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p53 is a critical tumour suppressor which acts to repair or remove abnormal cells and thus prevent cancer. Aberrant function of p53 is therefore a critical step in tumourigenesis and p53 is mutated in half of all cancers. Mutation of p53 leads to both a loss of normal wildtype function as well as the gain of oncogenic function. p53 is considered to be a promising therapeutic target and therapeutic strategies for targeting of the p53 pathway include: 1. Activation of wild-type p53 (wtp53) protein function, 2. Refolding of mutant p53 (mtp53) into the wtp53 conformation, 3. Reduction of mtp53 protein levels. In this work a number of small molecule screening assays were used to identify potentially novel regulators of both wtp53 and mtp53. Screening of a protein kinase inhibitor library for small molecules which can stimulate wtp53 activity identified the GSK3 pathway and a CDK pathway as dominant suppressors of wtp53 function. Screening of the library for inhibitors which reduce mtp53 protein levels led to the identification of two IKKβ inhibitors. The work then focused on investigating the effects of one of these compounds, IMD0354, on the mutant p53 pathway; with a specific focus on MDM2 as the most rapidly responding biomarker. IMD0354 is a well characterised inhibitor which has been shown to specifically inhibit IKKβ leading to the repression of the Nf-κB pathway. This study shows that IKKβ inhibition leads to the loss of a number of oncogenic proteins including mtp53, MDM2 and cyclin D. Mass-spectrometry based (ITRAQ) proteomic analysis was then employed to identify potential mediators and/or co-regulated factors in response to IKKβ-inhibition via IMD0354 treatment. This led to the identification of RPS3 as a potential negative regulator of MDM2 protein expression; the reduction in MDM2 protein in response to IMD0354 treatment is shown to be partially dependent on RPS3. Together this data has identified, using small molecule kinase inhibitor libraries: (i) dominant kinase signalling pathways that suppress wt-p53 and (ii) a dominant kinase signalling pathway that sustains expression of mutant p53 and MDM2 in cancer cell lines. This latter data supports further investigation to aid understanding of how the IKK signalling pathway cross-talks to the p53-MDM2 axis.

The TAK1 and canonical IKK complexes are the two master protein kinases of the innate immune system that control the production of inflammatory mediators, but the mechanisms by which they are activated in this system are still unclear. In this thesis, I present the research I have carried out to solve these problems. The IKKb component of the canonical IKK complex is required to activate the transcription factors NF-kB and IRF5 and the protein kinase Tpl2, but how IKKβ itself is activated in vivo is still unclear. It was found to require phosphorylation by one or more ‘upstream’ protein kinases in some reports, but by autophosphorylation in others. In the first part of this thesis, I describe my work that has resolved this controversy by demonstrating that the activation of IKKb induced by IL-1 (interleukin-1) or TNF (tumour necrosis factor) in embryonic fibroblasts, or by ligands that activate Toll-like receptors in macrophages, requires two distinct phosphorylation events: first, the TAK1 catalysed phosphorylation of Ser177 and, secondly, the IKKb-catalysed autophosphorylation of Ser181. The phosphorylation of Ser177 by TAK1 is a priming event required for the subsequent autophosphorylation of Ser181, which enables IKKk to phosphorylate exogenous substrates. I also present genetic evidence which indicates that the IL-1-stimulated, LUBAC (linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex)-catalysed formation of Met1-linked/linear ubiquitin (Met1-Ub) chains and their interaction with the NEMO (NF-kB essential modulator) component of the canonical IKK complex permits the TAK1-catalysed priming