La problématique associée à ce travail de thèse concerne la détermination des causes de fatigue thermique dans des conduites hydrauliques. Ce travail porte plus particulièrement sur l’étude d’une zone de mélange orthogonale dans laquelle débouchent deux écoulements à différentes températures et présentant des régimes dynamiques turbulents. Ce type de configuration est utilisé afin de favoriser la baisse de température de l’écoulement (ou l’augmentation de température selon les cas). Pour des valeurs élevées du nombre de Reynolds et des écarts de températures des écoulements en confluence, la charge thermique engendrée par les fluctuations pariétales de température peut entraîner la formation de fissures dans les canalisations.Pour faire face à ce problème, les méthodes de dimensionnement des conduites hydrauliques mettent en évidence la nécessité de connaître la charge thermique imposée sur la paroi sensible. Le besoin attendu en termes de caractérisation dynamique et thermique de ces écoulements est à l’origine de ce projet de recherche qui s’attache ainsi à déterminer pour une configuration industrielle simplifiée, les phénomènes dynamiques et thermiques instationnaires et tridimensionnels à proximité de la paroi. Pour cela, l’étude s’organise en deux phases. Une approche expérimentale, faisant appel à la vélocimétrie par images de particules et la thermographie infrarouge, est mise en oeuvre dans un écoulement turbulent à la jonction entre une conduite de section rectangulaire et un piquage cylindrique. L’étude expérimentale permet de mesurer l’effet de différents paramètres de l’écoulement (régime dynamique, rapport des vitesses de l’écoulement, écart de température). Une des configurations expérimentales est de plus modélisée par simulations des grandes échelles dans laquelle le transfert thermique conjugué entre le fluide et la paroi d’intérêt est pris en compte. Les champs statistiques de vitesse et température issus du calcul numérique sont comparés à la base de données expérimentale. L’analyse des mécanismes thermodynamiques près de la paroi et dans la paroi, est de plus réalisée au moyen des grandeurs statistiques de l’écoulement, des corrélations de vitesse-température et de l’enregistrement temporel de sondes numériques placées dans l’écoulement et dans la paroi. / This research work originates from thermal stress issues in hydraulic pipes. It specifically focuses on determination of thermal load created by mixing flows in orthogonal pipe junctions. Such mixing zones are commonly used to cool or heat the main flow. For high Reynolds number values and high difference of temperature of the two flows, thermal load created by strong temperature fluctuations at the wall can initiate and propagate cracks through the pipe. Standards in pipe design pointed out the need in knowing these thermal loads applied at the downstream junction wall. Thus, this study aims to characterize three-dimensional and unsteady dynamical and thermal phenomena in a simplified industrial configuration. First, an experimental investigation based on particle image velocimetry and infrared thermography has been carried out on a cylindrical jet pipe flowing through a main rectangular channel flow. Different parameters have been studied such as Reynolds number influence, velocity ratio between secondary and main flow and temperature difference. One of the experimental configurations has also been investigated using numerical simulations. LargeEddy Simulations with conjugate heat transfer model has been developed and compared to the experimental database. Dynamics and Thermal mechanisms have been analysed near the wall and within the wall with obtained statistical flow fields, velocity-temperature moments and numerical probes extracted from fluid and solid parts.

