I många sammanhang är det önskvärt att importera data från textfiler, excelfiler och liknande till en databas. För detta krävs att data i något skede översätts till en ER-modell (Entity Relationship), en modell som beskriver relevanta delar i ett databasschema. Modellen för hur denna översättning ser ut varierar från fall till fall. I det här examensarbetet har en applikation tagits fram för import av data till en ER-modell ur ett modellperspektiv i linje med Model Driven Architecture (MDA) ™. Vinsten ligger i att använda en metamodell som beskriver hur olika modeller för transformering från tabelldata till en ER-modell får se ut. Modellerna i sin tur beskriver hur transformeringen ska se ut. På så sätt kan flera olika modeller användas utan att ändringar i källkoden behöver göras. Metamodellen som beskriver transformeringen har visualiserats i ett klassdiagram. Klassdiagrammet beskriver schematiskt sambanden mellan tabeller som data ska importeras ifrån och den ER-modell som data ska överföras till. Metamodellen har transformerats till ett XML-schema.  Modellerna som ska användas har skrivits i en XML-fil som följer den transformerade metamodellen. / In many situations it is desirable to import data from text files, excel files and similar to a database. To do so the data needs to be translated at some stage to an ER model (Entity Relationship), i.e. a model describing relevant parts of a database schema. The approach for this translation varies from case to case. During this thesis an application has been developed to import data to an ER model from a modeling perspective, in line with the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) ™. The gain lies in using a metamodel that describes how different models for transformation from grid tables to an ER mode may look like. The models in turn describe how the transformation will look, thus allowing the usage of several different models without any need of changes to the source code. The metamodel describing the transformation of data can be visualized in a class diagram. The class diagram schematically describes the relationships between tables of data to be imported from and the ER model the data will be transferred to. Preferable is to write a model in an XML that conforms to the metamodel. Therefore the class diagram should be transformed into an XML schema that enables validation of the model in the XML file.

With the economic growth in Thailand in the recent year, Thai people have enough money to concern about the healthy product. Now a day, in Bangkok, Thai people are now aware more on organic food, as consequence, there are a lot of organic food shop opening. Therefore, this is a good time to extend the organic line of product to some products that will give them a better health like natural detergent, soap, shampoo, etc. Green Life will be the retail shop, located in Sukumvit in Bangkok, that sell the natural product or organic products such as shampoo, soap, detergent, etc. We will focus more on the daily use products, instead of focus on selling food or raw foods ingredient. We will bring the international brands from all around the world to sell in Bangkok helping the customers in Thailand be easier to access these healthy products. We plan to bring 9 brands including Dr.oraganic, odylique, O'right, Natu, John master, LUSH, Palmer's, ECOS, and Greenshield, in total of 82 products. Our target is the middle income people in Thailand. With the initial investment of 5,808,550 THB without any debt, we expected the payback period of 1.5 years. Our gross margin would be approximately 15% in the third year. If the first shop works well, we would consider opening new shop, bringing more brand or products to our shop, and buying license from the brand and manufacturing in Thailand.

