crise, onde as companhias elevaram as suas reservas de caixa sob tal cenário. De forma geral, observou-se uma associação positiva entre as variáveis de Governança Corporativa utilizadas, apesar de apenas uma ter obtido significância estatística. Logo, o resultado obtido sugere que os acionistas de uma empresa permitem ao agente gerenciar maiores reservas de caixa apenas quando há mecanismos de governança corporativa para protegê-las. Além do mais, os resultados ainda indicam que as boas práticas de governança corporativa fornecem um meio de controlar as ações dos gestores, de modo que eles utilizem as reservas de caixa apenas em situações que maximizem a utilidade dos acionistas, evitando, assim, o gasto excessivo de caixa. Em relação a adoção das normas internacionais de contabilidade (IFRS), verificou-se uma redução significativa dos níveis de caixa posteriormente a segunda fase de adoção às normas, assim como uma associação negativa e significativa entre a variável dummy representando a adoção obrigatória. Sendo assim, este trabalho contribui com a literatura científica de maneira a fornecer evidências acerca dos efeitos das restrições financeiras, uma boa governança corporativa, crise financeira e adoção do padrão IFRS sobre as políticas de caixa das companhias brasileiras / Organizations, to finance their activities, can use internal and external sources of financial resources. However, in the presence of imperfections in the capital market, as asymmetric information, agency problems and transaction costs, they can choose one over the other. The imperfections of the market coupled with financial restrictions may affect the cash management of organizations. In times of crisis, for example, the effects of the unavailability of funding may also be higher. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effects of Financial Restrictions and financial crisis on cash holdings, as well as study the impacts of a good Corporate Governance and its effects on cash levels. To do so, we used a sample of 141 listed companies, non-financial, obtained through Economática® database. The analyzed period consists of 15 years, starting in 2000 and extending to 2014. We opted for the use of the Panel Data regression model using an unbalanced panel, in order not to reduce the number of observations used (1906). The results indicated that the cash level of organizations is impacted by the level of its financial constraints, as well as for crisis contexts, where companies increased their cash reserves under such a scenario. In General, there was a positive association between the variables of Corporate Governance used, although only one has obtained statistical significance. Therefore, the obtained results suggest that the shareholders of a company allow the agent manage larger cash reserves only when there is corporate governance mechanisms to protect them. Moreover, the results also indicate that good corporate governance practices provide a way to control the actions of managers, so that they use cash holdings only in situations that maximize the value of shareholders, thus avoiding spending excessive cash holding. Regarding the adoption of international accounting standards (IFRS), there was a significant reduction in cash levels after the second phase adoption of the standards, as well as a negative and significant association between the dummy variable representing the mandatory adoption. Thus, this study contributes to the literature in order to provide evidence about the effects of financial constraints, good corporate governance, financial crisis and the adoption of IFRS on the cash policies of Brazilian companies