L'utilisation de caméras infrarouges bas coûts pour la surveillance long-terme d'infrastructures est prometteuse grâce aux dernières avancées technologiques du domaine. Une mesure précise de la température des surfaces observées in-situ se heurte au manque de connaissance des propriétés radiatives de la scène. L'utilisation d'une instrumentation multi-capteurs permet d'affiner le modèle de mesure afin d'obtenir une estimation plus précise de la température. A contrario, il est montré qu'il est toujours possible d'exploiter des données climatiques en ligne pour pallier un manque de capteur. Des méthodes bayésiennes d'estimation conjointe d'émissivité et de température sont ensuite développées et comparées aux méthodes de la littérature. Un simulateur d'échanges radiatifs diffus de scènes 3D a été implémenté afin de tester ces différentes méthodes. Ce logiciel utilise l'accélération matérielle de la machine pour réduire les temps de calcul. Les résultats numériques obtenus mettent en perspective une utilisation avancée de la thermographie infrarouge multi-spectrale pour la surveillance de structures. Cette estimation conjointe permet alors d'obtenir un estimé de la température par thermographie infrarouge avec une incertitude connue. / The latest technological improvements in low-cost infrared cameras have brought new opportunities for long-term infrastructures monitoring. The accurate measurement of surfaces' temperatures is facing the lack of knowledge of radiatives properties of the scene. By using multi-sensors instrumentation, the measurement model can be refined to get a better estimate of the temperature. To overcome a lack of sensors instrumentation, it is shown that online and free available climatic data can be used. Then, Bayesian methods to estimate simultaneously the emissivity and temperature have been developed and compared to literature's methods. A radiative exchange simulator of 3D scenes have been developed to compare those different methods on numerical data. This software uses the hardware acceleration as well as a GPGPU approach to reduce the computation time. As a consequence, obtained numerical results emphasized an advanced use of multi-spectral infrared thermography for the monitoring of structures. This simultaneous estimation enables to have an estimate of the temperature by infrared thermography with a known uncertainty.

Le marché des diodes électroluminescentes (LEDs) de puissance est en perpétuelle croissance depuis une vingtaine d’années. Le marché de l’éclairage évolue car les besoins ont changé : nous souhaitons, par exemple, aujourd’hui réduire la consommation électrique, ou avoir des éclairages plus flexibles (couleur, cycle d’allumage, encombrement, …). Les LEDs de puissance permettent d’apporter des solutions où les autres éclairages font défauts. Une étude comparative est menée entre les LEDs et les autres sources d’éclairages. Une LED de puissance émettant une lumière blanche est constituée d’une puce semi-conductrice, d’un substrat, d’un PAD et d’une optique primaire. Différentes méthodes permettent d’obtenir de la lumière blanche avec des LEDs : plusieurs puces, une puce avec un ou des luminophores, ou la méthode PRS-LED. Le luminophore a un rôle optique important et un rôle thermique non négligeable. Après avoir été excité par la lumière émise de la puce, il réémet de la lumière dans une longueur d’onde supérieure. L’efficacité de ce processus dépend de nombreux paramètres, comme la mise en oeuvre du luminophore ou le type de luminophore utilisé. L’étude et la caractérisation des propriétés optiques et thermiques sont faites pour des LEDs commerciales, composées d’une même puce émettant de la lumière bleue, avec et sans luminophore jaune. Afin de maitriser le maximum de facteurs, nous avons mené une étude et un dimensionnement du circuit imprimé (PCB) sur lequel va être implanté nos LEDs. Dans le but d’évaluer les matériaux constituant les LEDs, des analyses au microscope à balayage électronique et par microsonde ont été menées. Ces travaux ont permis de révéler, notamment, la position de la jonction p-n dans la puce et la composition de la couche de luminophore par deux types différents. De plus, afin d’améliorer notre compréhension, une étude comparative a été menée sur trois luminophores jaunes. Ensuite, les deux types de LEDs, puce nue et puce avec luminophore, ont été testés dans le but d’obtenir le flux lumineux et le rendement des LEDs. La caractérisation optique nous a amené à créer un banc pour obtenir la luminance énergétique spectrale sur une partie minime de la puce. D’autre part, nous nous intéressons à la température de jonction de la puce nue, que nous mesurons par différentes méthodes, dont la thermographie infrarouge. Pour cela, l’émissivité a été estimée pour la puce nue et la puce avec luminophore. Puis