phosphorylation of IKKb at Ser177 and IKKa at Ser176. These findings may be of general significance for the activation of other protein kinases. The activation of the TAK1 complex by inflammatory stimuli is thought to be triggered by the binding of Lys63-linked ubiquitin chains to the TAB2 or TAB3 components of the TAB1-TAK1-TAB2 and TAB1-TAK1-TAB3 complexes. In the second part of the thesis I tested whether this broadly accepted model was correct by knocking out the genes encoding TAK1 and its regulatory subunits TAB1, TAB2 and TAB3 by CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology, alone and in combination, in an IL-1 receptor expressing human cell line. These genetic studies led me to discover that the IL-1-dependent activation of TAK1 occurs by two different mechanisms. The first, involves the previously described interaction of Lys63-linked ubiquitin chains with TAB2 and TAB3, while the second can take place in the complete absence of TAB2 and TAB3. The second mechanism, which involves activation of the TAB1-TAK1 heterodimer is more transient than the first, but is sufficient for the IL-1-dependent transcription of immediate early genes (A20, IkBa). I show that the activation of the TAB1-TAK1 complex requires the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 and the TRAF6-generated formation of Lys63-linked ubiquitin chains, which leads to the phosphorylation of TAK1 at Thr187 and activation. However, neither TAB1 nor TAK1 bind directly to Lys63-linked ubiquitin chains. I identify one novel IL-1-dependent phosphorylation site on TAB1 and two on TAK1 and propose that Lys63-linked ubiquitin chains activate an as yet unidentified protein kinase, which phosphorylates one or more of the novel phosphorylation sites on the TAB1-TAK1 heterodimer inducing a conformational change that permits TAK1 to autophosphorylate Thr187.

The tumour suppressor p27kip1 (p27) is a potent inhibitor of cell growth and proliferation. We identified NF-κB activator, IKKα, as a novel interacting partner of p27 in a protein microarray screen. Both the IKKα and IKKβ components of the IKK complex were mapped to the C-terminal domain of p27. To investigate the physiological function of the p27-IKK interaction, we employed a well-established model of LPS-induced sepsis which is known to activate the IKK/NF-κB pathway. Lentivirally-mediated overexpression of p27 blocked LPS activation of NF-κB. Furthermore, in LPS-injected animals transduced with TAT-p27, a significant improvement in the left ventricular function of the heart was observed. TAT-p27 treatment was also shown to attenuate the endotoxin effect and significantly improve survival compared to both saline and TAT-LacZ controls. Our results indicate that p27 attenuates inflammation, possibly through inhibiting the IKK-dependent activation of NF-κB, thus supporting a novel link between both cell cycle regulation and inflammation.

The tumour suppressor p27kip1 (p27) is a potent inhibitor of cell growth and proliferation. We identified NF-κB activator, IKKα, as a novel interacting partner of p27 in a protein microarray screen. Both the IKKα and IKKβ components of the IKK complex were mapped to the C-terminal domain of p27. To investigate the physiological function of the p27-IKK interaction, we employed a well-established model of LPS-induced sepsis which is known to activate the IKK/NF-κB pathway. Lentivirally-mediated overexpression of p27 blocked LPS activation of NF-κB. Furthermore, in LPS-injected animals transduced with TAT-p27, a significant improvement in the left ventricular function of the heart was observed. TAT-p27 treatment was also shown to attenuate the endotoxin effect and significantly improve survival compared to both saline and TAT-LacZ controls. Our results indicate that p27 attenuates inflammation, possibly through inhibiting the IKK-dependent activation of NF-κB, thus supporting a novel link between both cell cycle regulation and inflammation.

