<p>Vaccination with DNA encoding the encephalitogenic autoantigen myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), pMOG91-108, induce a protective immunity against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of human multiple sclerosis. By injection of a DNA vaccine that contains a DNA region encoding short interfering RNA specific for IFNβ (pMOG-IFNβ) the protective effect of the DNA vaccination is totally inhibited. This demonstrates that IFN-β is directly involved in the protective mechanism against EAE.</p><p>The objective of this project was to study how molecules involved in the inflammatory process in EAE are regulated by suppressive DNA vaccination. mRNA expression of IL-1β, TGF β, IL-23p40 and Axl receptor tyrosine kinas did not show any significant differences between the groups vaccinated with these DNA vaccines. IL-6 and IFNγ mRNA expression after MOG stimulation in rats treated with pCI, a control vaccine was significantly higher compared to the group vaccinated with vaccine containing pMOG-IFNβ. IL-17 m RNA expression after MOG stimulation in pCl-treated rats was significantly higher compared to the group vaccinated with vaccine containing pMOG-91-108. Of these results the mRNA expression of IL-17 and IL-6 were of interest for the project.</p><p>The immune system normally protects the body against infections and T-cells have an important role in this defence system. In MS and EAE, the immune system attacks the myelin and this process is caused by a dysregulation of the T-cells. IL-17-producing Th17 cells mediate EAE. Naïve CD4 T-cells in the presence of IL-6 and TGFβ are differentiated to Th17 cells instead of differentiating into T-helper or regulatory T-cells. These IL-17-producing T-cells are highly pathogenic and essential for the development of EAE. The results showed that pMOG IFNβ vaccine had an effect at the immune response, which resulted in an inhibition of the IL-6 production and that vaccination with pMOG91-108 impairs differentiation of IL-17-producing T-cells.</p>

Mast cell (MC) accumulation around tumours is an old observation gaining new relevance due to the multifaceted nature of MCs and their many roles in immunity, beyond allergy. Knowledge about tumour specific recruitment of, and interactions with, MCs is needed to unravel the function of their presence. This study investigates the participation of mast cells in the tumourigenesis of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), a tumour with many inflammatory features. We report that MC recruitment into HL lymphomatous tissue is possibly due to the production of CCL5/RANTES by malignant Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells. In addition, increased levels of IL-9, a cytokine implicated in mast cell heterogeneity and as an autocrine growth factor for HRS cells, were found in HL patient sera and correlate with negative prognostic factors. The ubiquitous expression of CD30 by HRS cells has been implicated in HL tumour development. In HL tissue MCs were found to be the predominant CD30 ligand (CD30L) expressing cells, and through CD30L/CD30 engagement they induced a proliferative response in HRS cells. This interaction proved to be bi-directional as it induced a degranulation-independent de novo synthesis of a specific set of chemokines in MCs, including IL-8. This novel trigger of MC activation is suggested to be of importance also in atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis since increased numbers of CD30L and IL-8 positive MCs were detected along with increased expression of CD30. Data presented in this study supports a specific recruitment of MCs into HL tumours and co-operative interactions between HRS cells and MCs. Our identification of reversed signalling via CD30L as a novel MC trigger provides a mechanism behind leukocyte infiltration and chronic development in diseases associated with CD30 and MCs, such as HL, AD and psoriasis.

This study investigated the associations between IL-4 -590 C/T and IL-10 -1087 A/G polymorphisms and malariometric indexes in the Fulani and the Dogon ethnic groups living in sympatry in Mali and differing in susceptibility to malaria. The correlations between antibodies level and parasitological data as well as splenomegaly were assessed. The impact of IL-4 -590 variants on the levels of the studied antibodies was also studied. The allele and genotype frequencies of both studied SNPs differed significantly between the two groups. The Fulani IL-4 T allele carriers had a significantly higher infection prevalence compared with those carrying the CC genotype. No correlation between anti-malarial antibody levels and parasite prevalence was seen in any of the communities. In the Fulani, the increase in total IgE levels was related to the presence of infection. Malaria-specific IgG4 levels were negatively correlated to the number of clones within the Fulani. The Fulani IL-4 T allele carriers had higher total and malaria-specific IgE levels, compared to the CC genotype carriers. These results suggest that the amount of antibodies may not be the key element in the protection against malaria. IgG4 might be involved in protection against malaria. The impact of IL-4 -590 variants on the antibody levels may be affected by other genetic/epigenetic/epistatic or environmental factors. In the study in Senegal, multiplicity of infection (MOI) increased after the transmission season in all subjects, except in α-thalassaemic and in G6PD-mutated children, suggesting that α-thalassaemia may protect against infection by certain parasite strains. G6PD-mutated individuals may resist against increase in MOI after the transmission season due to rapid clearance of infection at an early stage. HbAs and the ABO system do not affect MOI in asymptomatic individuals. MOI was positively correlated to parasitemia, and did not vary over age (in the range of 2 to 10 years). No relation between MOI and clinical attack was noted.