Customs duty represents an inescapable financial obligation in international trade. Such duties are determined by valuing the imported goods according to the classification of the goods. To classify the goods under an appropriate tariff heading is notoriously difficult – despite the almost trite principles from judicial decisions amongst the jurisdictions discussed in this study, such as the European Union, Australia, Canada and the United States of America. In South Africa, the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 defines the ambit of customs duties and ratifies the Harmonised System ("HS"). The HS allows for a uniform approach to tariff classification used by countries across the world accounting for in excess of 95% of the world trade. Countries that employ this system are obliged to incorporate the HS into such country's domestic legislation and to use all headings and subheadings of the HS without addition or alteration, together with the numerical codes and to apply the General Rules for Interpretation and all section, chapter and subheading notes. Classification of goods is to be done objectively at the time of presentation of the goods to the tax authorities. The intentions of the importer or the descriptions of the goods in advertisements and manuals constitute inadmissible evidence. In the recent judgment of Smith Mining Equipment (Pty) Ltd v The Commissioner: South African Revenue Service1 ("Smith Mining") the court, however, opined that it was not obliged to consider the notes referred to above, in the absence of evidence on use of the specific vehicles at the different locations allowed for in the Tariff Headings. The Court expected the importer to present evidence on use and relied on evidence from the manual, whilst it ignored the evidence that the importer presented structured along the applicable tariff notes. The court's approach clamped on the Additional Rules in the USA and the more liberal approach applied in Canada, but stands in conflict with the approach in the European Union and the trite principles from the South African case law. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Customs duty represents an inescapable financial obligation in international trade. Such duties are determined by valuing the imported goods according to the classification of the goods. To classify the goods under an appropriate tariff heading is notoriously difficult – despite the almost trite principles from judicial decisions amongst the jurisdictions discussed in this study, such as the European Union, Australia, Canada and the United States of America. In South Africa, the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 defines the ambit of customs duties and ratifies the Harmonised System ("HS"). The HS allows for a uniform approach to tariff classification used by countries across the world accounting for in excess of 95% of the world trade. Countries that employ this system are obliged to incorporate the HS into such country's domestic legislation and to use all headings and subheadings of the HS without addition or alteration, together with the numerical codes and to apply the General Rules for Interpretation and all section, chapter and subheading notes. Classification of goods is to be done objectively at the time of presentation of the goods to the tax authorities. The intentions of the importer or the descriptions of the goods in advertisements and manuals constitute inadmissible evidence. In the recent judgment of Smith Mining Equipment (Pty) Ltd v The Commissioner: South African Revenue Service1 ("Smith Mining") the court, however, opined that it was not obliged to consider the notes referred to above, in the absence of evidence on use of the specific vehicles at the different locations allowed for in the Tariff Headings. The Court expected the importer to present evidence on use and relied on evidence from the manual, whilst it ignored the evidence that the importer presented structured along the applicable tariff notes. The court's approach clamped on the Additional Rules in the USA and the more liberal approach applied in Canada, but stands in conflict with the approach in the European Union and the trite principles from the South African case law. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Résumé : INTRODUCTION : Les protéines doivent se retrouver dans le bon compartiment cellulaire afin de pouvoir exercer leurs fonctions. Une fois synthétisées dans le cytoplasme, les protéines se déplacent à travers les différents compartiments cellulaires, guidés par des signaux de ciblage protéique. Des modifications post-traductionnelles jouent un rôle dans la régulation et le contrôle dynamique de la localisation des protéines. Des exemples dans la littérature indiquent que cette régulation existe également au niveau pré-traductionnel. Ce projet cherche à investiguer cette régulation pré-traductionnelle sur les motifs d’import et d’export nucléaires choisi comme signaux modèles. A l’aide de la bio-informatique, nous caractérisons cette régulation pré-traductionnelle, pour ensuite analyser de façon quantitative le niveau du contrôle de l’inclusion de ces motifs dans les transcrits en considérant des données de RNA-seq. MÉTHODE : Des données du transcriptome humain ont été regroupées dans une base de données locale MySQL. Une curation extensive de bases de données publiques a permis d’identifier les motifs d’import et d’export nucléaires, validés expérimentalement. Des scripts dans les langages Python et PHP ont été créés afin d’interroger la base de données et d’implémenter les algorithmes. Par la suite des ensembles de données de RNA-seq ont été analysés pour quantifier le niveau d’inclusion de ces motifs. RÉSULTATS : La majorité de ces motifs varie pour les gènes dont seulement certaines isoformes contiennent ce motif. Nous avons pu déterminer la distribution de la position des motifs chez l’humain, et caractériser quatre différents types de régulation pré-traductionnelles pour ces motifs. Ces catégories sont : les sites d’initiation et de terminaison différentiels de transcription /traduction, l’épissage (d’introns/d’exons) et le décalage du cadre de lecture. L’index d’inclusion du motif (MII) varie pour les gènes à travers différents tissus d’un même ensemble de données et varie également dans des tissus cancéreux. Certains gènes produisent des isoformes dont le MII est tissu-spécifique. CONCLUSION : La régulation pré-traductionnelle de l’inclusion de motifs de ciblage d’import et d’export nucléaires joue un rôle important sur la localisation de la protéine résultante. Les données de RNA-seq ont abouti à une analyse quantitative sur ces motifs dans différents tissus normaux et cancéreux. / Abstract : INTRODUCTION: Proteins have to be in the right compartment in order to perform their functions. Once synthesized in the cytosol, proteins are guided by sorting signals as they move through different subcellular compartments. Post-translational modifications play a role in the regulation and dynamic control of protein localization. Some examples in the literature show that this regulation also exist at the pre-translational level. The purpose of this research is to investigate this regulation on nuclear import and export motifs, chosen as model signals. Using bioinformatics, we characterize this pre-translational regulation then using RNA-seq data, perform a quantitative analysis on the level of motif inclusion among transcripts. METHODS: Data of the human transcriptome was put in MySQL in house. For this study, we used experimental data. Extensive manual curation was performed on nuclear import and export motifs that were experimentally validated and obtained from public databases. In order to interrogate the database and implement the algorithms, scripts in Python and PHP were used. RNA-seq data were used and analyzed in order to quantify the level of inclusion of these motifs. RESULTS: The majority of these motifs are only present in a subset of the coding isoforms of the genes. The position distribution of these motifs in the human proteome was determined. We characterized four different types of pre-translational regulation for alternative motifs. The categories a re: differential initiation and termination sites of transcription/translation, splicing (of introns/exons) and frameshift mutation. Genes have a motif inclusion index (MII) that varies among different types of tissues within the same dataset and varies as well in cancer tissues. Some genes produce isoforms with MII that are tissue-specific. CONCLUSION: Pre-translational regulation plays an important role in the inclusion of nuclear import and export motifs and the localization of proteins containing them. Quantitative analyses showing the behaviour of the motifs in different types of normal and cancer tissues were performed with RNA-seq data.

