Užsienio prekyba yra būtina rinkos ekonomikos sąlygomis. Šiandiena be užsienio prekybos plėtros yra neįmanoma pasaulinė ekonomikos raida. Užsienio prekyba daro tiesioginę įtaką šalies vidaus rinkai: aktyvėja konkurencija, nes atsiranda pajėgūs konkurentai iš užsienio. Padidėjusi konkurencija verčia vietiniam gamintojams konkuruoti ne tik kainomis, bet prekės kokybe, dizainu ir pan. Tarptautinė prekyba – tai apsikeitimas prekėmis ir paslaugomis tarp valstybių. Tarptautinė prekyba įpareigoja šalis gauti tam tikrą prekių ir paslaugų pigiau, negu jos pačios gali pasigaminti (lyginamasis pranašumas), arba sudaro sąlygas vartoti prekes ir paslaugas, kurių nebūtų galima gauti iš savo šalies tiekėjų (pavyzdžiui, mažai žaliavų arba pažangesnė technologija). Lietuvos vykdoma ekonominė politika šiuo metu grindžiama į eksportą orientuotos plėtros modeliu. Tikėtina, jog ateityje stiprės lietuviškų produktų skverbimasis į naujas ES ir pasaulio rinkas, ypač bus didelė paklausa geros kokybės ekologiškiems ir natūraliems maisto produktams. Lietuvos eksporto apimtys per pastaruosius šešis metus išaugo 130,87 proc. t.y. nuo 14,1 mlrd. Lt 2000 m. iki 32.76 mlrd. Lt 2005 m. 2004 m. gegužės mėn. Lietuva tapo Europos Sąjungos (toliau – ES) nare. ES iš penkiolikos šalių (ES-15) tapo dvidešimt penkių šalių grupe (ES-25). Lietuvos integracija į ES paveikė visą Lietuvos ūkį, įskaitant ir Lietuvos užsienio prekybinius santykius. Apie teigiamą integracijos į ES įtaką šalies užsienio prekybos plėtrai... [to full text] / The policy of economics of Lithuania is based on the model of expansion orientated to the export. It is credible that entering of Lithuanian production to new markets of European Union and entire world will strengthen in future, also the demand of good quality ecological and natural foodstuff will be especially great. The range of the export of Lithuania has grown for 130, 87 per cent, that is from 14, 1 billion of litas in the year of 2000 up to 32, 76 billion of litas in the year of 2005. Lithuania became the member of European Union (EU) on March of 2004. EU earlier consisted of 15 states members (EU-15) became a group of 25 states (EU-25). The integration of Lithuania to EU had influenced all economy / farm of Lithuania including commercial relations with foreign countries. The growth of ranges of the export shows positive influence of the integration to EU on state’s expansion of foreign trade. The export has grown for 24, 2 per cent comparing first half-year of 2004 and first half-year of 2005. According to analysis of goods structure of the export of period of 2000 – 2005 the greatest part of the export was composed of mineral products – 176, 4 per cent, machines and mechanisms – 151, 8 per cent, transport and transport equipment – 161, 60 per cent. The range of the import of Lithuania within last six years has grown for 97, 7 per cent, that is from 21, 8 billion of litas in the year of 2000 up to 43, 1 billion of litas in the year of 2005. According to goods... [to full text]

Kiekvienos valstybės ekonominė raida yra priklausoma nuo tarptautinių ekonominių santykių. Tarptautinė prekyba stipriai įtakoja tokius valstybių ekonominius rodiklius kaip bendrą vidaus produktą (BVP), mokėjimų balansą, ūkio augimo tempus, užimtumą ir kt., todėl jos analizės jokiu būdu negalima atmesti Autorius darbe pateikia Lietuvos užsienio prekybos raidos ir struktūros analizę 1990-2005 metais. Supažindinama su tarptautinės prekybos teoriniais aspektais, teorijomis, skirtingai aiškinančiomis tarptautinės prekybos svarbą valstybės ekonominiuose procesuose. Nagrinėjamos Lietuvos užsienio prekybos ekonominės, socialinės ir politinės prielaidos ir reikšmė. Analizuojama Lietuvos užsienio prekybos apimtis, dinamika, balansas, plačiau aptariami svarbiausi užsienio prekybos partneriai, geografinė struktūra. Nagrinėjama Lietuvos užsienio prekybos importo - eksporto prekinė struktūra, jos kitimo tendencijos. Koreliacinės – regresinės analizės gautų rezultatų pagalba, įrodoma BVP priklausomybė nuo eksporto ir importo srautų. Analizės pagalba nustatoma, kad šiandieninis Lietuvos BVP augimas yra labiau veikiamas importo nei eksporto srautų. Lietuvos tarptautinei prekybai plėtoti autorius siūlo priemonių programą, kurios tikslas - sudaryti palankesnes sąlygas Lietuvos eksporto plėtrai, tradicinių ir naujų eksporto sričių augimui, didesniam lietuviškos kilmės produkcijos pardavimui, bei informacijos apie Lietuvą ir jos gaminamą produkciją bei teikiamas paslaugas skleidimui. / The development of each countries economy is dependant on international relations. International trade makes big impact on such economical indicators as GDP (Gross Domestic Product), balance of payments, rate of economy growth, unemployment rate, etc. This is why international trade must be carefully analyzed. The author analyses development and structure of Lithuania’s international trade in the period of 1990 to 2005. Theoretical aspects of international trade, it’s theories, which represent different interpretations of impact of international trade to economical processes, are presented in this work. The study of economical, social and political background of Lithuania’s international trade has been made, as well as the analysis of the scope of Lithuania’s international trade, it’s dynamics, balance, geographical structure, a broader view of the most important partners. The structure of Lithuanian import – export and it’s trends. The dependence of Lithuania’s GDP to export and import flows has been proven with the help of correlative – regressive analysis. The findings of such an analysis also tells that today Lithuania’s economical growth is more influenced on import rather than export. The program for development of Lithuania’s international trade has been given by the author of this work. It’s primary purpose is to give better conditions for Lithuanian export to expand, growth of traditional and new export directions, bigger sales of Lithuanian – made production... [to full text]