nous comparons aussi ces différentes méthodes pour le calcul de la résistance thermique Rth j-PAD entre la jonction et le PAD. Le maillage de fils conducteurs implanté sur la surface de la puce est modélisé électriquement. Cette étude, qui est composée de niveaux progressifs de modélisation, permet de comprendre la répartition du courant électrique qui traverse la jonction, et ainsi d’appréhender la répartition du flux lumineux et de la température au niveau de la surface de la puce. Après, un modèle thermo-optique décrit les phénomènes présents au niveau de la jonction d’une puce nue : la conversion de la puissance électrique en lumière bleue et en chaleur, et les transferts de chaleur. Nous complétons ce premier modèle pour obtenir un modèle d’une puce avec le luminophore. Ce dernier modèle prend en compte la photo-conversion du luminophore avec le calcul de flux lumineux à la sortie du luminophore et le calcul de la chaleur due à la photo-conversion. La résolution de ce modèle nous permet d’obtenir la température de jonction d’une puce avec luminophore. La conservation d’énergie du modèle est aussi vérifiée. Le modèle thermo-optique est appliqué à une cartographie de température de surface afin d’obtenir une cartographie de la température de jonction. Ces cartographies sont regroupées avec les clichés de thermographie infrarouge et de luminance énergétique. / The high brightness LED market is constantly growing last twenty years. The lighting market is changing as needs have changed: we would like, for example, reduce power consumption, or have more flexible lighting (color, lighting cycle, dimensions ...). High brightness LEDs help provide solutions where others are lighting defects. A comparative study is conducted between the LEDs and other lighting sources.The operation of a high brightness LED emitting white light is explained with the description of each element: chip, substrate, the PAD and optics. Then the different methods of obtaining white light with LEDs are compared: several chips, a chip with one or more phosphors, or PRS-LED method. The phosphor has a significant optical role and an important thermal role. After being excited by the light emitted from the chip, it re-emits light in a greater wavelength. The effectiveness of this process depends on many parameters, such as the implementation of the phosphor, or the type of phosphor used. The study and characterization of optical and thermal properties are made for commercial LEDs, composed of a single chip emitting blue light with and without yellow phosphor. To master the maximum factors, we conducted a study and design of the printed circuit board (PCB) on which will be implanted our LEDs. In order to evaluate the materials constituting the LEDs, analyzes made at scanning electron microscope, and by microprobe were conducted. This work has revealed in particular the position of the p-n junction in the chip, and the composition of the phosphor layer of two different types. Moreover, to improve our understanding, a comparative study will be conducted on three yellow phosphors. Then the two types of LEDs, bare chip and chip with phosphor, were tested in order to obtain the luminous flux and efficiency of LEDs. The optical characterization has led us to create a bench for spectral radiance over a small portion of the chip. Furthermore, we are interested in the junction temperature of the bare chip, which we measure by various methods, including infrared thermography. For this, the emissivity was estimated for the bare chip and the chip with phosphor. Then we also compare these different methods to calculate the thermal resistance Rth j-PAD between the junction and the PAD. The mesh of conductive wires, implanted on the surface of the chip, is electrically modeled. The study, which is composed of three progressive levels of modeling, provides an understanding of distribution of the electric current through the junction, and thus to understand the distribution of the light flow and temperature at the surface of the chip. Afterwards, an optical-thermal model describes the phenomena present at the junction of a bare chip: converting electrical power into blue light and heat, and heat transfer. We complete this first model for a model of a chip with the phosphor. This model takes into account the photo-conversion of the phosphor with the calculation of the luminous flux at the output of the phosphor and the calculation of the heat due to the photo-conversion. The resolution of this model allows us to obtain the junction temperature of a chip with phosphor. The model of energy conservation is also verified. The optical-thermal model is applied to a surface temperature mapping in order to obtain a mapping of the junction temperature. These maps are combined with pictures of infrared thermography and radiance.

