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The purpose of this study is to present an alternative way of analyzing the behavior of our leading social and governmental institutions through the employment of Lacanian psychoanalytic theory, specifically Lacan's theory of discourse. Lacan used the term discourse to show that a society's primary social link is founded on language, reflected back through society in the form of discursive practices. According to Lacanian discourse theory, a subject's movement into language and the social bond that is created between people as a result of this movement are at the center of our current cultural condition. More mainstream approaches to organizational behavior have traditionally focused on observed human action to explain human behavior and the correlation of this behavior with possible remedial actions. Lacanian discourse theory, with its foundation in psychoanalytic theory, enables the formulation of a model of institutional behavior that goes beyond more mainstream approaches by focusing on behavior at the unconscious level. The central premise of this dissertation is that there has been a cultural shift in the United States from the dominant form of discourse of the modern era to a new form of discourse. This new discourse has led to serious disconnections between our current social bond and true human desire. By employing Lacanian discourse theory, changes in the deeper, structural level of how a society relates to and communicates with each other will be revealed, thus providing greater insight into the current social condition of the United States and how this condition affects the behavior of its leading public institutions. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this dissertation is to explore how diversity discourse inscribes oppressive institutional structures (slavery, racism, and whiteness), specifically, institutional power, and offer possibilities for making sustainable change. This dissertation is an institutional critique (Porter et al. 2000) that includes Black women's experiences in diversity leadership roles at Virginia Tech, an analysis of the institution's bureaucratic structure, an analysis of diversity discourse published by Virginia Tech's Office for Inclusion and Diversity (OID), and climate surveys. By following diversity discourse, I explore how the discourse and modalities inscribe institutional power, the "outsider-within" construct of Black women, and obstructions to institutional change through discursive practices. In general, change happens at institutions but does not connote equitable, sustainable change. I argue that mapping the discursive and material construction of institutional power can reveal discursive methods/methodologies for remapping the institution toward inscribing structures of resistance. / Doctor of Philosophy / The purpose of this dissertation is to explore how diversity discourse inscribes oppressive institutional structures (slavery, racism, and whiteness), specifically, institutional power, and offer possibilities for making sustainable change. This dissertation is an institutional critique (Porter et al. 2000) that includes Black women's experiences in diversity leadership roles at Virginia Tech, an analysis of the institution's bureaucratic structure, an analysis of diversity discourse published by Virginia Tech's Office for Inclusion and Diversity (OID), and climate surveys. By following diversity discourse, I explore how the discourse and modalities inscribe institutional power, the "outsider-within" construct of Black women, and obstructions to institutional change through discursive practices. The "outsider-within" positionality is "a marginality that stimulated a distinctive Black women's perspective on a variety of themes" (Collins, 2022) from a dual existence as an outsider within oppressive white spaces. Change happens at institutions but does not demonstrate equitable and sustainable change. I argue that investigating the discursive and material construction of institutional power (following the discourse) can reveal discursive methods/methodologies for implementing acts of resistance.

This thesis examines the ways in which the rapid economic changes, as portrayed in two Costa Rican novels, Única mirando al mar (1993) and Los Peor (1995) by Fernando Contreras Castro, serve as solid foundation for laying out the deep-rooted economic and political challenges that have profoundly affected not only Costa Rican society but many of the national institutions. It focuses on revealing the uprising unfertile relationship between the residents and the governmental institutions, whose monstrous model of behavior are incompatible with the Costa Rican Constitution and thus, generating a systematic shift in the social norms. It explores the historical and literary Costa Rican context demonstrating how the narrative shade considerable light on the complex system of governance and its fragility in a democratic society. / Master of Arts

The objectives of this 8-week study were to assess the amount (weight) of pre-consumer (production) food waste at a large university, serving 18,000 meal plan holders, and identify major contributors of food waste (i.e. food categories, types of waste). Dining facility managers and waste coordinators (WCs) were voluntarily recruited from three dining facilities to oversee all food waste data collection and entry by dining staff, and attend weekly meetings with the research team. Food waste was weighed by staff at the designated facilities using institutional food scales. Information about the food waste was then written on tracking sheets and entered into an online database. The tracking sheet and database contained information on: product description (i.e. food type), reason for waste, weight of food (lbs), disposal method (compost/food scraps, diverted, or trash), and any related comments. Waste analysis included aggregating weekly data by total waste (lbs), facility, food type, food groups of MyPlate, and reason for food waste. Quantitative results from this study reveal that thousands of pounds of food waste are disposed of each week, especially for proteins and grains. Results derived from qualitative interviews and focus groups indicated that waste tracking is beneficial for staff buy-in, creating waste standards to improve efficiency, and adjusting food production schedules. Implications from these results indicate ability to help guide policy and practice, and provide insight into major contributors of institutional food waste. / Master of Science

Yes / Despite large number of universities and institutions offering management degrees and interest in the field of entrepreneurship, very less is known about the perception of business lecturers regarding the subject of entrepreneurship, dominant pedagogy, their commitment to teaching and institutional support. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Considering this, the study was carried out with structured questionnaire among 232 lecturers of business management from selected management schools of these three South Asian countries, India, Singapore and Malaysia. In response to chief objective of the study, i.e. commitment of lecturers to teach entrepreneurship, it was found that almost 85 per cent of the respondents have shown that they feel fully committed to teach entrepreneurship and almost 35 per cent of the respondents feel that they will be unwilling to exchange current entrepreneurship teaching for teaching in other subjects. In the same vein, almost 50 per cent of the lecturers agree that their institution is keen to develop entrepreneurship education. However, in relation to training and staff development, it is found that almost 38 per cent of the lecturers have not received such a support. The study provides insight about the level of commitment that business lecturers depict to teach entrepreneurship and resources provided to them by their institute to engage in entrepreneurship education.