O câncer de pulmão é o tipo de câncer que apresenta o maior índice de mortalidade em todo o mundo. As alterações genéticas mais frequentes em câncer de pulmão são as mutações pontuais no oncogene que codifica a GTPase KRAS. Apesar destas mutações estarem diretamente ligadas à oncogênese, terapias que visam inibir diretamente a proteína Ras falharam em ensaios clínicos. Uma das propriedades mais importantes na oncogênese é a aquisição de capacidade metastática tumoral. Desta forma, o objetivo deste projeto é identificar alvos terapêuticos que inibam as metástases tumorais induzidas pelo oncogene KRAS no pulmão. Com base em relatos recentes mostrando que a forma oncogênica de KRAS promove, não só a iniciação tumoral, mas também promove a aquisição de um fenótipo metastático, a hipótese deste projeto é que (1) a capacidade mestastática tumoral induzida por KRAS no pulmão é potencializada pela quinase IKKβ; e (2) que a inibição desta quinase reduzirá a capacidade invasiva celular e metastática tumoral. Esta hipótese foi formulada com base em estudos anteriores, os quais demonstraram que o principal substrato da IKKβ, o fator de transcrição NF-κB, é ativado por KRAS em tumores pulmonares in situ de forma dependente da IKKβ, que o NF-κB é capaz de promover metástase em diferentes modelos tumorais, e que a inibição da atividade da IKKβ com um inibidor farmacológico em um modelo animal de câncer de pulmão induzido por KRAS, diminui o crescimento tumoral e a progressão tumoral para graus histológicos mais avançados. Nosso objetivo era avaliar se a inibição de IKKβ é capaz de afetar a migração e invasão de células portadoras de mutação em KRAS in vitro e se a inibição de IKKβ é capaz de afetar a capacidade metatática dessas células in vivo. Primeiramente, avaliamos a expressão de enzimas relacionadas ao fenótipo metastático, as metaloproteinases de matriz 2 e 9 (MMP-2 e MMP-9) e, também uma molécula intimamente relacionada ao processo de adesão mediado por integrinas, FAK (quinase de adesão focal), frente a inibição de IKKβ através de um inibidor farmacológico altamente especifico (Composto A) e frente a inibição genética de IKKβ por interferência de RNA (siRNA) em células A549 e H358. Avaliamos também a atividade das MMPs frente inibição genética de KRAS (siKRAS) e IKKβ (siIKKβ) e vimos que IKKβ parece modular a expressão ou atividade de MMP-9 e reduz a expressão de FAK. Já a expressão de MMP-2 não apresentou alteração. Posteriormente avaliamos migração na célula A549 e invasão nas células A549 e H358 com inibição de IKKβ, por ensaios Transwell, e observamos uma redução da migração e invasão celular in vitro. Em seguida, fomos gerar linhagens celulares paraa expressar luciferase, as linhagens A549 pLUC e H358 pLUC. Os clones A549 pLUC B4 e H358 pLUC F1 com inibição de KRAS e IKKβ por interferência de RNA, foram injetados pela veia da cauda nesses camundongos e as metástases foram monitoradas por imageamento in vivo. Houve metástases em 20% dos animais com siIKKβ na região anatômica da boca. Os animais que receberam siControle e siKRAS não apresentaram nenhuma metástase visível no equipamento, mas foi observado micrometástases nas análises histológicas dos pulmões. O resultado do experimento de metástase in vivo é inesperado, não só pelo fato de ocorrer no grupo experimental siIKKβ, mas também pelo local anatômico do tumor, sendo necessária uma maior investigação do papel de IKKβ nesse processo, podendo ser um resultado aleatório. Quando avaliamos em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem que a quinase IKKβ desempenha um papel importante no fenótipo migratório e invasivo de células pulmonares portadoras de KRAS oncogênica, contribuindo para a capacidade metastática. / Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The most frequent genetic changes found in lung cancer are driver mutations in the KRAS proto-oncogene. Even though KRAS mutations have been causally linked to the oncogenic process, therapies targeted to oncogenic RAS have failed in clinical trials. One of the main characteristics in oncogenesis is the