Since many buildings in Canada were built prior to the advent of national and provincial energy codes and standards, quantifying building envelope thermal performance in existing buildings is an important step in identifying retrofit opportunities. Due to the lack of building codes or standards for existing buildings in Canada, development of a rapid and robust quantitative approach to evaluate and rank buildings for vertical envelope retrofits is required. Hence, this dissertation sought to develop quantitative approaches to evaluate existing building envelope thermal performance in Canada and beyond. Following current professional practices, in Chapter 1, a comprehensive study was conducted on 49 campus buildings at the University of Victoria (UVic) to evaluate potential energy savings from vertical envelope retrofits, and to further validate those savings through more detailed energy models and parametric analyses for a subset of buildings. To this end, the thermal performance of a building envelope was quantified based on its heat loss coefficient (UA), obtained from multiplying its surface area (A) by its thermal transmittance (U-value). Heat loss calculations were used as a metric to inform envelope rehabilitation prioritization, while considering other data such as age and physical condition in parallel. Archetype energy models for selected buildings were used to evaluate the impacts of envelope retrofits on energy and GHG savings. The outcomes of this study allowed the University to weigh the benefits of improved energy performance from envelope retrofits against associated capital cost expenditures. Also, the implemented methodology and studied parameters unveiled a new horizon in evaluating the thermal performance of existing building envelopes in Canada, where a building code for existing buildings has not yet been established. Considering the economic findings of the envelope retrofits studied, it was concluded that in the absence of an existing building energy code, the University would likely require additional incentives, such as higher utility costs, higher carbon taxes, or qualifying for utility incentive programs to justify improving existing building envelope performance on the basis of energy only. The strength of the proposed methodology in Chapter 1 was in its balance of effort and ultimate decision-making utility, where reasonable thermal bridging approximations based on simulation models for existing buildings can yield data accurate enough to inform a ranking exercise on a large breadth of subject buildings. However, since numerical models do not consider degradation of building materials, real moisture content, and errors associated with manufacturing and installation, actual building envelope thermal performance differs from 3D simulation models. To study this limitation, in-situ thermal assessments of building envelopes were performed to quantify their actual thermal performances. To this end, Chapters 2 to 4 of this dissertation attempted to determine the viability of an external infrared thermography (IRT) survey technique for quantification of heat losses through the opaque building envelope, and also explores its potential application in identifying and comparing sources of air leakage. The experiments were performed on wood-framed wall assemblies commonly used in Canada due to growing interest among designers, builders, and governments to encourage the use of wood as a building material. In these studies, (Chapter 2 to Chapter 4), thermal transmittances (U-values) of wall assemblies were estimated with external IRT and compared with 3D computer simulations. Furthermore, the impact of the accuracy of U-values estimated with IRT on the deviation of energy simulation outputs with metered data was examined. Finally, a novel relative quantitative infrared index (IRI) was proposed as a means to facilitate rapid evaluation and subsequent ranking of building envelope thermal performance. From the experiments in Chapters 2 & 3, it was found that the U-values obtained with IRT were comparable with simulated values suggesting IRT can be a reliable tool for estimating the thermal performance of wood-framed wall assemblies. Results also demonstrated that thermal imaging artefacts including nonlinear characteristics of infrared (IR) camera focal array, a.k.a. non-uniformity corrections (NUC) and vignetting could have a substantial influence on the accuracy of results, in particular energy model outputs. This limitation was resolved by introducing a practical approach where thermal images were taken from different incident angle. Overall, IRI was found to be a reliable metric for relative quantitative comparison of building envelope thermal performance regardless of boundary conditions. Moreover, outcomes of the IRT air leakage study in Chapter 4 indicated that