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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The effect of cognitive and emotion-based processes on the Iowa Gambling Task

Simonovic, Boban January 2018 (has links)
Real life decision-making depends on a complex interplay between cognitive and emotion-based processes. Damasio (1994) developed the Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH) arguing that emotion-based processes guide decision-making by directing individuals towards alternatives that have been previously ‘marked’ as positive or guide them away from the negative options. The primarily used test-bed of the emotion-based learning is Iowa Gambling Task (IGT, Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994). The SMH makes three assumptions about the IGT behaviour: (a) somatic markers have a negative connotation and bias decision-making covertly in the absence of explicit knowledge, (b) there is a limited role for cognitive procesesing during IGT performance, especially during the initial stages of the task, and (c) anticipatory somatic markers guide decision-choices away from the bad options as participants are able to anticipate the good and the bad options. This thesis tested the SMH using a combination of psychophysiological methods (Eye-tracking, Pupillometry, Heart Rate and Blood Pressure measurements), behavioural measurements and psychometric measures of individual differences in combination with the IGT. The systematic review, meta-analyses and the experiments described in this Thesis explored the validity of these assumptions and found that they are not accurately manifested in behaviour during IGT performance. A novel methodology not previously employed was used to capture somatic markers through pupillary responses. Explicit learning was also assessed by the eye-tracking methodology in testing IGT performance in normal conditions and under stress. The results from the first two experiments indicated that explicit processing and knowledge about the task are more critical factors during the early stages of the game than previously suggested. Although there were some indicators of the existence of somatic markers, it was found that cognitive reflection, conscious awareness and increased cognitive processing occurred early in the game and guided behaviour on IGT. The results from the final experiment revealed that IGT performance in healthy individuals is not always optimal; stress levels impaired performance whereby a lack of, or insufficient cognitive processing early in the game may create a somatic signal that interferes with IGT performance. Furthermore, attentional processing, cognitive reflection and conscious awareness can be disrupted by stress resulting in non-optimal decision-making strategies that consequently interfere with performance on the IGT. Taken together, these results challenge the basic premises of the SMH and could be best explained within the dual-process framework (e.g., Brevers, Bechara, Cleeremans, & Noel, 2013). If somatic markers do not play a significant role in learning IGT than the task needs to be re-evaluated and caution is warranted when the IGT is used as a diagnostic tool to measure decision-making deficits in clinical populations.
2

Print quality study of a laboratory offset press

Johansson, Lisa, Lundin, Sandra January 2004 (has links)
PAPRO operates within the Forest Research company and their mission is to develop value-addingindustry solutions. At present there are no good ways for mills to easily test the printing quality on newsprintpaper. There is a great need for a fast way to do this on different paper qualities; with a laboratory-offset press this can be both a time and money saving method. At PAPRO Forest Research, NewZealand, a laboratory offset press has been developed and designed, during the past seven years, concerningthis issue. Earlier projects were made concerning the press, e.g. to establish the optimal settings.The mission with this project was to partly determine the present variability of the print quality andto evaluate if the fountain solution, distilled water and 2% Diol green concentrate, used at the momentmixed with different percentages of Isopropanol could decrease the variability and contribute to morestabile results. Throughout the whole project the print quality showed a high variation and was evenmore variable when the Isopropanol was added. All in all 50 print rounds times twelve printed paperstrips was carried out through the project divided into three parts. To analyse the print quality, amicroscope with an image capture camera has been used. Data from the taken images was analysedand inserted into charts to see the variations.The conclusions of the whole project are not satisfying because no final evaluations were possible tomake. Main conclusions are that the additive of Isopropanol to the ordinary fountain solution, used atpresent, only contributed to more unstable results of the print quality. And it seems to be difficult toget some stable results from the lab press as long as the room where it is placed is not fully conditionedas required for the process of offset printing. And the fact that the airbrush which applies theamount of fountain solution is also variable, as shown in earlier projects, which contributes to unstableresults as well. For further work more exact parameters as a conditioned room are required and thepossibility to further design the laboratory press to use waterless offset printing instead.
3

Print quality study of newsprint : Further development of the laboratoryoffset press at PAPRO