ability of tumors to acquire metastatic capability. The objective of this project is to identify therapeutic targets that reduce KRASinduced lung cancer metastasis. Based on previous reports that oncogenic KRAS, drives not only tumor initiation, but also promotes a metastatic phenotype, the hypothesis of this project is that (1) the acquisition of metastatic ability induced by KRAS in the lung is potentiated by the IKK kinase; and (2) that IKKβ inhibition will reduce KRAS-induced cell invasive properties and KRAS-induced tumor metastasis. This hypothesis has been formulated on the basis of previous studies showing that the main IKKβ substrate, the transcription factor NF-κB, is activated by KRAS in lung tumors in situ in an IKKβ-dependent manner, that NF-κB is known to promote metastasis in different tumor models, and that pharmacological IKKβ inhibition in a KRAS-induced lung cancer mouse model reduces tumor growth and progression to higher histological tumor grades. Our goal was evaluate how inhibition of IKKβ affects migration and invasion of KRAS-positive lung cells in vitro and whether inhibition of IKKβ is capable of affecting the metatactic capacity of these cells in vivo. First, we evaluated the expression of enzymes involved in the metastatic phenotype, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and also a molecule involved in the integrinmediated adhesion, FAK (focal adhesion kinase), we targeted IKKβ by a highly specific IKK inhibitor (Compound A) or with RNA interference in A549 and H358 cells. We also used colorimetric Matrix Biotrak Activity Assay System to measure the activity of MMPs with RNA interference for KRAS (siKRAS) and IKKβ (IKKβ) and we have seen that IKKβ appears to modulate the expression or activity of MMP-9 and decreases the expression of FAK. The expression of MMP-2 did not change. Then we evaluated migration in A549 cell and invasion in A549 and H358 cells with inhibition of IKK by RNA interference or with Compound A treatment in Transwell assays, and observed a significantly reduced cell migration and invasion in vitro. We then generated cell lines to express luciferase, the A549 pLUC and H358 pLUC lines. A549 pLUC B4 and H358 pLUC F1 cells with RNA interference for KRAS and IKKβ were injected in the tail vein in nude (balb/c) mice and metastases were monitored by in vivo imaging. There were metastases in 20% of IKKβ animals in the anatomical region of the mouth. Animals that received siControl and siKRAS had no visible metastasis in the live imaging, but micrometastases were observed in the histological analyzes of the lungs. The result of this experiment is unexpected, not only due to the fact that it occurs in the IKKβ experimental group, but also due to the anatomical site of the tumor, and a further investigation of the role of IKKβ in this process, can be a random result. When evaluated together, our results suggest that the IKKβ kinase plays an important role in the migratory and invasive phenotype of in KRAS positive lung cancer cells, contributing to metastatic capacity.

Nosso grupo demonstrou que a captura de baixas doses de DNA plasmideal pode inibir a apresentação de antígeno e induzir um padrão de resposta anti-inflamatória, e que após a captação do DNA plasmideal por macrófagos, estas moléculas podiam prevenir a acidificação de vesículas endossomais, um passo essencial para a apresentação de antígenos para células T CD4+. Além disso, em modelos in vivo, a baixa dose de DNA foi suficiente para amenizar o quadro inflamatório e diminuir a produção de citocinas inflamatórias. Estes resultados estão em contraste com os modelos de vacinas gênicas comumente utilizadas. A baixa dose de DNA plasmideal, no contexto da indução da resposta imune, pode levar à modificação na apresentação do antígeno e ativação celular levando ao controle da resposta imune exacerbada desencadeada por outro antígeno, tornando o tratamento por DNA um importante foco de estudo para o combate de doenças autoimunes e inflamações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os microRNAs expressos