I denna studie undersöks hur intresseorganisationer och en myndighetsorganisation idag förhåller sig till 50-tals iden om att för funktionsnedsatta normalisera livet och göra det likt ett normalt liv. Svenska Socialstyrelsen (då medicinalstyrelsen) och de ideella intresseorganisationerna, var de dri-vande parter som gick i bräschen för och gjorde en stor omvandling av vården möjlig i och med nor-malisering. Skandinavien i allmänhet och Sverige i synnerhet var den plats i världen som genom nor-malisering banade väg för stora förändringar i hela västvärlden och även andra icke-västländer för vården/omsorgen om funktionsnedsatta. I studien undersöks hur dessa båda organisationstyper idag förhåller sig till och arbetar med den hi-storiska innebörden av normaliseringen, d.v.s. förbättringar av levnadsförhållanden, vanliga bostäder istället för institution och medborgerliga rättigheter. Syftet med studien är dels att få en uppfattning om hur organisationerna idag resonerar, arbetar och förhåller sig till normalisering men också om det kan finnas frön eller tecken på någon social förändring inom dessa organisationer. Det analyserade materialet består av elektroniska dokument hämtade från Socialstyrelsens, och in-tresseorganisationerna FUBs (riksförbundet för utvecklingsstörda barn, ungdomar och vuxna) samt Autism- och Aspergerförbundet´s hemsidor. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt i uppsatsen används socialkonstruktivism och som metod i analysar-betet används Laclau & Moeffe´s variant av diskursanalys. Dessa utgångspunkter används dels för att kunna uttala sig vilka diskurser som råder i varje organisation idag, dels för att kunna diskutera, pro-blematisera och ge perspektiv på den kunskap och den expertis som vid en första anblick kan se själv-klar och objektiv ut. I resultatdelen, delas materialet in i tre nivåer av normalisering: politisk, kollektiv och individuell. Resultatet visar bl.a. att vissa delar av den normalisering inom området som tog fart på 1950- och 1960-talet fortfarande idag utgör själva grundfundamentet i handikappolitiken. Detta gäller exempel-vis arbetet runt levnadsförhållanden som pågår idag. Resultatet visar också på att de olika organisat-ionerna är ense om mycket, men att de ser på normalisering från olika utgångspunkter. Intresseorgani-sationerna argumenterar ensidigt till förbättringar för funktionsnedsatta genom att utgå från individen och lagen. Myndigheten utgår från politiska målsättningar och kollektivet. I analysen/diskussionen diskuteras bland annat om vad diskurserna kan ha för påverkan för den sociala praktiken samt om det finns frön till social förändring som kan utläses i materialet. Resultatet skall tolkas med försiktighet, då de undersökta diskurserna inte nödvändigtvis represen-terar en fullständig bild av vad organisationerna anser, eller hur de bedriver sitt arbete, men de doku-ment som analyserats är ändå ett slags "ansikte utåt", en genomgång av vad organisationernas offici-ella hemsidor förmedlar.

