Die wesentlichen sozio-ökonomischen Prozesse, die die vermehrten anthropogenen CO₂-Emissionen verursachen, können durch die Determinanten Bevölkerung, Wohlstand (Bruttoinlandsprodukt pro Kopf) und Technologie (Energie- und Kohlenstoffintensität) vereinfacht beschrieben werden. Der Einfluss dieser Determinanten auf die Emissionsänderungen ist nicht für alle Länder der Erde gleich.<br /> Zeitreihen der CO₂-Emissionen aus der Verbrennung fossiler Energieträger, der Bevölkerung, des Bruttoinlandsproduktes und des Primärenergieverbrauches von 121 Ländern bilden die Grundlage für das entwickelte statistische Verfahren zur schrittweisen Informationsverdichtung, mit dem der gesamte Datenraum zu 6 energiewirtschaftlichen Ländertypen schrittweise zusammengefasst wird.<br /> Zur Beschreibung dieser Ländertypen wird mit Hilfe der Dekompositionsanalyse der Einfluss der Bevölkerungs-, der Wohlstands- und der Technologiekomponenten an den Emissionsänderungen quantifiziert. Die Ländertypen können vereinfacht als Repräsentanten unterschiedlicher Entwicklungsstufen und -richtungen angesehen werden. Sie bilden unter anderem eine Grundlage für die Weiterentwicklung und Kalibrierung regionalisierter makro-ökonomischer Modelle zu den sozio-ökonomischen Hintergründen der vermehrten anthropogenen CO₂-Emissionen. / The principal socio-economic processes that cause the increased anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide can be modeled by the variables population, affluence (gross domestic product per capita) and technology (energy intensity and carbon intensity). The impact of these variables on the changes of the CO₂ emissions is not the same for all countries of the earth.<br /> Time series of carbon dioxide emissions from burning of fossil energies, population, gross domestic product and of primary energy supply of 121 countries were analyzed. A statistical method for the stepwise aggregation of these data into six classes of countries according to their energy use profile.<br>The impact of population, affluence and technology components on the changes of the emissions of carbon dioxide is quantified by decomposition analysis. The classes of countries according to their energy use profile can be regarded as representative of different states and of different paths of development. These classes are also a basis for the elaboration and calibration of regionalized macro economic models to analyze the socio economic determinants of the increased anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide.

Two weeks before the Copenhagen summit on climate change, China officially made a pledge to cut its carbon intensity by 40 to 45 percent below 2005 level by 2020. The thesis has tried to look into the quality and quantity concern of this pledge made by the biggest CO2 emitter in the world. From the existing projections on China’s business as usual (BAU) scenarios to 2020, there are no unanimous conclusions showing whether there is additionality in China’s pledge to reduce 40-45% of its carbon intensity between 2005 and 2020. Further analysis on selected results, we have found scenarios of two frequently cited authorities, namely IEA and EIA are, to some extent, misinterpreted regarding their references/current policies scenarios. On the other hand, several more typical BAU scenarios, like Garnaut’s and ReMIND-R, predicted much lower than 40% reduction rate in the period of 2005-2020. China’s pledge seems achievable with certain extra effort, comparing with historical pathways of several OECD countries, including U.S., Japan, Germany, and Korea. The average period in these four countries to go through China’s abatement path is around 21 years. From a global prospect, China’s pledge is impressive but not enough to address the climate change issue. The biggest uncertainty inherited in the pledge is the uncertain peak year of absolute emissions. The critical movement beyond 2020 pledge is to peak its absolute CO2 emissions as early as possible. Such a challenging target shall be set as no later than 2030 according to our overviews on the related literature.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Waikato, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 443-488) Also available via the World Wide Web.