Vaccination with DNA encoding the encephalitogenic autoantigen myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), pMOG91-108, induce a protective immunity against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of human multiple sclerosis. By injection of a DNA vaccine that contains a DNA region encoding short interfering RNA specific for IFNβ (pMOG-IFNβ) the protective effect of the DNA vaccination is totally inhibited. This demonstrates that IFN-β is directly involved in the protective mechanism against EAE. The objective of this project was to study how molecules involved in the inflammatory process in EAE are regulated by suppressive DNA vaccination. mRNA expression of IL-1β, TGF β, IL-23p40 and Axl receptor tyrosine kinas did not show any significant differences between the groups vaccinated with these DNA vaccines. IL-6 and IFNγ mRNA expression after MOG stimulation in rats treated with pCI, a control vaccine was significantly higher compared to the group vaccinated with vaccine containing pMOG-IFNβ. IL-17 m RNA expression after MOG stimulation in pCl-treated rats was significantly higher compared to the group vaccinated with vaccine containing pMOG-91-108. Of these results the mRNA expression of IL-17 and IL-6 were of interest for the project. The immune system normally protects the body against infections and T-cells have an important role in this defence system. In MS and EAE, the immune system attacks the myelin and this process is caused by a dysregulation of the T-cells. IL-17-producing Th17 cells mediate EAE. Naïve CD4 T-cells in the presence of IL-6 and TGFβ are differentiated to Th17 cells instead of differentiating into T-helper or regulatory T-cells. These IL-17-producing T-cells are highly pathogenic and essential for the development of EAE. The results showed that pMOG IFNβ vaccine had an effect at the immune response, which resulted in an inhibition of the IL-6 production and that vaccination with pMOG91-108 impairs differentiation of IL-17-producing T-cells.

No description available.

Thy-1 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein that is expressed on murine T lymphocytes and is involved in T cell-mediated immune responses. In the presence of costimulatory signals, monoclonal antibody (mAb)-induced signaling through Thy-1 is associated with hallmarks of T cell activation, including IL-2 production and T cell proliferation. Thy-1-induced signaling promotes cytotoxic effector molecule expression, but is unable to trigger delivery of the lethal hit to target cells, suggesting that Thy-1 provides an incomplete T cell receptor (TcR)-like signal. However, the effect of Thy-1 signaling on cytokine production and the development of T helper (Th) cell phenotypes (Th1, Th2, Th17) remains unclear. The purpose of this work was to further our understanding of Thy-1-mediated signal transduction and the role that Thy-1 plays in the development of effector T cell responses. I found that, in the context of costimulatory signals, anti-Thy-1 mAb induced significantly less IL-2 production, CD25 expression and T cell proliferation than anti-TcR? mAb. Several key signaling molecules, including protein tyrosine kinases, zeta chain-associated protein-70 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase were activated with delayed kinetics during Thy-1-mediated T cell activation. The delayed signaling kinetics resulted in the delayed acquisition of cytotoxic effector function and also delayed delivery of the lethal hit to target cells. Interestingly, Thy-1-mediated signaling induced significantly more IL-17 and IL-4 synthesis and less IFN-? synthesis in comparison to TcR-mediated signaling. Moreover, Thy-1-activated CD4+ T cells produced high levels of IL-17 and IL-4 but minimal IFN? when restimulated with anti-Thy-1 mAb or anti-TcR? mAb with or without costimulatory signals. The unique ability of Thy-1 signaling to induce IL-17 production correlated with the expression of the Th17 lineage-specific transcription factor, retinoic orphan receptor gamma t. These observations show that Thy-1 signaling differs from TcR signaling in its ability to induce Th cell cytokines. Taken together, my findings show that Thy-1 signaling can provide the full TcR-like signal required for both the differentiation and triggering of Th cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, albeit with delayed kinetics in comparison to TcR signaling. They also suggest that Thy-1 signaling may be important in the development of Th2 and Th17 responses.

Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate-like lymphocytes, with an emerging role in tuberculosis (TB). They are characterised by the expression of high levels of CD161 and IL-18Rα, possession of a Vα7.2⁺ T cell receptor (TCR), and restriction by the MHC class I-related protein (MR1). MAIT cells can be activated by MR1 presenting microbe-derived riboflavin metabolites; or, by the cytokines IL-12 and IL-18 in a TCR-independent fashion. How human MAIT cells integrate these signals for their activation in response to Mtb is unclear. Lymphatic TB (LNTB) is a common extra-pulmonary manifestation of TB; however, little is known about the status of MAIT cells in LNTB - or in other granulomatous diseases, such as sarcoidosis. In this study, an in vitro approach was used to probe MAIT cell activation by Mtb, and the roles of IL-12/-18, the TCR, cell-cell contact and the immunological synapse (IS). Following TCR ligation, TNFα expression was rapid and transient, and was enhanced following sustained IL-12/-18 exposure. IFNγ expression occurred following sustained exposure to ng/ml concentrations of IL-12/-18; however, alongside TCR stimulation, pg/ml concentrations were sufficient. Using an artificial bilayer system, CD161 was excluded from the central regions of the MAIT cell IS, whilst the distribution of IL-18Rα remained unaffected. In response to Mtb and BCG, MR1 was necessary for rapid activation and TNFα expression, IL-12/-18 were necessary for robust and sustained IFNy expression, whilst an anti-Mtb effect was indicated in an intracellular infection model. Assessment of patients with TB or sarcoid lymphadenopathy revealed a depletion of MAIT cells in the blood in sarcoidosis, but not LNTB. In both groups, MAIT cells could be detected within a proportion of sampled lymph nodes. Overall, these findings indicate the importance of inflammatory cytokine signals in the induction of high-intensity and sustained MAIT cell effector function, including in response to Mtb. The observation of a numerical deficiency of MAIT cells in sarcoidosis requires further investigation.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de la thématique du laboratoire de Pharmacognosie de l’UFR Santé, au sein de l’Université de Bourgogne. Elle vise essentiellement la recherche de molécules d’origine végétale issue de la biodiversité tropicale dotées d’une activité antitumorale et immuno-modulatoire dont principalement les saponines. Ce sont des glycosides triterpéniques ou stéroïdiques connus pour leurs nombreuses propriétés pharmacologiques. L’étude de 4 espèces végétales appartenant à 3 familles à savoir Dracaena marginata L., Dracaena fragrans Ker Gawl (Asparagaceae), Allium flavum L. (Amaryllidaceae) et Weigela stelzneri (Caprifoliaceae),a conduit à l’isolement et à la caractérisation de 26 glycosides naturels. Il s’agit de 22 saponines stéroïdiques parmi lesquelles 6 sont de structure nouvelle ainsi que 4 saponines triterpéniques dont 3 nouvelles. Les structures ont été élucidées principalement par l’utilisation de la RMN 2D ainsi que la spectrométrie de masse. 10 des 26 molécules isolées ont été testées en vue d’évaluer leurs activités cytotoxiques sur deux lignées cellulaires cancéreuses (SW480 et EMT-6), et 3 pour l’étude de la modulation de la production d’une cytokine pro-inflammatoire, l’interleukine IL-1β sur cellules PBMC stimulées par le LPS. Nos résultats montrent que 6 d’entre elles possèdent une activité cytotoxique modérée sur les deux lignées cancéreuses. En revanche, deux saponines triterpéniques de type oléanane exercent les plus fortes cytotoxicités sur les deux lignées cancéreuses comparées à celles des références internes (Etoposide et Methotrexate). De plus elles révèlent un important effet de modulation de la production de l’interleukine IL-1β sur cellules PBMC et de ce fait, un fort potentiel anti-inflammatoire. Des relations structure/activité ont été ainsi proposées. / This thesis was carried out in the Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, in health department of the University of Burgundy. The principal theme of this Laboratory is the research of natural compounds from tropical biodiversity, mainly saponins with antitumoral and immunomodulatory activities. These molecules are triterpenic or steroidic glycosides, well known for their various pharmacological activities. The study of 4 species belonging to 3 different families: Dracaena marginata L., Dracaena fragrans Ker Gawl (Asparagaceae), Allium flavum L. (Amaryllidaceae) et Weigela stelzneri (Caprifoliaceae), led to the isolation and characterization of 26 natural glycosides. Among them, 22 were steroidic saponins with 6 new structures and 4 were triterpenic saponins with 3 new structures. The spectral analysis was achieved using mainly 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. The cytotoxic activities of 10 isolated compounds were evaluated on 2 strains cancer cells (SW480 and EMT-6), and 3 compounds for studying the modulatory effect of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin IL-1β on PBMCs stimulated with LPS. Our results show that six of them have moderate cytotoxic activity on both cancer cell lines. However, two oleanane-type triterpene saponins exert the strongest cytotoxicity on both cancer cell lines compared to internal references (Etoposide and Methotrexate). Moreover they show a significant effect of modulating the production of interleukin IL-1β on PBMCs and thereby a strong anti-inflammatory potential. Structure / activity relationships have been proposed.

