<p>The purpose of this essay is to illustrate the debate of water politics and privatisation of water distribution. My method is debate analysis and qualitative idea analysis and for my essay I used three books that try to persuade the reader that his or her idea is the best for this water crisis. My main question is to illustrate the debate concerning water privatisations. I will also look at the arguments for or against privatisations and finally determine how the authors think the state should act towards this subject. The first book I used was Vandana Shivas “Water Wars” that when published started an international discussion about the water privatisations. The next book was Ann-Christin Sjölander Hollands book “Vatten rättighet eller handelsvara?” who just like Shiva is negative against market solutions. The third book was “Vatten till salu” by Fredrik Segerfeldt. He is positive to both privatisations and deregulations in the public sector. Shiva considers trans national companies one of the biggest enemies for the development countries and a source for this problem. Her opinion is that agreements like GATS only benefit the already rich. The solution for the water crisis in her opinion is to legislate against foreign companies right to operate in poor countries. Her wish is to keep the water distribution in the state or towns own hands. Sjölander Holland dislike big companies as well but her opinion are that a privatisation can work if the contract with the state is well designed without corruption. However the state should handle water delivery, not companies thirsting for economical gain. Segerfeldt disagrees totally with these opinions and his firm believe is something has to be done. This is to let companies in to the water market and take over with their special knowledge and technology. My conclusion is that something has to be done, but it is not to let the companies set the agenda. Instead the United Nations and its sub-organisations should change the terms for their loans and make sure they sponsor water investments instead of arms. The solution for this problem is not purely market or state distribution, rather a good combination of both.</p>

Monetary funding to developing countries is today accompanied by so called “Structural Adjustment Programs” (SAPs) imposed by the IMF and the World Bank, consisting of economical policy reforms that the countries have to undergo in order to be eligible for loans. The impact of these adjustment loans is widely criticized due to the negative effects observed. Our purpose is to investigate in depth why these adjustment programs have not delivered the expected results. We’ve found that there exist some undesirable consequences following SAP implementation that has a hindering effect on growth. These, combined with the complicate context in which the IMF and World Bank operates can be seen as the explanation for the adversity experienced.

Background: The implementation of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) in low to middle income (LMICs) has been followed by a marked reduction in their progress on economic growth, social indicators and health outcomes. Comprehensive and contextualized explorations of the effects of SAPs are needed to assist health and social policy-makers in better determining responses to such programs that continue to dominate global trade, aid and debt cancellation negotiations.<p>Methods: A comparative case study of Argentina and Uruguay was developed exploring the effects of SAPs on health. Drawing from a population health perspective and using a framework developed to analyze the relationship between globalization and health, changes in domestic policies resulting from SAPs and the corresponding population health outcomes of the countries were explored. <p>Results: In general, SAPs were implemented with greater severity and speed in Argentina than in Uruguay, with the greatest differences occurring over the 1980s. The more gradual and modest reforms implemented in Uruguay over the 1980s were associated with better population health outcomes. As Uruguays reforms began to accelerate and more closely resemble Argentinas over the 1990s, differences in population health of the countries were diminished.<p>Conclusions: Findings support those of previous studies demonstrating that countries that have maintained more protectionist policies have been better able to protect the health of the most vulnerable sectors of society.

Background: The implementation of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) in low to middle income (LMICs) has been followed by a marked reduction in their progress on economic growth, social indicators and health outcomes. Comprehensive and contextualized explorations of the effects of SAPs are needed to assist health and social policy-makers in better determining responses to such programs that continue to dominate global trade, aid and debt cancellation negotiations.<p>Methods: A comparative case study of Argentina and Uruguay was developed exploring the effects of SAPs on health. Drawing from a population health perspective and using a framework developed to analyze the relationship between globalization and health, changes in domestic policies resulting from SAPs and the corresponding population health outcomes of the countries were explored. <p>Results: In general, SAPs were implemented with greater severity and speed in Argentina than in Uruguay, with the greatest differences occurring over the 1980s. The more gradual and modest reforms implemented in Uruguay over the 1980s were associated with better population health outcomes. As Uruguays reforms began to accelerate and more closely resemble Argentinas over the 1990s, differences in population health of the countries were diminished.<p>Conclusions: Findings support those of previous studies demonstrating that countries that have maintained more protectionist policies have been better able to protect the health of the most vulnerable sectors of society.