abstract: Obesity prevalence is high in the United States, in part due to increased fat storage following consumption of high fat/carbohydrate (sugar) foods. Following a meal, carbohydrate stimulates its own oxidation, while simultaneously suppressing fat oxidation, ultimately leading to fat storage. Aerobic exercise preceding a meal increases fat oxidation in the postprandial period, which may reduce fat storage. The ideal exercise prescription for optimal postprandial fat oxidation is unknown. The effect of low and moderate intensity continuous exercise (MIE) has been studied extensively, while the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on post-prandial substrate oxidation has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of MIE and HIIE on postprandial substrate oxidation after consumption of an isocaloric meal (2 glazed donuts; 520 kcal) in healthy adults. Ten subjects (8 males, 2 females; age=24yr, BMI=24 kg/m2) completed three conditions in random order: 1) no exercise control; 2) MIE: cycling at 60-75%HRmax; 3) HIIE: cycling at 90-95%HRmax. The duration of each exercise bout was sufficient to expend approximately 520 kcal, the energy equivalent of the donuts, which were consumed 1 hour post-exercise. Immediately after consuming the donuts, pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange were measured breath-by-breath continuously and recorded (min-by-min) for 5 hours. Repeated measures analysis of covariance was used to compare the mean differences in outcome variables accounting for gender. Absolute postprandial fat oxidation (g/5 hours) was 17.3±5.4, 27.1±9.6 and 23±1.2 for control, MIE and HIIE trials respectively, with the postprandial fat oxidation significantly greater for the two exercise conditions compared to control. Relative to baseline values, both exercise conditions resulted in cumulative net postprandial fat oxidation significantly greater than control (control = -1.79±3.99g; MIE = 11.51±8.41g, HIIE= 9.51±5.20g). Therefore, results indicate that exercise most certainly increases postprandial fat oxidation, and that exercise type, either MIE or HIIE, is not as important as total energy expended. The fact that exercise of ~1 hour was required to oxidize the amount of fat in two donuts, that required only a few minutes to consume, highlights the challenges of using exercise for weight control in an obesogenic environment. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2018

Submitted by BRUNO DE PAULA CARAÇA SMIRMAUL null (brunosmirmaul@gmail.com) on 2017-01-16T16:59:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE-FINAL-ARQUIVAMENTO.pdf: 1637438 bytes, checksum: 39d0e58bda02b0d292d14effdde3ae15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-20T15:41:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 smirnaul_bpc_dr_rcla.pdf: 1637438 bytes, checksum: 39d0e58bda02b0d292d14effdde3ae15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-20T15:41:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 smirnaul_bpc_dr_rcla.pdf: 1637438 bytes, checksum: 39d0e58bda02b0d292d14effdde3ae15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-11 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Respostas afetivas durante o exercício são relacionadas com a aderência ao exercício e com o comportamento atual/futuro de exercício. Entretanto, há grande variabilidade interindividual nas respostas afetivas ao exercício. Tal variabilidade é parcialmente explicada por diferenças individuais na preferência e tolerância da intensidade de exercício. Assim, os objetivos dessa tese de doutorado foram: Artigo 1 – adaptar o Questionário de Preferência e Tolerância da Intensidade de Exercício para a população brasileira e realizar uma avaliação psicométrica inicial; Artigo 2 – testar a validade estrutural do Questionário em uma amostra populacional diversa e avaliar sua invariância fatorial entre subgrupos de sexo e idade; Artigo 3 – explorar os fatores associados com a Preferência e Tolerância da intensidade de exercício em uma amostra populacional diversa, assim como fornecer valores normativos populacionais; Artigo 4 – testar se os constructos de preferência e tolerância da intensidade de exercício são associados com o comportamento de exercício longitudinalmente em uma amostra populacional diversa. Para isso, os seguintes métodos foram utilizados: Artigo 1 – tradução e retrotradução, produção de uma versão do Questionário em Português Brasileiro, e avaliação psicométrica e validação de constructo usando correlações transversais entre os escores de Preferência e Tolerância e variáveis de atividade física; Artigo 2 – análise fatorial confirmatória e teste de invariância fatorial multigrupos da versão em Português Brasileiro do Questionário em subgrupos de sexo e idade em uma amostra populacional de 622 participantes; Artigo 3 – regressão linear múltipla entre os escores de Preferência e Tolerância com idade, sexo, IMC, e atividade física no tempo de lazer (AFTL) moderada e vigorosa em uma amostra populacional de 622 participantes; Artigo 4 – regressões lineares múltiplas, correlações parciais e regressões