combined qualitative and quantitative IRT approaches could potentially be implemented by practitioners to identify sources of air leakage and thermal bridges in buildings and compare their relative severity. Since blower door testing is gradually being introduced as a building code requirement to measure building envelope airtightness in an increasing number of Canadian jurisdictions, performing IRT simultaneously is potentially valuable exercise in this context. Ultimately, the methodologies outlined in Chapters 2 to 4 can help decision-makers to characterize building envelope retrofits from a performance perspective, and potentially serve as a basis for governments to develop policies to improve existing building energy performance. The methodologies in Chapters 2 to 4 prompted opportunities to utilize the emergent technology of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with an infrared camera for quick thermal assessments of building envelopes. The last chapter of this dissertation, Chapter 5, outlines advantages and limitations of aerial IRT (UAV-IRT) surveys compared to conventional stationary IRT. Furthermore, a set of best practices for UAV-IRT were presented to minimize dynamic measurement uncertainty. It was concluded that with the current IR camera technology, aerial surveys for quantitative thermal assessment of building envelope are not as accurate as with conventional infrared thermography; further investigations by manufacturers and researchers are recommended. / Graduate

Alors que les producteurs d'œufs canadiens font la transition des cages conventionnelles vers les systèmes de logement alternatifs, il est important de déterminer l’impact de ceux-ci sur le bien-être et les performances des poules pondeuses. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer la prévalence de déviation du bréchet, de fracture du bréchet, de dermatite du coussinet plantaire et l’état du plumage dans les fermes commerciales du Québec, Canada. Le taux de ponte, la mortalité cumulée, la consommation alimentaire, l’épaisseur de la coquille, le poids de l’œuf, la force de la coquille, l’unité Haugh et la prévalence d’œufs sales et craqués ont été utilisés pour déterminer la performance du troupeau. L’utilisation de la thermographie infrarouge comme outil diagnostique pour les fractures du bréchet et les dermatites du coussinet plantaire a également été évaluée. Les données révèlent que les poules maintenues en volières présentent une prévalence de fracture du bréchet (P=0,011) et une mortalité (P=0,0049) plus élevée, en plus de produire des œufs avec une épaisseur de coquille supérieure comparativement aux poules maintenues en cages enrichies (P=0,0049). Une faible consommation alimentaire était corrélée avec une prévalence élevée de poules présentant une perte de plumes (P < 0,05) et une consommation alimentaire élevée était corrélée avec un poids d’œufs élevé (P < 0,05). Les systèmes de logement n’ont pas influencé les autres paramètres étudiés. Globalement, les volières impactent négativement les fractures du bréchet, les dermatites du coussinet plantaire ainsi que la mortalité et la thermographie infrarouge n’est pas un outil diagnostique fiable. / As Canadian egg farmers transition their flocks from conventional cages to alternative housing systems, it is important to evaluate the impact of the latter on the performance and welfare of laying hens. To this end, the present study investigates the prevalence of keel bone deviation, keel bone fracture, footpad dermatitis and feather coverage in commercial flocks in Quebec, Canada, housed in enriched cages and aviaries. Mean egg production, cumulative mortality, feed intake, shell thickness, egg weight, shell strength, Haugh unit, and the prevalence of cracked or dirty eggs were used as measures of flock performance. The present study also investigates the use of infrared thermography as a diagnostic tool for keel bone fractures and footpad dermatitis in hens. Our data show that hens housed in aviaries have a significantly higher prevalence of keel bone fracture (P=0.011) and cumulative mortality (P=0.0049) but that the egg shells of aviary hens are significantly thicker than their counterparts in enriched cages (P=0.0049). While thermal imaging could not distinguish between hens with and those without fractures, footpad temperatures were significantly higher in hens with severe dermatitis (P<0.01). Furthermore, a low feed intake positively correlated with damaged feather coverage (P<0.05), while high feed intake correlated with high egg weight (P<0.05). The other parameters studied were not influenced by the type of housing. Overall, aviary housing negatively impacted keel bone fractures, footpad dermatitis and mortality and infrared thermography is not a valid diagnostic tool for keel fracture and footpad dermatitis in hens.