Les vascularites des gros vaisseaux comprennent principalement la maladie de Takayasu et l'artérite à cellules géantes. Elles sont caractérisées par des lésions inflammatoires artérielles, associées à une néo-vascularisation adventitielle importante, une désorganisation architecturale de la paroi artérielle et des lésions fibrotiques, affectant l’aorte et ses principales branches. Ces maladies sont caractérisées par des réponses lymphocytaires Th1 et Th17 excessives et dérégulées. Actuellement, les mécanismes régulant la différenciation lymphocytaire, la réponse endothéliale et l’homéostasie tissulaire en contexte d’inflammation artérielle chronique ne sont pas suffisamment connus. Dans la 1ère partie de nos travaux, nous avons étudié le rôle de l’IL-33, cytokine sécrétée par les cellules endothéliales en cas de nécrose tissulaire, surexprimée dans les vascularites des gros vaisseaux et impliquée dans la régulation de la réponse immune. Nous avons mis en évidence le rôle immunomodulateur de l’IL-33 dans les vascularites des gros vaisseaux. Cette cytokine favorise en effet directement une différenciation Th2 et une augmentation des lymphocytes T régulateurs (Treg). L’IL-33 exerce également son action immunorégulatrice par le biais des mastocytes qui favorisent également une augmentation majeure des Treg en présence d’IL-33, probablement grâce à la sécrétion d’IL-2, essentielle à la survie et l’expansion des Treg et la sécrétion d’indoléamine 2,3 dioxygénase (IDO). L’IL-33 et les mastocytes ont également un rôle paradoxal en contexte inflammatoire, en favorisant les processus de néo-angiogenèse, d’activation endothéliale et d’augmentation de la perméabilité vasculaire, phénomènes participant au recrutement de cellules inflammatoires sur le site lésionnel. L’axe IL-33/ST2 et les mastocytes, via leurs actions pro-Th2, immunorégulatrice, et pro-angiogénique, sont également associés aux processus de réparation tissulaire, qui pourraient s’avérer délétères en cas d’inflammation persistante, en raison du développement de lésions de fibrose. Si l’IL-33 ne semble pas être directement responsable d’une activation ou d’une prolifération fibroblastique au niveau artériel, les mastocytes activés par du sérum de patients ayant une vascularite des gros vaisseaux conduisent en revanche à des modifications du phénotype fibroblastique et induisent une augmentation de production de collagène de type 1 et de fibronectine.Dans la 2ème partie de nos travaux, nous avons mis en évidence des profils de différenciation distincts des lymphocytes T CD4+ dans la maladie de Takayasu et l’artérite à cellules géantes. Nous avons démontré une augmentation des lymphocytes T folliculaires helper (Tfh) circulants dans la maladie de Takayasu. L’augmentation des Tfhc chez les patients ayant une maladie de Takayasu est associée à une augmentation des lymphocytes B circulants et à la présence d’organes lymphoïdes ectopiques aortiques. Les Tfhc des patients Takayasu gardent les propriétés fonctionnelles des lymphocytes Tfh tissulaires, puisqu’ils favorisent la prolifération des lymphocytes B ainsi que leur différenciation en cellules mémoires. Nos résultats suggèrent donc l’implication d’une coopération lymphocytaire B et T centrale dans la physiopathologie de la maladie de Takayasu, qui pourrait être associée à la présence de lymphocytes B auto-réactifs sécrétant des auto-anticorps. / Large vessel vasculitis (LVV) mainly include Takayasu arteritis (TA) and giant cell arteritis (GCA), which are characterized by arterial inflammatory lesions, associated with adventitial neo-angiogenesis and fibrotic lesions. They predominantly involve aorta and its major branches. These diseases are related to unbalanced Th1 and Th17 immune responses. The mechanisms regulating lymphocyte differentiation, endothelial response and tissue homeostasis in arterial inflammatory diseases are not sufficiently known. First, we have studied the role of IL-33, which is a cytokine secreted by endothelial cells in response to tissue necrosis and is involved in the regulation of immune response. We demonstrated the immunomodulatory impact of IL-33 and mast cells in LVV. IL-33 had a direct immunomodulatory impact by increasing Th2 and regulatory T cells in PBMC. IL-33 and MC further enhanced Th2 and regulatory responses