logísticas multinomais envolvendo variáveis demográficas e antropométricas, assim como o comportamento de exercício tanto de 2007-2008 como de 2014-2015 de 622 participantes. Os resultados foram: Artigo 1 – A versão em Português do Brasil do PRETIEQ reteve as propriedades psicométricas da versão original, demonstrando adequada consistência interna, confiabilidade teste-reteste e correlações transversais com variáveis de atividade física dentro adultos jovens. Artigo 2 – a versão em Português do Brasil do PRETIE-Q reteve as propriedades estruturais da versão original e demonstrou invariância para sexo e idade. Artigo 3 – dentro alguns preditores significativos, apenas idade (r = - 0,348 e r = -0,341) e AFTL vigorosa (r = 0,276 e r = 0,140) foram significativamente e independentemente associadas com os escores de Preferência e Tolerância, respectivamente. Além disso, valores normativos populacionais estratificados por categorias de idade são apresentados. Artigo 4 – controlando por idade, sexo, IMC e níveis passados de AFTL, o aumento em 1 unidade nos escores de Preferência e/ou Tolerância foram associados com ≈5min/semana de AFTL total, ≈2min/semana de AFTL moderada e ≈2min/semana de AFTL vigorosa. Além disso, considerando os níveis recomendados de AFTL, o aumento de 1 unidade dos escores de Preferência e/ou Tolerância foram associados com ≈4-6%, 12,4% e 9,1% maiores chances de atingir longitudinalmente os níveis recomendados de AFTL total, moderada ou vigorosa, respectivamente. / Affective responses during exercise are related to exercise adherence and current/future exercise behavior. However, there is large inter-individual variability in affective responses to exercise. Such variability is partly explained by individual differences in preference for and tolerance of the intensity of exercise. Thus, the aims of this PhD thesis were: Article 1 – to adapt the Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire (PRETIE-Q) for the Brazilian population and to perform an initial psychometric evaluation; Article 2 – to test the structural validity of the PRETIE-Q in a diverse population sample and to evaluate its factorial invariance across gender and age subgroups; Article 3 – to explore the factors associated with Preference for and Tolerance of the exercise intensity in a diverse population sample, as well as to provide population-based normative values; Article 4 – to test whether the constructs of preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity are associated to exercise behavior longitudinally in a diverse population sample. For this, the following methods were used: Article 1 – translation and back-translation, production of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q, and psychometric evaluation and construct validation using cross-sectional correlations between the Preference and Tolerance scores and physical activity variables; Article 2 – confirmatory factor analysis and a test of multigroup factor invariance of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q across gender and age subgroups in a population sample of 622 participants; Article 3 – multiple linear regression between Preference and Tolerance scores with age, gender, BMI and moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in a population sample of 622 participants; Article 4 – multiple linear regressions, partial correlations and multinomial logistic regressions involving demographic and anthropometric variables, as well as exercise behavior from both 2007-2008 and 2014-2015 of 622 participants. The results were: Article 1 – The Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q retained the psychometric properties of the original, demonstrating adequate internal consistency, testretest reliability, and cross-sectional correlations with physical activity variables among young adults. Article 2 – The Brazilian Portuguese version of the PRETIE-Q retained the structural properties of the original and demonstrated gender and age invariance. Article 3 – among a few significant predictors, only age (r = -0.348 and r = -0.341) and vigorous LTPA (r = 0.276 and r = 0.140) were found to be significantly and independently associated with both Preference and Tolerance scores, respectively. In addition, population-based normative values stratified by age categories are presented. Article 4 – controlling for age, gender, BMI and past LTPA levels, a 1-unit increase in Preference and/or Tolerance scores was associated with additional ≈5min/week of total LTPA, ≈2min/week of moderate LTPA and ≈2min/week of vigorous LTPA. In addition, considering the recommended levels of LTPA, a 1-unit increase in Preference and/or Tolerance scores was associated with ≈4-6%, 12.4% and 9.1% greater odds of longitudinally attaining the recommended levels of total, moderate and vigorous LTPA, respectively. / FAPESP: 2013/10503-0