em macrófagos tratados com alta ou baixa dose de DNA plasmideal e avaliar o papel destas moléculas na modulação da cascata de sinalização intracelular visando esclarecer o mecanismo imunomodulador observado. Macrófagos da linhagem J774 foram estimulados por 2 horas com o vetor plasmideal pcDNA3, nas concentrações de 10 g ou 100 g de pcDNA3/mL de RPMI. O RNA total foi extraído e o ensaio de microarray para microRNAs foi realizado. Os miRNAs diferencialmente expressos foram confirmados pela RT-qPCR, e o programa de bioinformática miRDB foi utilizado para predição de genes alvos. Os miRNAs e genes selecionados também foram dosados em macrófagos estimulados com LPS e tratados com pcDNA3. Foram detectados 6 miRNAs (miR-494-3p, miR-21-3p, miR-1897-5p, miR-1894-3p, miR-294-3p e miR-483-5p) diferencialmente expressos em macrófagos estimulados somente com pcDNA3. A expressão do miR-494-3p foi aumentado somente em células tratadas com DNA em baixa concentração tanto na ausência quanto presença de LPS. O gene IBk (IKK-) foi identificado como alvo do miR-494-3p, dosado e teve sua função detectada por western blot, mostrando que seu papel biológico foi alterado na presença deste miRNA. Além disso, os dados do tratamento com pcDNA3 em camundongos knockout para o receptor TLR9, sugerem que a expressão do miR-494-3p é independente deste tipo de receptor, porém é inibida na presença do mesmo quando no tratamento com alta dose de DNA. Os dados sugerem que quando macrófagos são tratados com baixa dose de DNA plasmideal (10 g/mL), o miR-494-3p age como regulador negativo do fator de transcrição NF-B, por meio da inibição da expressão e função da proteína IKK-. / Our group demonstrated that the capture of low doses of plasmid DNA can inhibit antigen presentation and induce an anti-inflammatory response pattern together with the decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, as observed in in vivo experimental models. Moreover, we observed that after the uptake of plasmid DNA by macrophages, these molecules could prevent endosomal vesicles acidification, an essential step for antigen presentation to CD4+ T cell. These results are in contrast with the usual DNA vaccines models commonly used. The low dose of plasmid DNA, in the context of immune response induction, can take to a modification in antigen presentation leading to the control of the response already established, what can be a potential treatment in auto-immune diseases and inflammation. The objective of this work is to identify expressed microRNAs on J774 macrophages triggered by different concentrations of plasmid DNA stimuli in order to evaluate the observed immunomodulatory mechanism. J774 macrophages were treated with low (10 µg/mL) and high (100 µg/mL) doses of pcDNA3 for 2 hours. Total RNA was extracted and microarray (Agilent plataform) was performed for detection of differentially expressed microRNAs. All obtained data was normalized in Genespring GX11.5 software. The microRNAs expression was confirmed by RT-qPCR and their mRNA targets were predicted by miRDB software. The miRNAs and their respective targets were also evaluated on DNA and LPS-treated macrophages. We detected 6 differentially expressed microRNAs (miR-494-3p, miR-21-3p, miR-1897-5p, miR-1894-3p, miR-294-3p e miR-483-5p) between the two conditions (fold change 2, p-value 0,05). The miR-494-3p expression increased only in cells treated with low dose of pcDNA3, on either previously LPS-stimulated cells or not. IBk (IKK-) was one of the predicted targets for miR-494-3p. RT-qPCR was performed to calculate its expression and its biological function was assessed by western blot. Besides, results from pcDNA3-treated cells from TLR9 knockout mice suggest that miR-494-3p expression is TLR9 independent although the receptor presence impaired miR-494-3p expression on high dose of pcDNA3-treated cells. Together, the data indicate that when macrophages are treated with low dose of plasmid DNA, miR-494-3p expression is increased, acting as negative regulator of the transcription factor NF-B, through IKK- inhibition.