<p>Highly loaded airfoils in low-pressure turbines (LPTs) suffer from laminar flow separation from the suction side of the airfoils aft of the throat of the passages. This separation harms the performance of the engine by reducing the power extraction from the turning air and ultimately reduces the overall turbine efficiency. Flow control techniques have been investigated to eliminate flow separation in aerodynamic surfaces to abate the losses associated with it. This Master of Science Thesis investigates the design, implementation and testing of pulsated injection actuation in a low-Reynolds flow over a wall-mounted hump.</p> <p>Furthermore, this Thesis expands on the existing expertise in the infrared (IR) thermography measurement technique at the Purdue Experimental Turbine Aerothermal Lab. This is done through an investigation of the factors affecting the IR measurement technique and the development of an optical instrument (borescope) to implement in an annular cascade wind tunnel. IR thermography is used on the wall-mounted hump blowdown tests to detect the separation point in the boundary layer using two techniques: by an investigation of the surface temperature distribution and an investigation of the heat transfer behavior at the surface. Finally, the borescope is commissioned through the first testing campaign of the LPT airfoils, and are processed to thermally investigate the passage.</p> <p>This thesis succeeds in expanding the IR capabilities within PETAL, and at demonstrating pulsated injection as an effective method to eliminate flow separation. Furthermore, IR successfully detects flow separation on the wall-mounted hump through the two methods presented, as well as detecting the boundary layer reattachment caused by the flow control technique. The limitations of the thermal methodology, as well as those of the optical probe are addressed, and the uncertainties in the measurements are quantified. Finally, steps to continue the studies are suggested at the end of each methodology chapter, including the potential redesign of the IR borescope to improve the quality of measurements. </p>

Purpose: this degree project investigates the homeowner’s knowledge about their energy use and the impact of using visualisation tools such as thermal imaging to enhance public engagement in energy conservation in building. Additionally, the study try to increase the understanding of how people's behavior affects the energy use in buildings. The method: the presented study is based on 12 participants who own a single-family house in central Sweden. Participation in this study involved responding to two questionnaires and conducting a thermography inspection. A methodology developed to replace a standard thermography inspection with a DIY themography survey. The study identified and filled the gap in the literature, by allowing house owners to carry out the thermographing inspection of their own buildings, free of charge and by themselves. The participants took part of a developed educational material that helps in increasing energy awareness and includes explanations about how to interpret the thermal images and provides suggestions for possible conservation measures. Finally, a data analyse carried out based on questionnairs, thermal images and communications with the house owners. The results: cold bridges are the most common cause of heat loss in the inspected single-family houses. Householders with older buildings who have long term plan to live in their building are willing to implement measures, while participants with newer buildings do not consider it as necessary. The infrared camera has been an effective tool for visualization of heat loss and attract attention. Many participants are surprised over the results. Conclusion: the study confirms that the infrared camera is an effective tool for heat loss visualization and can be used for enhancing public engagement in energy conservation in building. Thanks to this visualization, Swedish homeowners have gained an increased interest in energy-efficient measures such as additional insulation, window replacement and sun protection. The study has increased the general awareness and knowledge regarding energy efficiency in buildings.