by inducing a 6.1 fold increased proportion of Tregs through increased indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase (IDO) and IL-2 secretion. IL-33 and mast cells also had a paradoxical impact in LVV, by promoting angiogenesis, endothelial activation and vascular permeability. IL-33 and mast cells, through Th2 and regulatory responses and angiogenesis, were associated with tissue repair and arterial fibrosis. Although IL-33 did not appear to directly lead to arterial fibroblast activation and proliferation, mast cells activated by LVV serum induced increased production of type 1 collagen and fibronectin by arterial fibroblasts. In the second part of our work, we have demonstrated distinct differentiation profiles of CD4 + T cells in TA and GCA. We demonstrated an increase in circulating T follicular helper lymphocytes (cTfh), defined as CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells, in TA. The increase of cTfh was associated with an increase in circulating B lymphocytes and the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs in TA aorta. CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells of TA patients helped B cells to differentiate into memory cells, to proliferate and to secrete type G immunoglobulins. Our data provide evidence of the key coordinated role of Tfh and B cells in tertiary lymphoid structures in TA and suggest an antigenic trigger.

A morfina é um analgésico eficaz e muitas vezes opioide usado para aliviar a dor moderada a grave durante o período neonatal precoce. A exposição repetida de morfina no início da vida tem implicações duradouras para o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso, tais como alterações neuroquímicas e comportamentais a longo prazo em ratos. O exercício físico vem sendo utilizado como uma alternativa não farmacológica para tratamento de quadros dolorosos. Deste modo nosso objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da exposição a morfina no período neonatal nas respostas nociceptiva (térmica e mecânica) e bioquímicas (citocinas e neurotrofinas) em ratos de P30 e P60 antes e após a exposição ao exercício físico. Ratos Wistar com 7 dias foram divididos em dois grupos: salina (SA) e morfina (MO) e submetidos a 5 mg / dia / 7 dias P8 para P14 a soro fisiológico ou MO respectivamente. Nas idades de P16, P30 e P60 a resposta nociceptiva térmica foi avaliada através do teste da placa quente (PQ), a resposta mecânica por Von Frey (VF) e Randal e Selitto (RS). Ainda foram medidos os níveis basais de BDNF, NGF, IL-6 e IL-10 em córtex cerebral e tronco encefálico. Após a sessão de exercício foram realizados em P30 e P60 o teste de PQ, 1h e 24h após o exercício, o teste de VF foi realizado 24h após e os níveis de BDNF, NGF, IL-6 e IL-10 também foram medidos em córtex cerebral e tronco encefálico após a exposição ao exercício. Nossos resultados demonstram que os animais que receberam morfina no período neonatal apresentam diminuição do limiar nociceptivo térmico e mecânico em P30 e P60. Os níveis de BDNF, NGF, IL-6 e IL-10 apresentaram relação direta com a idade em tronco encefálico, aumento ao longo do tempo. Em córtex cerebral os níveis de BDNF e NGF demonstraram uma interação entre os fatores grupo e idade, onde os animais do grupo MO têm diminuição desses com a idade. A IL-10 teve efeito somente da idade, enquando a IL-6 não se mostrou alterada por nenhum fator. Após a exposição ao exercício no teste da PQ no P30 e P60 os animais SAE tiveram uma diminuição do limiar nociceptivo se igualando aos grupos que receberam morfina. No teste de VF em P30 os grupos que receberam morfina são diferentes do grupos salina. Em P60 o grupo SAE mostra mais uma vez diminuiçao do limiar nociceptivo se igualando as grupos morfina. Nos níveis de BDNF e NGF em tronco encefálico ocorreu interação entre idade e grupo, onde o grupo MOE demonstra diminuição. Em tronco encefalico a IL-6 e Il-10 só tiveram efeito da idade. Em córtex cerebral os níveis de BDNF tiveram interação entre idade e grupo, o grupo MOE teve diminuição destes níveis em comparação aos demais grupos. Nos níveis de NGF se observou efeito do tempo e do grupo onde os grupos que recebem morfina têm níveis menores do que os que recebem salina em P60. O grupo MOS teve níveis menores de IL-6 em cortex cerebral