International trade in tobacco products, and tobacco is one of the largest markets employing countless people around the world. Beginning tobacco trade kolumbovské date back to the time in which it was in Europe excluding potatoes and tomatoes and imported tobacco, which began to be used as a panacea. Extension of tobacco around the world helped not only the nicotine addiction that has become a hallmark of social status, but especially its medicinal properties. Since tobacco consumption grew rapidly, people began to suffer from illnesses caused by his smoking. For this reason the tobacco classified as harmful to health and began to develop the first restriction and regulation. An example might be restrictions on tobacco promotion, or their total ban. Regarding the appearance of tobacco products, subject to certain rules that determine what can and can not appear on the packaging. Among the mandatory items include the composition of a tobacco product and text or picture health warnings. Tobacco products have a significant impact on the fiscal policy of the state, which indirectly affects their final price. Tobacco products is imposed many taxes and customs duties. The biggest influence on the retail price of tobacco products has a special consumption tax, the consequences of which are given in the literature search. The last chapter of the literary work is concerned with the volume of export and import of tobacco products to / from the EU and the countries with the highest consumption of cigarettes.

Cette thèse explore la transmission des variations du taux de change sur les prix d’exportation et d’importation à un niveau agrégé et désagrégé pour quatre pays développés. Nous utilisons plusieurs méthodes économétriques récentes afin de fournir des mesures robustes sur la transmission du taux change. Notre recherche soutient la présence d’asymétrie dans la transmission des variations du taux de change sur les prix. En outre, nous constatons que le coefficient de transmission est plus élevé lorsqu’on tient compte de cette asymétrie. Par conséquent, la non prise en compte de ces asymétries, si elles existent, pourrait conduire à des résultats trompeurs. Ce résultat a d’importantes implications sur les politiques monétaires. En effet, les décideurs devront faire face à un dilemme lorsqu'ils doivent choisir entre la stabilité des prix et la compétitivité-prix à l'exportation. De plus, dans cette recherche, nous testons si le degré d’ouverture affecte le degré de report du taux de change. Les résultats montrent, que dans la plupart des cas, il n'y a pas de rôle significatif pour le degré d'ouverture / This thesis explores the transmission of exchange rate movements into export and import prices at both the aggregate and the disaggregate level for four advanced countries. We use several up-to-date econometric methods in order to provide robust measures of exchange rate pass-through. The main finding of our research is to provide clear support for the presence of asymmetry in the exchange rate pass-through, i.e. the fact that appreciations and depreciations are pass through prices in a different magnitude. Moreover, we find that, in many cases, the pass-through coefficient is higher when we take into account this asymmetry. Therefore not taking into account potential asymmetries may lead to wrong results in the ERPT estimation. This finding has several important implications for monetary policy. Indeed, policy-makers will face a dilemma as they try to pursue price stability and export competitiveness. Moreover, our research also studies whether the degree of trade openness affects the exchange rate pass-through. The results in this case show that there is no significant role for the degree of trade openness for most cases.

This thesis addresses several aspects of mitochondrial iron sulfur (Fe-S) cluster biogenesis and mitochondrial tRNA import and modifications in Trypanosoma brucei. Using RNA interference it uncovers essential role of Fe-S cluster assembly in tRNA(s) thiolation in both the cytosol and the mitochondrion of T. brucei. Further, this thesis describes the role of modifications in tRNA editing and in mitochondrial import of tRNAs. Finally, it provides evidence that in contrast to protein import, mitochondrial membrane potential is dispensable for import of tRNAs into the mitochondrion of T. brucei.

O presente estudo denomina-se As casas importadoras de Santos: comércio e cultura material (1870-1900). Durante as três últimas décadas do século XIX, no bojo do processo de internacionalização, aos poucos se instalam novas dinâmicas e práticas no comércio de Santos, que se caracteriza, nesta fase, pela predominância de firmas importadoras de estrangeiros, a incipiente estrutura do porto, as atividades exercidas no centro urbano e os problemas de saneamento básico. O objeto de pesquisa são as casas importadoras instaladas nas adjacências do Porto de Santos e seus agentes, na maior parte estrangeiros, aí compreendida a própria gama variada de produtos que fazem chegar à Província de São Paulo, sua publicidade e comercialização. A perspectiva é a da cultura material, buscando-se uma melhor compreensão dos processos de mudança social que se realizam com o consumo de artigos estrangeiros, das práticas cotidianas que os envolvem e valores que lhes são atribuídos. / The present study is called The import houses of Santos: commerce and material culture (1870-1900). During the three last decades of the nineteenth century, in the bulge of internationalization process, gradually new practices are installed in the commerce of Santos, characterized, in this period, by the predominance of import firms, the incipient structure of the port, the activities performed in the urban center and the problems of basic sanitation. The analyses focuses on the import houses installed in the adjacencies of the Port of Santos and its agents, foreigners in most cases, on the variety of products that they make to arrive at the Province of São Paulo, its advertising and commercialization. The perspective is the material culture history, searching one better understanding of the social changes that take place with the consumption of foreign products, daily practices that involve them and values that are attributed to them.