Nan Wan is a half-closed embayment in the most southern part of Taiwan. While facing the Luzon Strait, it also connects to the Pacific Ocean in its southeast, and is adjacent the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea . In view of general oceanic circulation, Nan Wan Bay happens to lie to the rim of South China Sea circumfluence and Kuroshio where a variety of water mass exchange has taken place, causing saline intrusion and mixed of water. Seasonal variation and tidal fluctuations also contribute to the exchange of water masses. The Third Nuclear Power Station of Taiwan Power Company is located in Nan Wan with its thermal discharge outlet adjacent to Maobitou to the west of the bay in order to minimize the effect of warm water discharge on the local marine ecology and coral . A long-term monitoring program on water temperature and other environmental factors has been set up implemented .this research report will first describe the archives regarding the hydrology in Nan Wan in support of monitoring the process in temperature variation . Previous research efforts are found somehow unable reveal precisely the physical mechanism leading to water temperature variations in the bay, due to limited facilities, short of information or poor analytical tools. This report adopts 14 records of water temperature at the thermal outlet of the Third Nuclear Power Station for signal analysis. As to non-linear and unstable data analysis, it is based on the Hilbert-Huang Transform. HHT includes Empirical Mode Decomposition, EMD which could decompose the raw data into numerous Intrinsic Mode Function, IMF. It is allowed to comprehend the main causes for the rising and dropping of water temperature based on the variation of spectroscopy by transferring through Hilbert and analyzing via IMF. Furthermore, the characteristic of each quantity could be developed according to the quantities acquired from the former method of HHT. The analytical report of water temperature covers 14 records dating from 1999 to 2003. In light of the analytical report, tide and wind account for the main cause of the temperature variation in waters while demanding information to ensure whether it is influenced by other factors like internal waves, water masses or landforms, etc. In addition, the report compares the difference in the same of data between FFT and HHT and moreover concludes the advantages and disadvantages as reference for researches.

This thesis analyzes the IMF stabilization packages and how those packages may affect the development. In order to explain the applications of the Packages, Argentine case is discussed for the period of 1990&rsquo / s. By analyzing the theories behind the IMF Stabilization packages, it is aimed to explain the conditionalities, actions and results, as could be observed in Argentine case.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the leading international economic crisis manager, but the effects of its loans and conditionality reach far beyond overarching macroeconomic indicators. This paper will examine the consequences of IMF fiscal policy conditions on income inequality and poverty by examining cases in Latin America, and specifically Mexico during the 1980s. The role that internal politics within borrowing countries plays is also closely examined. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for the IMF to ensure the most equitable and effective means of overcoming balance of payments crises.

Si les fonctions principales de l’OMC sont de servir de cadre aux négociations commerciales et de faire respecter les règles commerciales multilatérales qui ont été négociées, figure parmi les nouvelles missions de l’OMC l’obligation de coopérer « (e)n vue de rendre plus cohérente l'élaboration des politiques économiques au niveau mondial ». En réalité, l’interdépendance du mandat de l’OMC avec d’autres organisations internationales est beaucoup plus large et imprègne une grande partie des accords négociés lors de l’Uruguay Round. La mondialisation a rendu encore plus nécessaire une coopération étroite entre les institutions multilatérales. Pour mettre en œuvre ce mandat sur la cohérence, l’OMC a établi un nouveau cadre général de coopération interinstitutionnelle. Et si l’OMC n’a pas vocation à devenir l’organisation internationale de la gouvernance, elle a réussi à trouver sa place dans l’archipel de la gouvernance internationale en contribuant à l’améliorer / If the main functions of the WTO are to serve as a forum for trade negotiations and enforce multilateral trade rules that have been negotiated, an important aspect of the WTO’s mandate is to cooperate with the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and other multilateral institutions to achieve greater coherence in global economic policy-making. The interconnectedness of the mandate of the WTO with other international organizations is much broader and permeates much of the agreements negotiated during the Uruguay Round. Globalization has made it even more necessary close cooperation between multilateral institutions. To implement this mandate on Coherence, the WTO has established a new framework for interinstitutional cooperation. And if the WTO is not intended to become the international organization of governance, it has managed to find its place in the archipelago of international governance in contributing to the improvement.

The necessity for a more adequate regulation of global trade relations (including support for the liberalization and development of international trade), in the context of the deepening globalization processes, requires a greater level of involvement of international economic organizations and more effective implementation of their activities. The primary purpose of the dissertation is to determine whether and how the World Trade Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group have influenced the development of international trading system. The results of this thesis show that international organizations (primarily WTO and UNCTAD) during various stages of its development have been significantly affecting international trade growth mainly through the implementation of specific activities and measures related to a series of agreements and decisions. However, international organizations have had a divergent impact on international trade. The effectiveness of the implementation of specific activities and programs were depending on the political and economic situation of member countries, as well as the governments´ readiness and willingness to implement these measures. On the other hand, the effectiveness of realization of specific activities have been affected by either the internal weaknesses of the organizations, or the insufficient level of cooperation and coordination in the implementation of joint programs and measures aimed at international trade development.

Thesis analyses role of International Monetary Fund in currency crises its proceedings and instruments and thereof arising criticism. In the first chapter there are stated definitions of currency crises, described their causes and possibilities of prevention. Short description of the Fund and used instruments in its operations are also included. The main focus is on analysis of the approach of the IMF to significant currency crises since 1990's. Mexican, south-east Asian, Argentinean and Icelandic crises are analyzed. As a practical aspect of the thesis approach of the IMF to currency crisis in the Czech republic in 1997 is examined as well. In analysis there is always stated overall description of the crisis, approach of the IMF to mitigation of the crisis and thereof arising experts' criticism. In the last chapter there is analysis of certain reports and commissions that dealt with Fund's operations and suggested reforms. Experts' opinions (Kenen, Sedlacek, Jonas) of the IMF's functioning and its summary are also part of the chapter.