[pt] A determinação da vida à fadiga para projetar estruturas e componentes mecânicos é extremamente importante. A curva S-N pode ser afetada por diferentes condições operacionais e alguns fatores são mais pronunciados no teste ultrassônico de fadiga, dependendo do material. A influência da alta frequência nos fenômenos de autoaquecimento e o efeito da frequência são discutidos. Um aspecto relevante em VHCF é o mecanismo de iniciação e propagação de trincas. Os fenômenos como olho de peixe e área fina granular (FGA) foram encontrados nas superfícies de fratura. Esta tese está dividida em 3 tópicos: evolução da temperatura, amplitude de deformação da microplasticidade e investigação da região FGA. Os materiais em estudo são os aços DIN 34CrNiMo6 e DIN 42CrMo4. O teste de fadiga ultrassônica foi realizado em diferentes condições de carregamento no modo intermitentes e acompanhado por câmera termográfica infravermelha. Esses resultados obtidos para a câmera termográfica foram usados para desenvolver um modelo de inteligência artificial usando aprendizado de máquina para prever a curva temperatura-número de ciclos. O modelo foi capaz de prever a temperatura e os valores do coeficiente de determinação estão acima de 0,98. Para prever a vida à fadiga, foram escolhidos parâmetros baseados em tensão, curva S-N tradicional, temperatura no início do teste, (razão de Rayleigh), dissipação de calor, Qcyc e gradiente de temperatura. A temperatura em estado estacionário foi atingida em aproximadamente 5E+04 ciclos em ambos os aços. Observa-se que o número de ciclos até a falha aumenta à medida que a inclinação da temperatura (fase I) e a dissipação de calor diminuem. (razão de Rayleigh) forneceu melhor concordância com os resultados experimentais seguido por Qcyc. Além disso, grãos ultrafinos na seção transversal do FGA entre 500 -700 nm dentro da superfície da fratura foram detectados pela análise FIB e EBSD. O local grain refinament foi escolhido como o melhor modelo para explicar a formação de FGA. As inclusões não metálicas Al2O3 foram responsáveis por todas as iniciações internas da trinca de fadiga. / [en] The determination of fatigue life to design structures and mechanical components is extremely important. The S-N curve can be affected by different operational conditions, and some factors are more pronounced under ultrasonic fatigue test, depending on the material. The influence of the high frequency in self-heating phenomena and frequency effect are discussed. A relevant aspect in VHCF is the mechanism of crack initiation and propagation. The fish-eye and fine granular area (FGA) phenomena were encountered on the fracture surfaces. This thesis is divided in 3 topics: temperature evolution, microplasticity strain amplitude, and investigation of the FGA region. The materials under study are DIN 34CrNiMo6 and DIN 42CrMo4 steel. Ultrasonic fatigue test was conducted at different intermittent driving and loading ratios, accompanied by an infrared thermographic camera. These results obtained by the thermographic camera were used to developed an artificial intelligence model using machine learning to predict the temperature-number of cycle curves based on the fatigue life. The model was able to predict the temperature and the coefficient of determination values to be above 0.98. In order to predict the fatigue life, parameters were selected based on stress, the traditional S-N curve, slope temperature at the beginning of the test, (Rayleigh ratio), heat dissipation, Qcyc, and gradient temperature. A steady state temperature was reached approximately in 5E+04 cycles with both steels. It is noticeable that the number of cycles to failure increases as slope temperature and heat dissipation decreases. (Rayleigh ratio) provided better agreement with the experimental results followed by Qcyc. Moreover, ultrafine grains in the cross–section of the FGA between 500 - 700 nm within the fracture surface were detected by FIB and EBSD analysis. Local grain refinement was choose the best model to explain FGA formation. The non-metallic inclusions were ultimately responsible for all internal crack initiations of Al2O3.