Magnusson, Emma, Halonen, Susanna January 2002 (has links)
A laboratory offset press has been developed over the last five years at PAPRO for testing print qualityon newsprint, as at present, there is no good way for the mills to test this issue. In this project a comparisonhas been made between a laboratory offset press and a commercial press to see if the laboratoryoffset press can be used as a reliable test method or if a further development is needed.To evaluate the method, similar papers have been printed in both presses and compared using imageanalysis techniques. All together eighteen samples were tested which is enough to give comparableresults. The print quality showed a high variation, the values from the laboratory offset press and thecommercial press were not following the same trends. At present time the laboratory offset press needsome further development before it can be used as a reliable test method for halftone prints. Even sosome conclusions were made.The newsprint that has been used came from Norske Skog Tasman Mill (Kawerau), since the otheraim of this project was to do a repeatability study of their three existing paper machines to distinguishpossible differences in the production. The paper samples were taken from each paper machine on sixdifferent dates to give a representative result. This also gave the opportunity to compare the machinesbetween themselves. Comparison between the machines shows that the wire side gives a better andmore even result than the topside on the prints from the laboratory offset press. According to the resultfrom the commercial press the wire side shows a higher degree of variability. Samples from papermachine 2 and 3 were less variable and had the lowest standard deviation of grey level for solid areas.This suggests that newsprints from PM 2 and PM 3 give a more even print quality with a better inkcoverage.
4

The Influence of Nicotine Craving and Personality Characteristics on Risky Decision Making in Nicotine Dependent College Students

Buelow, Melissa T. 18 September 2009 (has links)
No description available.
5

Neuropsychologische, psychiatrische und metabolische Konsequenzen des Gestationsdiabetes

Hardenberg, Tatjana von 21 February 2006 (has links)
Worauf schon die Literatur hinweist, kann mit dieser Studie bestätigt werden: Eine langfristige metabolische Kontrolle stellt einen essentiellen Faktor in der adäquaten Betreuung von GDM Patientinnen dar. Dies wird nicht nur durch eine IGT bei einem Drittel der Probandinnen, sondern auch durch durchschnittlich höhere Insulin- und Kortisolspiegel 5,5 Jahre nach der Erkrankung bestätigt. Die Objektivierung einer psychiatrischen Beeinträchtigung oder Einschränkung neuropsychologischer Funktionen aufgrund einer persistierenden Hyperglykämie konnte nicht eindeutig bestätigt werden. In Gedächtnistests sowie im subjektiven psychischen und somatischen Befinden konnten nur tendenzielle Unterschiede gemessen werden. Dies gilt auch in Abhängigkeit von der metabolischen Kontrolle unabängig eines zu Grunde liegenden Gestationsdiabetes. Auch wenn die Studie keine kognitive Beeinträchtigung nachweisen konnte, sind Störungen durch langfristige metabolische Dysfunktionen nicht auszuschliessen. Bei der Durchführung weiterer derartiger Studien sind unbedingt die von uns einbezogenen Stoffwechselparameter (Kortisol, Insulin und Glukose) mit Einfluss auf die Kognition einzubeziehen. Ein regelmässiges Follow-Up der Schwangeren mit Gestationsdiabetes sollte in jedem Fall erfolgen, um einen postpartalen Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus rechtzeitig zu erkennen und therapieren zu können. / This study can confirm the importance of long term metabolic control in GDM Patients as the existing literature is already pointing out. It is an essential aspect in the adequate support of patients with gestational diabetes. It is shown not only by an impaired glucose tolerance in one third of GDM Patients but also by insuline and glucagon levels above average 5.5 Years after the concerning pregnancy. The objectification of psychiatric impairment or impairment in neuropsychological functions due to persistent hyperglycaemia could not be proved clearly. In memory tests as in psychological or somatic findings we could only measure tendencies without significant differences. This counts also for the metabolic control itself without the existence of preceding gestational diabetes. Even though there were no cognitive impairments proven, we could not exclude any disturbances due to long term metabolic dysfunction. With the execution of future studies, metabolic parameter that we used (Insulin, Glucagone, Glucose) should be included as influencing parameter to cognitive functions. A Follow Up in GDM Patients should be performed regularly in any case, not only to exclude the development of a possible diabetes mellitus.
6

Vägen till hälsa : Motivation till fysisk aktivitet hos patienter med förstadie till eller diagnostiserad diabetes typ 2

Sjöblom, Johan, Malmberg, Ulrik January 2012 (has links)
Diabetes typ 2 är en sjukdom som kan förhindras och lindras med hjälp av fysisk aktivitet. Diabetes typ 2 är en egenvårdsjukdom där individen själv till stor del kan styra över sin hälsosituation. Förstadiet till diabetes typ 2 kallas IGT.Sjukvårdens roll är bland annat att ge stöd och motivera patienten till en aktivare livsstil. Tidigare har forskning ofta fokuserat på barriärer och inom vårdvetenskapen finns litet beskrivet kring motivation. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att belysa vad patienter med IGT eller diabetes typ 2 upplever som motiverande till fysisk aktivitet.Data utgörs av tio vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna beskriver upplevelsen av motivation till fysisk aktivitet hos patienter med förstadiet till eller diabetes typ 2. Samtliga artiklar är kvalitativa och har ett patientperspektiv. Med hjälp av Evans analysmodell analyserades artiklarna för att skapa en ny helhet.Studiens resultat presenteras i fyra teman. Stödjande miljö representerar den rent fysiska miljön som motiverande till rörelse, Stödjande relationer innehåller den uppmuntran som sociala relationer gav, Att uppleva välbefinnande syftar till den motivation som låg i att uppleva större grad av hälsa medan Att bevara hälsan visar på hur själva livsstilsförändringen i sig upplevdes motiverande. Upplevelsen av vad som motiverade till fysisk aktivitet varierade mellan individer och vårt resultat visar på komplexiteten i området. En god vårdrelation är grunden för att sjuksköterskan skall kunna stödja patienten till att väcka, forma och rikta sina val mot en mer hälsosam livsstil. Att lyckas integrera fysisk aktivitet i sitt liv gav en inre motivation och gav en möjlighet att behålla en mer hälsosam livsstil. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning
7