Inledning: Det finns idag en brist när det gäller forskning kring privata HVB-institutioner. Denna studie ämnar undersöka miljöterapeutiskt behandlingsarbete på HVB-institution. Författaren är intresserad av hur ett anknytningsbaserat behandlingsarbete kan se ut. Frågeställning: Hur skapar behandlingspersonalen förutsättningar för ungdomarnas möjlighet till anknytning? Metod: Genom att göra djupintervjuer med fem behandlingshemsterapeuter om deras arbete i den ostrukturerade miljöterapin, ämnar författaren att bidra till förståelsen och innebörden av anknytningsbaserat arbete på institution. Intervjuerna har analyserats med hjälp av förutbestämda dimensioner tagna från anknytningsteorin. Dessa fyra dimensioner, som beskriver olika aspekter av lyhördhet i föräldra-barn samspel, antas utgöra grunden för att anknytning skall kunna uppstå. Resultat: I intervjuerna framkommer att personalen använder sig av olika former av anknytningsbaserat samspel. I deras berättelser finns många exempel och beskrivningar av hur detta samspel tar sig uttryck i vardagliga situationer mellan personal och ungdom. Vid en analys av materialet hittar författaren samspel som faller in under samtliga fyra dimensioner. Diskussion: Författaren tycker sig kunna påvisa att det pågår ett medvetet arbete med att skapa förutsättningar för att anknytning skall kunna uppstå. Resultatet överensstämmer med den forskning som finns idag. Forskning har visat att de flesta terapeutiska behandlingar är verksamma, oavsett specifik metodik. En god allians är avgörande för ett positivt behandlingsutfall. För att kunna arbeta med anknytningsrelaterad problematik behöver fokus ligga på att åstadkomma en god relation mellan behandlare och klient. Kvar åsterstår att undersöka vilka ungdomar som kan vara betjänta av en anknytningsbaserad behandling och vilka som är i behov av andra insatser och i så fall vilka? / Introduction: There is a lack of research in the field of HVB-institutional care. In this study Environmental therapy treatments in HVB institutions are examined. The author is interested in what a attachment-based treatment can look like in the day to day work of the treatment-center therapists. Question: How do treatment-staff create the conditions for young people to have the opportunity to develop an attachment? Method: Through in-depth interviews with five treatment-center therapists about their work in unstructured environmental therapy, the author wishes to contribute to the understanding and significance of attachment-based work in HVB-institutions. The interviews have been analyzed with the help of predetermined aspects of attachmenttheory. These four dimensions, which describe different aspects of responsiveness in parent-child interaction, are assumed to be the foundation upon which it is possible for attachment to occur. Result: In the explanations, given by the staff, there are examples and descriptions of interaction which can be attributed to all four dimensions. Discussion: The author believes that they can demonstrate that there is a conscious effort to create the conditions under which it is possible for an attachment to occur. The result of this study corresponds with research which exists today. Research has shown that most therapeutic treatments are effective, regardless of the methodology. A good alliance is decisive for determining a positive result. To be able to work with attachment-based problems, there needs to be focus on achieving a strong relation between the therapist and the client. What remains is to look at which young people would benefit from an attachment-based treatment and which are in need of other treatments and in such cases, what are these?

Toute l’histoire humaine, dans son individualité ou sa collectivité, dénote la présence d’un sens de la justice qui se confirme universellement, dans tout espace-temps, même s’il s’affirme, paradoxalement, par une dénonciation de tout ce qui est vécu comme injuste. Notre choix s’est limité à la conception de la justice selon Paul Ricœur. Notre problématique se poserait ainsi : Dans quelle mesure la justice, aussi bien juridique que sociale et politique, saurait-elle réconcilier cette dialectique de l’universel et de l’historique ? Et, par conséquent, dans quelle mesure la justice telle qu’elle se déploierait à travers cette dialectique serait-elle une justice de reconnaissance, une justice qui serait plus juste parce qu’elle reconnaîtrait aussi la valeur d’une loi que la dignité de la personne ? Par ailleurs, Ricœur considère que pour étudier la justice, il faut passer d’un cercle concentrique à un autre. L’évolution des chapitres suivra l’élargissement de ces cercles. Le premier chapitre se focalisera sur leur point centre qui gravite autour des deux notions de la personne et de la justice. Le deuxième chapitre développera le premier cercle qui se limite à l’institution judiciaire et au droit pénal. Le troisième chapitre développera la notion de la justice de l’action à l’institution. C’est le cercle de la justice civile, le deuxième cercle concentrique. Le troisième cercle de la justice s’étayera sur les quatrième et cinquième chapitres. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous nous intéresserons à la justice procédurale, à la formalisation d’un sens de la justice chez Rawls. Le cinquième chapitre débouchera sur une conception de la justice dans son rapport au pluralisme selon la philosophie de Michael Walzer et la thèse de Luc Boltanski et Laurent Thévenot. Le sixième chapitre développera la justice comme une « sagesse pratique ». La conclusion répondra à la question si la justice est reconnaissance. Nous passerons en revue la reconnaissance juridique, la reconnaissance sociale et la reconnaissance politique. / All the human history, in its individuality or its collectivity, shows the presence of a sense of Justice that is confirmed in every space-time even if it’s paradoxically affirmed by a denunciation of every unfair issue. Our choice is limited to the conception of Justice according to Paul Ricœur. The problematic statement would be the following: To what extent would the justice, either legal or social or political, be able to settle this universal and historical dialectic? Thus, to what extent would the justice, as it would be deployed through this dialectic, be a justice of recognition, a justice that would be fairer because it recognizes the law of a value as well as the dignity of a person? Moreover, Ricœur considers that, in order to study justice, one must pass from a concentric circle to another. The chapters’ progress follows these circles’ enlargement. The first chapter will focus on their center point which revolves around the notions of Person and Justice. The second chapter will develop the first circle which is limited to the judiciary institution and to the penal code. The third chapter will develop the notion of Justice from action to institution. This is the circle of the civil justice, the second concentric circle. The third circle of Justice will be expanded to the fourth and fifth chapters. In the fourth chapter, we will discuss the procedural justice, the formalization of a sense of Justice according to Rawls. The fifth chapter will be treating the conception of Justice in its pluralism according to Michael Walzer’s philosophy and Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thevenot’s thesis. The sixth chapter will develop the Justice as a “practical wisdom”. The conclusion will answer to the question if Justice is recognition. We will review the legal recognition, the social recognition and the political recognition.