Orientador: Stelamaris Rolla Bertoli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T09:10:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brito_LuizAntonioPerroneFerreirade_D.pdf: 3739352 bytes, checksum: ef3ea005bce1f1b45574b05f490d22cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Várias cidades brasileiras estão enfrentando problemas de poluição sonora. O ruído de tráfego é a principal causa de incômodo seguido pelo ruído gerado pelos equipamentos utilizados na construção civil. É imperativo que sejam criados parâmetros para controlar a emissão e propagação do ruído gerado pela construção civil para manter uma certa qualidade de vida nas grandes cidades. O nível de potência sonora é um importante parâmetro para análise da propagação sonora no meio ambiente. Pode-se determinar o nível de potência sonora através da medição de intensidade sonora, ín sítu, mesmo na presença de outras fontes de ruído. Assim não é necessária a remoção do equipamento analisado para câmaras anecóicas ou reverberantes. Este trabalho estuda as correções na determinação do nível de potência sonora obtido através da técnica da intensimetria. Deve-se destacar a compilação do estado da arte sobre o assunto. Foram selecionados uma norma e um sistema de medição que possam ser utilizados nos canteiros de obras e indústrias ligadas a construção civil. Os resultados das medições do nível de potência sonora de uma furadeira elétrica, com e sem ruído de fundo, obtidos através da norma ISO 9614-2 (1995) foram comparados aos obtidos em uma camara reverberante através da norma ISO 3741 (1999). Esta comparação permitiu o estudo de três novos indices de campo, Fator de Absorção, Fator de Superf1cie e Fator de Relação da Área da Fonte e da Superf1cie de Medição, que foram utilizados de base para análise dos erros no resultado final do nível de potência sonora, formando uma metodologia confiável, que pode ser utilizada no controle do ruído ambiental / Abstract: Many Brazilian cities are facing noise pollution problems. Traffic noise is the main cause of inconvenience followed by noise generated by equipments used in civil construction. In order to maintain a certain life quality level in large cities it is paramount to control noise emission and propagation generated by civil construction. Sound power level is an important parameter to analyze environmental sound propagation. The sound power level can be determined through ín sítu measurement of sound intensity even in the presence of other sound sources. Therefore, it is not necessary to remove the analyzed equipment to anechoic or reverberation chambers. This work studies the corrections in the determination of the sound power level obtained through intensity technique. The state of art compilation about the subject should be pointed out. Both a standard and a measurement system, which can be used at construction sites and industries related to civil construction, were selected. Results from the sound power level measurements of an electric drill, with and without background noise, acquired through the standard ISO 9614-2 (1995) were compared to those acquired in a reverberation chambers through the standard ISO 3741(1999). This comparison allowed to study three new field indicators, the Absorption Factor, the Surface Factor and the Relation of Source to Measured Surface Area Factor which were used as base in the error analysis of the final result on sound power level, providing a reliable methodology that can be used in the control of environmental noise / Doutorado / Edificações / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

The cosmic ray neutron method was developed for intermediate-scale soil moisture detection, but may potentially be used for other hydrological applications. The neutron signal of different hydrogen pools is poorly understood and separating them is difficult based on neutron measurements alone. Including neutron transport modeling may accommodate this shortcoming. However, measured and modeled neutrons are not directly comparable. Neither the scale nor energy ranges are equivalent, and the exact neutron energy sensitivity of the detectors is unknown. Here a methodology to enable comparability of the measured and modeled neutrons is presented. The usual cosmic ray soil moisture detector measures moderated neutrons by means of a proportional counter surrounded by plastic, making it sensitive to epithermal neutrons. However, that configuration allows for some thermal neutrons to be measured. The thermal contribution can be removed by surrounding the plastic with a layer of cadmium, which absorbs neutrons with energies below 0.5 eV. Likewise, cadmium shielding of a bare detector allows for estimating the epithermal contribution. First, the cadmium difference method is used to determine the fraction of thermal and epithermal neutrons measured by the bare and plastic-shielded detectors, respectively. The cadmium difference method results in linear correction models for measurements by the two detectors, and has the greatest impact on the neutron intensity measured by the moderated detector at the ground surface. Next, conversion factors are obtained relating measured and modeled neutron intensities. Finally, the methodology is tested by modeling the neutron profiles at an agricultural field site and satisfactory agreement to measurements is found.