I Sverige tillämpas, i enlighet med 2 kap. 10 § Regeringsform (1974:152), legalitetsprincipen som innebär att inget straff får ges utan stöd i lag. Inom skatterätten innebär legalitetsprincipen att ingen skatt får tas ut utan stöd i lag. Skatterätten är ett rättsområde som är under ständig förändring och ställer höga krav på lagstiftare och rättstillämpare. Denna uppsats har för avsikt att undersöka den indirekta skattens effekter och problem, mer specifikt punktskatten som betalas på alkoholhaltiga varor. Vi gör det med bakgrund i det icke-fiskala syftet med alkoholbeskattningen och huruvida detta förfarande anses vara effektivt och med grund i de problem som uppstår i samband med detta. I ett öppet EU, med tullunionen, möjliggörs och förenklas införsel, smuggling och langning av alkoholhaltiga varor mellan EU-länderna. Med utgångspunkt i tillämpliga direktiv, lagstiftning, praxis och myndighetsdirektiv kommer vi med grund i en rättsdogmatisk-, komparativ- och rättsanalytisk metod undersöka vilka rättsliga problem som uppkommer i samband med den höga alkoholbeskattningen och privatinförsel. Problem uppstår i samband med att alkoholhaltiga varor införs i Sverige, antingen i för stor kvantitet eller att privatpersoner underlåter att lämna dem till tullen för behandling. Detta leder oss till bevisfrågor samt frågor om konsekvenser och straff och huruvida tillämpningen av gällande bestämmelser sker i samförstånd med rättssäkerheten som det svenska rättsystemet bygger på. / In Sweden, in accordance with Chapter 2 § 10 Regeringsform (1974: 152) the principle of legality is applied, stating that no punishment may be given unlawfully. In tax law the principle of legality means that no tax may be levied in contradiction to the stated law. Tax law is an area within law under constant change and therefore put demands of a higher level on legislators and practitioners. This paper intends to examine the effects and problems of having an indirect tax, more specifically excise duty paid on goods containing alcohol. We do it with the background and non-fiscal purpose alcohol taxation has, and whether this procedure can be considered effective due to the problems arising in connection with this. With open boarders within the European Union, the Customs Union enabled and simplified imports, smuggling, and trafficking of alcoholic goods between nations of the EU. On the basis of relevant directives, laws, practices, and regulatory directives, we will examine the legal issues arising in connection with the high taxation on alcohol and private imports. Problems arise when alcoholic goods enter Sweden, either in respect to quantity or the fact that individuals fail to hand it over to customs for processing. This leads us to the evidences and questions about consequences and punishments, and whether the application of existing provisions is made in agreement with the legal certainty the Swedish legal system is based on.

This study will help better our understanding of the import-export processes in the U.S. It examines the challenges faced by US exporters and importers, and investigates an innovative solution to tackle these challenges. The dry port concept introduced by transportation geographers is discussed, and an intermodal rail costing model is used in determining whether this concept will prove to be a more sustainable and energy efficient system than what currently exists. / text

Globally, China is the number one soybean importer, and the United States, Brazil, and Argentina are the top three soybean exporters. This research, based on the reverse residual demand model, developed and estimated a two-country partial equilibrium trade model to test who has stronger market power in the Chinese soybean import market. This two-country partial equilibrium trade model incorporates the U.S. residual soybean supply for China, the Chinese residual demand for U.S. soybeans, and the equilibrium condition, where the U.S. residual soybean supply equals the Chinese residual soybean demand. Data used in this research are monthly data from January 1999 to February 2005, 74 observations. Empirical results indicated that Chinese soybean importers have stronger market power relative to U.S. soybean exporters.This research also conducted the competitive analysis of the Chinese soybean import market by examining both annual and monthly data of Chinese soybean imports from the U.S. and South America (Brazil and Argentina). Results implied that the U.S. and South America are seasonal complementary soybean suppliers for China. Possible reasons include: 1) seasonal difference--the U.S. and South America have opposing growing seasons, i.e., different time periods to supply soybeans to markets; and 2) stronger market power of Chinese soybean importers–China's strategic choice, diversifying their soybean suppliers and reducing price increase risk, made the U.S. and South America complementary soybean suppliers to China.Additionally, this research compared the soybean export costs to China for the three countries. Results showed that Brazil has the greatest advantage for production costs, followed by Argentina and the U.S.; the U.S. has the greatest advantage for internal and international transportation and marketing costs, followed by Argentina and Brazil. In aggregate, the total soybean export costs for Brazil were the lowest and the export costs for Argentina were the highest, with U.S. costs between them.In terms of policy implications for the U.S. soybean industry facing strong competition from South America, we cannot expect that U.S. market share in the Chinese soybean import market can be expanded much. With the development of infrastructure in Brazil and Argentina, the U.S. advantage will become less and less. Therefore, if the U.S. soybean industry wants to keep its current position in the Chinese soybean import market, some governmental policy supports are still necessary.