Nosso grupo demonstrou que a captura de baixas doses de DNA plasmideal pode inibir a apresentação de antígeno e induzir um padrão de resposta anti-inflamatória, e que após a captação do DNA plasmideal por macrófagos, estas moléculas podiam prevenir a acidificação de vesículas endossomais, um passo essencial para a apresentação de antígenos para células T CD4+. Além disso, em modelos in vivo, a baixa dose de DNA foi suficiente para amenizar o quadro inflamatório e diminuir a produção de citocinas inflamatórias. Estes resultados estão em contraste com os modelos de vacinas gênicas comumente utilizadas. A baixa dose de DNA plasmideal, no contexto da indução da resposta imune, pode levar à modificação na apresentação do antígeno e ativação celular levando ao controle da resposta imune exacerbada desencadeada por outro antígeno, tornando o tratamento por DNA um importante foco de estudo para o combate de doenças autoimunes e inflamações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os microRNAs expressos em macrófagos tratados com alta ou baixa dose de DNA plasmideal e avaliar o papel destas moléculas na modulação da cascata de sinalização intracelular visando esclarecer o mecanismo imunomodulador observado. Macrófagos da linhagem J774 foram estimulados por 2 horas com o vetor plasmideal pcDNA3, nas concentrações de 10 g ou 100 g de pcDNA3/mL de RPMI. O RNA total foi extraído e o ensaio de microarray para microRNAs foi realizado. Os miRNAs diferencialmente expressos foram confirmados pela RT-qPCR, e o programa de bioinformática miRDB foi utilizado para predição de genes alvos. Os miRNAs e genes selecionados também foram dosados em macrófagos estimulados com LPS e tratados com pcDNA3. Foram detectados 6 miRNAs (miR-494-3p, miR-21-3p, miR-1897-5p, miR-1894-3p, miR-294-3p e miR-483-5p) diferencialmente expressos em macrófagos estimulados somente com pcDNA3. A expressão do miR-494-3p foi aumentado somente em células tratadas com DNA em baixa concentração tanto na ausência quanto presença de LPS. O gene IBk (IKK-) foi identificado como alvo do miR-494-3p, dosado e teve sua função detectada por western blot, mostrando que seu papel biológico foi alterado na presença deste miRNA. Além disso, os dados do tratamento com pcDNA3 em camundongos knockout para o receptor TLR9, sugerem que a expressão do miR-494-3p é independente deste tipo de receptor, porém é inibida na presença do mesmo quando no tratamento com alta dose de DNA. Os dados sugerem que quando macrófagos são tratados com baixa dose de DNA plasmideal (10 g/mL), o miR-494-3p age como regulador negativo do fator de transcrição NF-B, por meio da inibição da expressão e função da proteína IKK-. / Our group demonstrated that the capture of low doses of plasmid DNA can inhibit antigen presentation and induce an anti-inflammatory response pattern together with the decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, as observed in in vivo experimental models. Moreover, we observed that after the uptake of plasmid DNA by macrophages, these molecules could prevent endosomal vesicles acidification, an essential step for antigen presentation to CD4+ T cell. These results are in contrast with the usual DNA vaccines models commonly used. The low dose of plasmid DNA, in the context of immune response induction, can take to a modification in antigen presentation leading to the control of the response already established, what can be a potential treatment in auto-immune diseases and inflammation. The objective of this work is to identify expressed microRNAs on J774 macrophages triggered by different concentrations of plasmid DNA stimuli in order to evaluate the observed immunomodulatory mechanism. J774 macrophages were treated with low (10 µg/mL) and high (100 µg/mL) doses of pcDNA3 for 2 hours. Total RNA was extracted and microarray (Agilent plataform) was performed for detection of differentially expressed microRNAs. All obtained data was normalized in Genespring GX11.5 software. The microRNAs expression was confirmed by RT-qPCR and their mRNA targets were predicted by miRDB software. The miRNAs and their respective targets were also evaluated on DNA and LPS-treated macrophages. We detected 6 differentially expressed microRNAs (miR-494-3p, miR-21-3p, miR-1897-5p, miR-1894-3p, miR-294-3p e miR-483-5p) between the two conditions (fold change 2, p-value 0,05). The miR-494-3p expression increased only in cells treated with low dose of pcDNA3, on either previously LPS-stimulated cells or not. IBk (IKK-) was one of the predicted targets for miR-494-3p. RT-qPCR was performed to calculate its expression and its biological function was assessed by western blot. Besides, results from pcDNA3-treated cells from TLR9 knockout mice suggest that miR-494-3p expression is TLR9 independent although the receptor presence impaired miR-494-3p expression on high dose of pcDNA3-treated cells. Together, the data indicate that when macrophages are treated with low dose of plasmid DNA, miR-494-3p expression is increased, acting as negative regulator of the transcription factor NF-B, through IKK- inhibition.