No description available.

Czech republic and Romania have a more in common then expected. Important moments in the history of both countries happened almost at the same time. The countries are not key markets to each other. Over that mutual relations are very promising. The biggest potential is hidden in the investment possiblilities. Romanian market is getting to be important as a destination for czech goods. All of commercial activities are incerasing in longterm, that was interupted by the worldwide economic recesion. As soon as the crisis disappear the czech-romanian trade returns to be increasing again. The paradox is that the grow could be caused by economic recession which caused its acute decrease in 2009. The necessary diversification of entrepreneurial activities would help to the relations with countries whose mutual trade is not so important, e. g. Czech trade with Romania.

The work describes the notion of international trade with focus on the theory interlinked with pracice. The extended focus is on business environment of Slovenia and the Czech Republic. The thesis presents the risks, purposes and advantages of doing business internationally. Furthermore, there are examples of specific companies in related industries and the products that are offered on different markets. The idea of the work is to give an insight to those who are interested in international business (exporting and importing) with various application of strategies.

Protein import is essential for the biogenesis of mitochondria, as the majority (99%) of mitochondrial proteins are synthesised in the cytosol and thus, have to be imported into mitochondria for their function. The biogenesis of many cysteine-containing proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS), such as members of the small TIM and Cox17 families, is regulated by their thiol-disulphide redox state. Only the Cys-reduced precursors can be imported into mitochondria, whereas oxidised forms cannot. Their import and oxidative folding in the IMS is driven by the IMS disulphide relay system, known as mitochondrial import and assembly (MIA) pathway, whose central components are the oxidoreductase Mia40 and the sulphydryl oxidase Erv1. Currently, little is known about how the MIA precursors are maintained in the cytosol in an import-competent form, and whether they interact with the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM complex) to enter the IMS. In addition, the MIA-mediated protein folding events occurring in the IMS that lead to the generation of fully oxidised substrates are still under investigation. Using Tim9 and yeast as models, studies presented in this thesis showed that Tim9 binding to the mitochondrial outer membrane (OM) does not depend on the receptors of the TOM complex, and occurs without regard to the redox state of the precursor proteins. In addition, it is shown that the oxidised and reduced precursors share the same binding site on the OM, and that this binding site is not important for the translocation process across the OM (Chapter 3). Studies in this thesis investigated the role of the cytosolic thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in the biogenesis of mitochondria. Firstly, in vivo studies provided the evidence that the cytosolic thioredoxin system but not the glutaredoxin system is required for growth of yeast cells under respiratory conditions. Secondly, in vivo studies provided the first proof that the Trx system is required for the biogenesis of small Tim proteins. In vitro studies confirmed that the Trx1 system facilitates import of small Tim proteins into isolated mitochondria by maintaining the precursors in a reduced and therefore competent form (Chapter 5). Finally, in vitro studies showed that Mia40 is able to promote the full oxidation of Tim9. Efficient release of Tim9 from Mia40 required the presence of all cysteine residues of Tim9, as effective oxidation and concomitant release from Mia40 failed upon mutation of single cysteine residues. Finally, the study showed that reduced glutathione resolved rapidly the Mia40-Tim9 mixed-disulphide complexes, probably accelerating and/or promoting the Tim9 oxidative (Chapter 4).

The thesis deals with the design and implementation of algorithms for import maps into the simulator TRASI. These algorithms are capable of import map from map portal OpenStreetMaps to the simulation environment. The work deals with adjusting the internal structure of the imported intersections, so that their structure was correct according to the rules of traffic. The work deals with the design and implementation of differential evolution for the design of the structure of intersections.

The Master’s thesis The study of logistics conception in indrustrial organization deals with analysis of current state of organization and its surround and analyses influence to customers and production. On basis of recognition of reality it contents the study of logistics conception in industrial organization. It deals with import products with low turnover from sister factories because the production of these products is nonprofitable for organization.