Bewegungstherapeutische Effekte bei Patienten mit gestörter Glukosetoleranz

Lehmann, Stefanie 29 June 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Eine gezielte bewegungstherapeutische Intervention verbessert den Glukosestoffwechsel, reduziert den Grad der Adipositas und belegt einen antiinflammatorischen Effekt. Ungeklärt ist dabei, in welchem Zeitintervall sich die jeweiligen Risikoparameter Adipositas, Glukosestoffwechsel und chronische Entzündungsreaktionen, in einer 12-monatigen Kontroll-Interventionsstudie bei Patienten mit gestörter Glukosetoleranz (IGT) im Vergleich zu einer Rosiglitazontherapie und einer unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe adaptieren. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden 60 Patienten aus einer Population von 500 Probanden mittels 2-Stunden oralem Glukose Toleranztest (2h-oGTT) als Patienten mit gestörter Glukosetoleranz identifiziert und randomisiert den zwei Therapiearmen, Rosiglitazon- und Bewegungstherapie, sowie einer Kontrollgruppe zugeführt. Es werden dabei die Effekte einer 3-mal wöchentlichen Bewegungstherapie auf den Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Hip Ratio (WHR), Fasting Plasma Insulin (FPI), Fasting Plasma Glukose (FPG), HbA1c, 2h-oGTT, maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme (VO2max) sowie Interleukin 6 (IL6) und C-reaktives Protein (CrP) nach 1, 6 und 12 Monaten untersucht. Die Bewegungstherapie erzielt nach 1 Monat eine signifikante Verbesserung der Adipositas und des Glukosestoffwechsels. Eine Reduzierung der chronischen Entzündungsreaktion via IL6 konnte nach 12 Monaten erreicht werden. Im vergleichbaren Zeitraum zeigt die Kontrollgruppe keine statistischen Änderungen des BMI, des WHR und der inflammatorischen Parameter. Die Insulinsensitivität verminderte sich in der Kontrollgruppe signifikant innerhalb von 12 Monaten. Unter Applikation von täglich 4 mg Rosiglitazon verbessert sich der Glukosestoffwechsel nach 6 Monaten. Änderungen des Grades der Adipositas und der chronischen Entzündungsreaktion konnten nicht erzielt werden. Die Untersuchungen belegen den hohen Stellenwert der Bewegungstherapie in der Behandlung von IGT-Patienten als Standardtherapieoption. Die Bewegungstherapie sollte mindestens 3-mal wöchentlich als kombiniertes Kraft- und Ausdauertraining bei einer Intensität von 70 - 85 % VO2max und 70 - 85 % 1RM erfolgen.
8