Le facteur de transcription NF-κB joue un rôle majeur dans lorchestration de nombreux processus biologiques, tels que les réponses immunitaires innée et adaptative, la division cellulaire, lapoptose et le développement. Le NF-κB est activé en réponse à un grand nombre de stimuli, comme les cytokines pro-inflammatoires, les agents viraux et bactériens et la stimulation antigénique des cellules du système immunitaire. Il peut être aussi activé dans des conditions de stress oxydant, par exemple après une exposition à des concentrations physiologiques (de lordre du µM) de peroxyde dhydrogène (H2O2). Au début de ce travail, le mécanisme conduisant à lactivation du NF-κB par le stress oxydant était mal connu et sujet à maintes controverses, ce qui nous a poussé à investiguer cette voie plus avant. Dans une première partie, nous nous sommes attachés à étudier le mécanisme dactivation du NF-κB dans des lymphocytes T soumis à un stress oxydant. Les cellules du système immunitaire sont en effet très sensibles à lenvironnement redox, et sont fréquemment en contact avec des espèces réactives de loxygène libérées par les cellules phagocytaires (monocytes/macrophages et neutrophiles) lors dune réponse inflammatoire. Comme le NF-κB est une protéine cruciale pour le développement et lhoméostasie des lymphocytes T, létude de sa modulation lors dun stress oxydant savère particulièrement importante. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence une activation importante du facteur de transcription lors dun traitement oxydant, ainsi quune dégradation presque compète de linhibiteur IκBα. Létude approfondie du mécanisme menant à cette dégradation a mis au jour un mécanisme dactivation tout à fait inédit, impliquant lactivation du complexe IKK via lintervention de lInositol Phosphatase SHIP-1. Dans cette première partie, nous avons également mis en évidence le rôle crucial de la protéine SHIP-1 dans la protection des lymphocytes T contre lapoptose induite par le stress oxydant, ce qui en fait une protéine clé dans la lhoméostasie des lymphocytes T. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés au mécanisme influençant la fixation du NF-κB à lADN. Nous avons pu démontrer le rôle important de la protéine IKKα comme déterminant la fixation du NF-κB aux promoteurs de certains gènes, mettant ainsi au jour un mode daction inconnu pour cette protéine. Ce rôle est dautant plus intéressant quil est spécifique, ce qui pourrait déboucher sur des applications thérapeutiques intéressantes.

Les facteurs de transcription de la famille Rel/NF-κB régulent l’expression d’un grand nombre de gènes impliqués dans les réponses immunitaires et inflammatoires ainsi que dans la régulation de la prolifération et de la survie cellulaire. Le caractère transitoire de l’activation de NF-κB est donc crucial pour poterger les cellules de l’autoxicité due à une trop forte expression des gènes cibles de ce facteur de transcription. Dans le cadre de notre thèse de doctorat, nous avons étudié les mécanismes moléculaires régulant la cinétique d’activation de NF-κB, en accordant une attention toute particulière au complexe kinase IKK, qui semble être le regulateur clef de l’activation de NF-κB. Nos résultats suggèrent que p300 pourrait réguler la durée d’activation des IKKs d’une part par acétylation directe, et d’autre part, indépendamment de son activité HAT, en stabilisant les IKKs et donc en prolongeant leur demie-vie et par conséquent leur activation. Certains virus utilisent la voie de signalisation NF-κB afin de promouvoir leur propre réplication. C’est le cas du virus HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1), qui contient dans son promoteur deux sites de liaison pour NF-κB. Notre laboratoire a précédemment montré que l’utilisation du TNFα en combinaison avec la TSA, active l’expression virale de manière synergique. L’administration combinée d’un activateur du facteur NF-κB et d’un inhibiteur de désacétylases pourrait, en présence d’une thérapie anti-HIV-1 efficace, être envisagée dans le but d’éliminer les cellules réservoirs infectées de manière latente. L’utilisation thérapeutique du TNFα ou de la TSA étant inenvisageable en raison de leur toxicité, nous avons étudié l’effet d’autres substances ayant un plus grand potentiel thérapeutique et nous avons apporté une preuve de principe du potentiel thérapeutique de la coadministration de plusieurs activateurs viraux (inhibiteurs de HDACs[HDACIs]+inducteurs de la voie NF-κB) pour réduire le pool des réservoirs cellulaires infectés de manière latente.