Endurance can be defined as the ability to maintain or to repeat a given force or power output. The sport performance-endurance relationship is a multi-factorial concept. However, evidence indicates that maximum strength is a major component. Conceptually, endurance is a continuum. The literature indicates that (a) maximum strength is moderately to strongly related to endurance capabilities and associated factors, a relationship that is likely stronger for high intensity exercise endurance (HIEE) activities than for low intensity exercise endurance (LIEE); (b) strength training can increase both HIEE and LIEE, the effect being greater for HIEE; (c) the volume of strength training plays a role in endurance adaptation; and (d) mechanical specificity and training program variables also play a role in the degree of adaptation.

Följande kvantitativa studie undersökte individers olika motivationsfaktorer till att träna låg- eller högintensiva gruppträningspass. I ett försök att förklara detta användes en psykologisk teori kallad Self-Determination theory, vilken är en förenkling av verkligheten för att klargöra människors motivation. Studien gjordes i form av en enkätundersökning där enkäter delades ut på två valda träningsanläggningar, innan och efter två olika gruppträningspass. Femtio enkäter delades ut på varje träningsanläggning. Åttio kvinnor och tjugo män i åldern 17-67 år deltog i studien. Av dessa gick femtiotvå individer på det högintensiva gruppträningspasset CXWORX och fyrtioåtta individer gick på det lågintensiva gruppträningspasset Bodybalance. Det erbjuds övervägande fler högintensiva än lågintensiva gruppträningspass på båda anläggningarna för denna studie. För att utvärdera individernas motivation till fysisk aktivitet, användes ett formulär med tio frågor, modifierat från Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure, REMM. Deltagarna blev ombedda att betygsätta varje objekt på en 5-punkts Likertskala där 1 = Stämmer inte alls och 5 = Stämmer helt överens. I början av enkäten fanns fyra öppna frågor där respondenterna fick svara själva, som blev den kvalitativa delen av studien. Svaren på frågorna kodades sedan till fyra svarskategorier, baserade på en syntes av Morrison et al (2003, 111-120). Studiens resultat visar skillnader i motivationsfaktorer mellan ålder, kön och typ av pass. Sammanfattningsvis tyder resultaten på att både inre och yttre motivationsfaktorer har betydelse för individers motivation till att träna. De inre för att bibehålla träningen över tid och de yttre för att träna, så som utseende och kondition till exempel.Nyckelord: fysisk aktivitet, gruppträning, högintensiv, lågintensiv och motivation. / The following quantitative study examined individuals' motivational factors to trai low or high intensity group training workouts. In an attempt to explain this, a psychological theory called Self-Determination theory was used, which is a simplification of reality to clarify people's motivation. The study was done in the form of a questionnaire survey in which questionnaires were divided into two chosen training facilities, before and after two different group training classes. Fifty questionnaires were distributed at each training facility. Eighty women and twenty men aged 17-67 years, participated in the study. Of these, fifty-two individuals went to the high-intensity group training session CXWORX and forty-eight individuals went to the low-intensity group training session Bodybalance. It is offered predominantly more high-intensity than low-intensity group training classes, at both facilities for this study. To evaluate individuals' motivation for physical activity, a 10-question form, modified from Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure, REMM, was used. Participants were asked to rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 = Not true at all and 5 = Completely agreed. At the beginning of the survey, there were four open questions, where respondents answered themselves, which became the qualitative part of the study. The answers to the questions were then coded to four response categories, based on a synthesis of Morrison et al (2003, 111-120).The results of the study show differences in motivational factors between age, sex and type of group training class. In conclusion, the results suggest that both internal and external motivational factors are important for individuals' motivation to exercise. The internal for maintaining exercise over time and the external to exercise, such as appearance and fitness for example.Keywords: physical activity, group training, high intensity, low intensity and motivation.

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