Additive manufacturing (AM) has largely improved design freedom compared with traditional manufacturing processes such as casting and milling. The layer-by-layer workflow makes it possible to produce objects with much more complex shapes and structures. This feature is of particular interest for turbine blade manufacturing since internal cooling channels with higher thermal efficiency can be achieved toimprove the overall efficiency of a gas turbine. One feature of AM, especially for Laser Power Bed Fusion (LPBF) working on metal powders, is the relatively large surface roughness (SR), which will affect both heat transfer and pressure loss. Its geometry is also unique with the very randomly distributed spherical-shaped structures. This randomness makes the correlations for heat transfer and pressure loss based on sand grain roughness not applicable anymore. More in-depth research is needed to investigate the roughness effects. In this study, the AM roughness is modelled by a statistical distribution of spheres with different diameters using an upscale ratio of 77.4. An infrared (IR) camera was used to record the temperature distribution on the rough plates subjected to heated airflow. Three Re in the turbulent region (15000, 20000, 25000) were tested and the data from the IR camera were used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) on the rough plate through a 3D finite element calibration solver. The results of averaged HTC agree well with data of the real Inconel 939 AM channel from which the upscaled rough plates are modelled. Also, the general patterns of HTC distributions matched the fluid dynamics analysis. Moreover, the results of arranging smooth and rough plates together shows that the heat transfer enhancement from SR is due to both the induced turbulent flows and the increased surface area. / Additiv tillverkning har i hög grad förbättrat designfriheten jämfört med traditionella tillverkningsprocesser som gjutning och fräsning. Att bygga lager för lager gör det möjligt att tillverka föremål med mycket mer komplexa former och strukturer. Denna egenskap är av särskilt intresse för tillverkning av turbinblad eftersom bättre interna kylkanaler kan uppnås för att förbättra den totala verkningsgraden hos en gasturbin. En egenskap hos additiv tillverkning är den relativt stora ytojämnheten, som påverkar både värmeöverföring och tryckförlust. Dess geometri är också unik med mycket slumpmässigt fördelade sfäriskt formade strukturerna. Denna slumpmässighet gör att de korrelationer för värmeöverföring och tryckförlust som baseras på sandkornens grovlek inte längre är tillämpliga. Mer djupgående forskning behövs för att undersöka grovhetseffekterna. I den här studien modelleras den additiva tillverkningens grovhet med en statistisk fördelning av sfärer med olika diametrar med ett uppskalningsförhållande på 77,4. En infraröd (IR) kamera användes för att registrera temperaturfördelningen på de skrovliga plattorna som utsattes för ett uppvärmt luftflöde. Tre Re i det turbulenta området (15000, 20000, 25000) testades och data från IR-kameran användes för att beräkna värmeöverföringskoefficientenpå den grova plattan genom en 3D finita elementkalibreringslösare. Resultaten av den genomsnittliga värmeöverföringskoefficienten stämmer väl överens med data från den verkliga additivt tillverkade Inconel 939-kanalen från vilken de uppskaladeg rova plattorna är modellerade. Även de allmänna mönstren för fördelningen av värmeöverföringskoefficienter stämmer överens med den fluiddynamiska analysen. Dessutom visar resultaten av att arrangera släta och grova plattor tillsammans att värmeöverföringsförbättringen från ytjämnhet beror på både de inducerade turbulenta flödena och den ökade ytarean.

Through air drying (TAD) enables production of premium tissue products with increased softness, absorbency and bulk. On the other hand, the energy consumption of the TAD process is considerably higher than for conventional tissue drying alternatives. Previous studies on the TAD process have indicated that the drying rate for low grammage sheets is independent of the flow of air through the sheets.   The objective of this work has been to investigate and quantify how drying times and drying rates for low grammage sheets are affected by the addition of external web heating in a TAD process. Moist Eucalyptus and softwood sheets with grammages ranging from 15 to 60 g/m2 were dried in a laboratory process by an air flow through them and an IR-dryer with a variable power output. During drying, pressure drop and air flow were measured and an IR-camera recorded surface temperatures which enabled calculation of drying times and drying rates.   Using the IR-dryer to dry sheets shortened the drying time with at least 20 % and up to 60 % compared to sheets dried without IR-heating. Both pulp types and all grammages showed a linear relationship between drying times and the amount of evaporated water. Mass specific drying rates however, were very high for low grammage sheets and decreased rapidly with increasing grammage. Especially for low grammage sheets the drying rate had a very strong dependency on the IR-power and increased significantly with every increasing IR-power level. This finding implies that heat transfer could be a limiting factor when drying low grammage sheets in the TAD process. Another interesting phenomenon was observed for all grammages of the Eucalyptus sheets. Through these sheets the air flow rate increased with increasing IR-power, something that was not seen at all for the softwood sheets.   To summarize, adding external web heating to a TAD process resulted in a positive effect on drying times and drying rates, especially for low grammage sheets typical for the TAD process.