It is generally acknowledged that there is no sufficient, exhaustive and elaborate empirical examination of the quantitative impact of policies pertaining to import demand and economic growth in South Africa. In order to arrive at conclusive, sagacious and applicable policies on the economic growth potential of an economy, it is imperative to evaluate, empirically, whether envisaged economic growth rates and employment creation are feasible, given the socio-economic circumstances. The fundamental question of the constraint or rather effective constraints to high economic growth rates, measured by gross domestic product, has always desired urgent attention but has been neglected. There appears to be strong reasons to believe that the South African economy, like other middle-income developing economies, is subject to a "powerful balance of payments constraint that effectively aborts the growth process before it is able to deliver rising per capita incomes" (Industrial Strategy Project1, 1995:49 ). Furthermore, although this issue is widely recognized, there has been little systematic analysis of this important question. Many writings which, implicitly or explicitly, note the foreign exchange shortages as adversely affecting the economy's growth capacity have tended to focus and give enormous emphasis on exports and export expansion as a means to eradicate this economic dilemma. However, together with exports the demand for imports clearly determines the behavior of the trade account of the balance of payments as a whole. Consequently, this dissertation intends to consider one important aspect of the balance of payments constraint, namely, the determinants of the demand for imports in South Africa and the behavior of foreign trade. This study briefly examines the theoretical foundations of the savings and foreign exchange constraints using the 'two-gap' model. In that the main lesson is that the economy characterized by foreign exchange bottlenecks and/or lack of savings will not accomplish its perceived growth capacity. This is the background and motivation for the study of import demand elasticities as it gives impetus to the importance of both imports and exports in an economy. The dissertation derives the import demand function and employs the recent time-series techniques to modeling economic time-series. Prior to the empirical model, the study quantitatively describes the behavior of both imports, and exports, though more emphasis is placed on the former than the latter. In this section, simple quantitative techniques are utilized in order to determine the cyclical and trend behavior of import performance since the beginning of the 1970s. The study also briefly looks at the relationship between import of capital goods and investments into South Africa. Description of trade behavior involves examination of trade flows and their geographical destination by regional trading blocks. That is followed by an extensive literature survey conducted on import demand elasticities in South Africa and trade elasticities in general. This analysis gives a strong background to the time-series model of import demand estimated in this work. Time-series analysis examines the import demand at both aggregate and sectoral levels. Prior to the empirical model chapter there is an overview of time-series econometrics with regards to co-integration, error correction and non-stationary data. Import performance and import demand functions were studied in an economic policy context and the analyses were in some cases restricted by data constraints. Import behavior patterns and empirical results of the import demand models are discussed and international comparisons are drawn. 1 The Industrial Strategy Project (ISP) was authored by Joffe et al (1995). In this dissertation it is referred to as ISP (1995) although in the reference section I refer to Joffe et al (1995) as done in other publications. For instance, see Bell (1995). The same applies to the Normative Model Approach (NEM), in the text it is referred to as NEM (1993) while in the references it is reflected as Central Economic Advisory Services (1993). / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1999.

The aim of this study was to find out about the Swedish pig farmers strategies to keep up with the competition against the import of pork from Denmark and at the same time be able to satisfy the pigs need of acting out their natural behavior. This study is based on in-depth interviews with the company "MinFarm" and eight Swedish pork producers. The result of the study was several different strategies for the Swedish pork producers to maintain in the competition against the imported meat and farmers opinions about animal welfare. One of the pork producers pointed out that it is not possible to create a completely natural environment because the pigs live in stables. The concept about animal welfare is not easy to define but pigs that are healthy, gets its social needs satisfied and doesn't suffer from any diseases has a better life and higher welfare than animals who does not live under those conditions. For the farmers to make it worth the extra cost of the higher welfare, customers must be willing to prioritize the animal’s welfare and be willing to pay the extra money that will provide for the production. At present, it is not possible to have an effective meat production and high economic viability while ensuring animal welfare. To secure the Swedish meat production financial compensation will be needed for higher welfare. The market for locally produced products might be limited as it doesn't involve all kind of customers.

There is no abstract available for this thesis.

Mitochondria evolved through endosymbiosis of an ancient prokaryote, and subsequently lost most genes to the host genome. In order for mitochondrial proteins to be correctly localized from the host cytosol to the mitochondrial compartments, a complex protein targeting and import machinery has evolved. Key receptor components in the protein translocase complex of the outer mitochondrial membrane, Tom20 and Tom22, recognize proteins to be imported and assist their insertion across the outer membrane. The solution structure of the Tom20 receptor domain from Arabidopsis thaliana was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and revealed that this protein has significant structural differences to its functional analogue found in animals and fungi.

Univ., Diss./93--Basel, 1992.

Zugl.: Bamberg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2005. / Zsfassung in span. Sprache. - Text teilw. dt., teilw. span.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-121). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-121). Also available on the Internet.