do que os demais grupos, enquanto que os níveis de IL-10 só tiveram efeito da idade. Portanto a morfina no período neonatal leva a diminuição no limiar nociceptivo térmico e mecânico em ratos e que o exercício físico melhora os níveis BDNF, NGF e IL-6 em animais expostos a morfina no período neonatal. Porém o exercício físico não foi capaz de reverter a hiperalgesia e alodínia induzida pela morfina nos animais de P30 e P60. Sendo assim nossos dados mostram a necessidade de mais estudos sobre a dor em recém-nascidos e o sobre o uso de opioides neste período. Também se mostra necessário mais estudos sobre tratamentos não farmacológicos como o exercício físico. / Morphine is an effective analgesic often used to relieve moderate to severe pain during the early neonatal period. In our previous study, repeated morphine exposure in early life triggered persistent implications for the development of the nervous system, such as neurochemical and behavioral alterations in rats at long-term. The exercise has been used as a non-pharmacological alternative for treating painful conditions. Thus our aim was to evaluate the effect of repeated morphine exposure during the neonatal period upon nociceptive responses (thermal and mechanical) and biochemical markers (cytokines and neurotrophins) before and after unique physical exercise session in rats at P30 and P60. Seven-day-old male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: saline and morphine and subjected to saline and morphine (5 μg/day/7 days) from P8 to P14, respectively. At P16, P30 and P60, the thermal nociceptive response was assessed using the hot plate test (HP), while the mechanical response by Von Frey (VF) and Randal and Selitto (RS) tests. The basal levels of BDNF, NGF, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured in brainstem and cerebral cortex. One hour and 24h after exercise, the HP was conducted in P30 and P60, the VF test was only performed 24 ho after exercise, as well as the levels of BDNF, NGF, IL-6 and IL-10 were also measured in cerebral cortex and brainstem. Our results show that rats that received morphine in the neonatal period presented decreased thermal and mechanical nociceptive threshold in P30 and P60. And, BDNF, NGF, IL-6 and IL-10 levels presented a direct relationship with age in brainstem, increase their levels when the age increased. In cerebral cortex, BDNF and NGF levels showed an interaction between age and treatment group, where the morphine group showed decreased levels when the age increased. There was age effect upon IL-10 levels and no effects upon IL-6 levels in cerebral cortex. After 24h of exercise, saline group subjected to exercise presented decreased nociceptive threshold in using HP at P30 and P60, with similar threshold presented by morphine group. In VF test, both morphine groups presented decreased threshold in relation to both saline groups at P30. However, at P60, saline group subjected to exercise presented decreased nociceptive threshold, matching the morphine groups. In brainstem, we found interaction between age and group in BDNF and NGF levels, where morphine-exercise group showed decreased levels; and we observed only age effect upon IL-6 and IL-10 levels. In cerebral cortex, we observed interaction between age and group upon BDNF levels, where morphine-exercise group showed decreased levels compared to other groups. In relation to NGF levels, we observed effect of age and group, where morphine groups presented lower levels than saline groups in P60. The morphine-sedentary group presented lower IL-6 levels in the cerebral cortex than the other groups, while only age effect was observed on IL-10 levels. Our data lead us to conclude that morphine exposure in the neonatal period triggers a decrease in thermal nociceptive and mechanical thresholds in rats. And, the physical exercise improves BDNF, NGF and IL-6 levels in rats exposed to morphine in the neonatal period. However, on session of exercise was not able to revert the hyperalgesia and allodynia induced by morphine in rats at P30 and P60. Therefore, our data highlight the need of more studies about pain in newborns and neonates and the effect of the opioid use in this period. And, it is necessary more studies about non-pharmacological treatments, for example exercise.