Izgorodin, A, valstybės fiskalinė politika Lietuvos einamosios sąskaitos deficitui sumažinti: bakalauro baigiamasis darbas: ekonomika. Vilnius, ISM Vadybos ir ekonomikos universitetas, 2009. Šio darbo tikslas yra pasiūlyti fiskalinės politikos priemones Lietuvos ESD sumažinti. Darbe siekiama išanalizuoti Lietuvos einamosios sąskaitos komponentų kitimą laikui bėgant, nustatyti, ar ESD Lietuvai yra problematiškas, atlikti regresinę analizę ir išsiaiškinti, kaip pasirinkti kintamieji įtakoja einamosios sąskaitos balansą. Darbo gale pasiūlomi konkrečių mokesčių dydžiai ir valstybės išlaidų kryptis, kurie padės pagerinti Lietuvos einamosios sąskaitos balansą. Gauti rezultatai parodo, kad Lietuvos ESD didėjo dėl kelių priežasčių. Lietuvos ESD turėjo įtakos įstojimas į ES ir prasidėjęs vadinamasis „pasivijimo“ laikotarpis, kuris iš pradžių turėjo neigiamos įtakos ekonomikos dalyvių taupymo normai ir veiksniai, kilę šalies viduje, pvz. perdėtas ekonomikos dalyvių optimizmas, sparčiai augantis darbo užmokestis, mažėjantis nedarbas, pigios ir lengvai prieinamos paskolos, neefektyvios vietinės ir tiesioginės užsienio investicijos, (kurios buvo nukreiptos į pajėgumų didinimą, vartojimo didinimą ir kitų trumpalaikių ekonominių problemų sprendimui vietoj to, kad paspartintų pramonės vystymąsi ir padidintų šalies eksporto konkurencingumą), didelė infliacija ir kt. Minėtos priežastys skatino importą ir ribotojo eksporto augimą, o didelis šalies patrauklumas užsienio investuotojų akyse tik... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Izgorodin, A. Government's Fiscal Policy Measures to Reduce Current Account Deficit in Lithuania: bachelor thesis, Economics. Vilnius, ISM University of Management and Economics, 2009. The goal of this work is to suggest the fiscal measures that the government can use in order to reduce the Lithuanian current account deficit (CAD). In this work I analyze how different components of Lithuanian current account have performed in time. In addition to this, I will determine, whether Lithuanian CAD is problematic and dangerous for the country. Moreover, I will perform regression analysis in order to find out how different variables have affected the current account balance of the country. Lastly, I will suggest tax rates and the direction of government spending that should be used in order to reduce the CAD in Lithuania. Results show that Lithuanian CAD is a consequence of several factors. Firstly, one of the causes of CAD in Lithuania is the so-called catch-up period which started after Lithuania has joined the EU. At first the catch-up process had a negative effect on the current account balance through low savings rate. In addition to this, factors inside the country have also contributed to CAD. The factors, among others, include over optimism of business and consumers, increasing salaries, decreasing unemployment, cheap and easily accessible loans, inefficient investments both within the country and from abroad (FDI), which were largely directed towards increasing of the... [to full text]

In this paper we analyze the impact of global imports on regional labor markets, and how such impact translates to changes in voting patterns in the U.S. Presidential elections from 2000 to 2016. We find that imports from different U.S. trading partners influence voting patterns in different ways. In particular, we observe an anti-incumbent effect caused by import competition from OECD countries. Such an effect cannot be observed for imports from low-income countries. There is also evidence that suggests high exposure to import competition tends to drive voters toward the Democratic candidate, who typically proposes better social welfare programs and more protectionist policies. For imports from low-income countries, evidence for such effects is less robust, but still significant. Despite the voters’ earlier alignment toward the Democrats, we observe a significant voter realignment toward the Republican candidate in the 2016 election due to sudden changes in the Republicans’ stance on global trade. Taken together, these results paint a picture of how the voters’ sentiment towards global trade evolves throughout time and varies with regards to different U.S. trading partners.