Bewegungstherapeutische Effekte bei Patienten mit gestörter Glukosetoleranz

Lehmann, Stefanie 12 May 2011 (has links)
Eine gezielte bewegungstherapeutische Intervention verbessert den Glukosestoffwechsel, reduziert den Grad der Adipositas und belegt einen antiinflammatorischen Effekt. Ungeklärt ist dabei, in welchem Zeitintervall sich die jeweiligen Risikoparameter Adipositas, Glukosestoffwechsel und chronische Entzündungsreaktionen, in einer 12-monatigen Kontroll-Interventionsstudie bei Patienten mit gestörter Glukosetoleranz (IGT) im Vergleich zu einer Rosiglitazontherapie und einer unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe adaptieren. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden 60 Patienten aus einer Population von 500 Probanden mittels 2-Stunden oralem Glukose Toleranztest (2h-oGTT) als Patienten mit gestörter Glukosetoleranz identifiziert und randomisiert den zwei Therapiearmen, Rosiglitazon- und Bewegungstherapie, sowie einer Kontrollgruppe zugeführt. Es werden dabei die Effekte einer 3-mal wöchentlichen Bewegungstherapie auf den Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Hip Ratio (WHR), Fasting Plasma Insulin (FPI), Fasting Plasma Glukose (FPG), HbA1c, 2h-oGTT, maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme (VO2max) sowie Interleukin 6 (IL6) und C-reaktives Protein (CrP) nach 1, 6 und 12 Monaten untersucht. Die Bewegungstherapie erzielt nach 1 Monat eine signifikante Verbesserung der Adipositas und des Glukosestoffwechsels. Eine Reduzierung der chronischen Entzündungsreaktion via IL6 konnte nach 12 Monaten erreicht werden. Im vergleichbaren Zeitraum zeigt die Kontrollgruppe keine statistischen Änderungen des BMI, des WHR und der inflammatorischen Parameter. Die Insulinsensitivität verminderte sich in der Kontrollgruppe signifikant innerhalb von 12 Monaten. Unter Applikation von täglich 4 mg Rosiglitazon verbessert sich der Glukosestoffwechsel nach 6 Monaten. Änderungen des Grades der Adipositas und der chronischen Entzündungsreaktion konnten nicht erzielt werden. Die Untersuchungen belegen den hohen Stellenwert der Bewegungstherapie in der Behandlung von IGT-Patienten als Standardtherapieoption. Die Bewegungstherapie sollte mindestens 3-mal wöchentlich als kombiniertes Kraft- und Ausdauertraining bei einer Intensität von 70 - 85 % VO2max und 70 - 85 % 1RM erfolgen.:1 Hintergrund und Ziel der Arbeit 2 Studiendesign und Methoden 3 Ergebnisse 3.1 Einfluss der Bewegungstherapie auf den Gewichtsverlust 3.2 Einfluss der Bewegungstherapie auf den Glukosestoffwechsel 3.3 Einfluss der Bewegungstherapie auf chronische Entzündungsreaktionen 3.4 Einfluss des IL6-Polymorphismus IL6-SNP -174G/C 4 Schlussfolgerung 5 Literaturverzeichnis 6 Publikation Long-term exercise training decreases interleukin-6 (IL6) Serum levels in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: effect of the -174G/C variant in IL6 gene 7 Zusammenfassung 8 Anhang Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit Lebenslauf und wissenschaftlicher Werdegang Danksagung
9

(Don’t) follow your gut: How affective reactions (mis)guide decision-making under uncertainty. Insights from the Iowa Gambling Task and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Priolo, Giulia 23 February 2022 (has links)
In this doctoral thesis, I present four studies aim at investigating the role of affective and emotional reactions in shaping people’s risk-taking behaviors in conditions of uncertainty. In the first two studies, I use the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in the attempt to mimic real-life conditions of uncertainty in a laboratory setting. In Study 1 (Chapter 3), I manipulate IGT decks by associating the hearing of a highly unpleasant sound to the moment of selection from Bad (Congruent condition) or Good decks (Incongruent condition) to make participants experience a negative affective reaction towards them. Drawing on the affect heuristic and the SMH, I expect that this unpleasant reaction will lead participants to avoid the manipulated decks, thus having a detrimental effect when it is associated with Good decks (i.e., lower selections from the long-term advantageous Good decks) and a beneficial effect when it is associated with the Bad ones instead (i.e., lower selections from the long-term disadvantageous Bad decks). In Study 2 (Chapter 4), I replicate Study 1’s design to detect a similar effect while using an emotional reaction of disgust, induced by a disgust-eliciting image, in line with assumptions on the role of discrete, incidental emotions in decision-making. In both Study 1 and Study 2, I also investigate the generation of somatic markers in terms of enhanced autonomic activation measuring anticipatory SCR as in classical IGT studies. Moreover, in the attempt to reach a deeper understanding of this mechanism, I also include measures of heart rate (Study 1 and Study 2) and pupil dilation (Study 2) as suggested in previous studies presented in the first chapter. In the last two studies instead, I investigate the effect of emotional reactions on health-related risk-taking behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Study 3 (Chapter 5), I explore how the frame used in the media (positive frame: number of recovered vs negative frame: number of dead) to communicate information about the pandemic and the comparison between the COVID-19 and the seasonal flu can influence citizens compliance with self-protective behaviors through the mediation of emotional reaction (i.e., worry) and risk perception as suggested by the affect heuristic and the risk as feelings framework. Moreover, I also compare results from three different European samples (Italian vs Austrian vs English). Last, in Study 4 (Chapter 6), I investigate the effect of six information formats (five numerical and one verbal) commonly used in the media to report COVID-19 mortality rates on citizens' emotional reactions, risk perception and intention to comply with recommended self-protective behaviors against the virus.
10

The study of plasma glucose level and insulin secretion capacity after glucose load in Japanese / 日本人における糖負荷後の血糖値とインスリン分泌能に関する研究

Kondo, Yaeko 23 May 2016 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19892号 / 医博第4141号 / 新制||医||1016(附属図書館) / 32969 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 川村 孝, 教授 横出 正之, 教授 妹尾 浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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