ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Current failure analysis practices use diagnostic technology developed over the past 100 years of designing and manufacturing electrical and mechanical equipment to identify root cause of equipment failure requiring expertise with the equipment under analysis. If the equipment that failed had telemetry embedded, prognostic algorithms can be used to identify the deterministic behavior in completely normal appearing data from fully functional equipment used for identifying which equipment will fail within 1 year of use, can also identify when the presence of deterministic behavior was initiated for any equipment failure.

Transmissibility is the most common metric used for isolator characterization. However, engineers are becoming increasingly concerned about energy transmission through an isolator at high frequencies and how the compliance of the machine and foundation factor into the performance. In this study, the transfer matrix approach for isolator characterization is first reviewed. Two methods are detailed for determining the transfer matrix of an isolator using finite element simulation. This is accomplished by determining either the mobility or impedance matrix for the isolator and then converting to a transfer matrix. One of the more useful metrics to characterize the high frequency performance of an isolator is insertion loss. Insertion loss is defined as the difference in transmitted vibration in decibels between the unisolated and isolated cases. Insertion loss takes into account the compliance on the source and receiver sides. Accordingly, it has some advantages over transmissibility which is a function of the damping and mounted resonant frequency. A static analysis is to preload the isolator so that stress stiffening is accounted for. This is followed by modal and forced response analyses to identify the transfer matrix of the isolator. In this paper, the insertion loss of spring isolators is examined as a function of several geometric parameters including the spring diameter, wire diameter, number of active coils, and height. Results demonstrate how modifications to these parameters affect the insertion loss and the first surge frequency.

The purpose of this study was to examine in what way a strong employer branding of health promotion can have an effect on the ways individuals can experience isolation and stress. In this survey we have used the theories of health promotion, organizational culture, isolation and stress in an analysis of the possible situation caused by strong employer branding of health promotion. We have used these theories in analysis with the purpose to answer the following questions: How does a strong employer branding of health promotion influence those employees who, for some reasons, don’t take advantage of organizations’ health promotion programs and activities? Could those, who don’t take advantage of health activities, become isolated in a company? The method of research that was used in this study is a qualitative analysis; we used semi structured interviews and open e-mail correspondences. The material was collected from nine different organizations as the response from ten interviews. The result of the analysis show that is possible for an individual to experience isolation and stress as a result of an organization’s employer branding on health promotion. At the same time these individuals can experience that they are indirectly obligated to consider their everyday actions from the health promotion perspective, which we have assumed to be a result of the possible punishments and rewards from their leaders. The conclusion is consequently that a strong employer branding can affect an individual’s social situation within an organization, but it is problematic to see in which scale. The result has revealed that employer branding of health promotion is a possible cause for isolation and stress.

The purpose of Att vara en i mängden… – En studie om religiös isolering på Facebook (Running with the pack… – A study on religious isolation on Facebook) is to gain an understanding of religious isolation between Christian, Jewish, Muslim and non-religious people. Further, the purpose is also to gain insight on how Christians, Jews and Muslims experience Facebook as a platform for expressing religious identity. The study was made using a concurrent mixed method, combining quantitative and qualitative methods, targeting Swedish Facebook users. The theoretical framework behind the study is The Spiral of Silence, by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann.The results indicate that religious isolation exists, and that it effects how prone users are to self-disclose about their religious identity. Also, the study shows that public opinion does not affect how prone users are to self-disclose. Rather, it is determined by the perceived opinion of the people in the user’s Facebook network. Due to the algorithm used by Facebook to filter users’ newsfeed, the recommendation to all Facebook users is to deliberately show interest to a diversity of religious content

Increasing habitat fragmentation and rapid global warming is changing the conditions for species populations and ecological communities around the world. This presents challenges for the maintenance of biodiversity and a dominant paradigm for conservation in fragmented habitats is given by island biogeography and metapopulation (or metacommunity) ecology. In this thesis I approach key concepts (area, connectivity and community assembly) in island biogeography and metacommunity ecology within the context of a dynamic land uplift archipelago. The presented work consists of two interwoven themes: (i) A methodological theme in which statistical approaches are developed to deal with the complexities of multispecies dynamic systems, and (ii) an applied theme dealing with community assembly and island biogeography of bryophytes on young land uplift islands. To describe island connectivity for entire species assemblages, an approach using functional principal component analysis (fPCA) on patch connectivity functions (the connectivity of an island as a continuous function of a variable representing the spatial scale of species dispersal capacities) was developed. In addition, a new statistical method, functional co-inertia analysis (fCoIA), for analyzing co-variation between multivariate species data and continuous functions was developed and applied to the relation between bryophyte species incidences and the island age/area-dynamics. Primarily asexual bryophyte species are dispersal limited and presence probabilities are related to island connectivity. No such patterns were found for species, at least occasionally, producing spores. Our results suggest that bryophyte dispersal is regulated by the contribution of spores to a regional spore rain and that bryophyte species with low spore output at the landscape level may be extra vulnerable under habitat fragmentation and loss. Having specialized asexual propagules increases the presence probabilities on islands, partly compensating for the dispersal limitation in asexual species. This suggests a trade-off between dispersal and establishment capacity, but also points to the importance of local dispersal for maintaining populations under the succession driven spatial turnover of microsites on the islands. Bryophyte colonization is strongly limited by habitat availability when a given habitats is rare, but there seems to exist a threshold over which other processes (e.g. dispersal limitation) become more important. Species with more vagile life history strategies appear to be stronger affected by the area of available habitats than many perennial species

Anekdoter kring konstnärers arbetsrutiner indikerar att vardagliga sysselsättningar kan vara viktigt för kreativt arbete, då kombinationen av tristess och kreativitet är ett återkommande tema. Tidigare forskning visar att tristess kan vara negativt för personers välmående och prestationsförmåga, samtidigt som annan forskning visar att det kan gynna kreativitet. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur konstnärers arbetsprocess ser ut och vilken roll tristess spelar i den. En kvalitativ enkätstudie genomfördes med ett urval bestående av nio konstnärer som arbetade med visuell konst, musik och text. Genom induktiv tematisk analys fann denna studie att den konstnärliga arbetsprocessen bestod av fem olika faser; förberedelseoch inspirationsfas, koncentrationsfas, inkubationsfas, illuminationsfas och avslutningsfas. Tristess uppstod för många i olika delar av arbetsprocessen, och upplevdes som fysiskt och psykiskt obehagligt och stressande. Tristess kunde fungera som motivator att leta upp ny stimulans genom utåtvänt eller inåtvänt sökande. Att uppsöka tristessartade situationer kunde användas som en medveten strategi i arbetsprocessen, och effekterna av tristessperioder upplevdes påverka den kreativa arbetsprocessen både positivt och negativt. Huruvida effekten var positiv eller negativ berodde i stor grad på definitionen av tristessbegreppet samt om det var frivilligt att uppleva tristessen eller inte.

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this project, system identification is done on the Modular Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). This is necessary to perform fault detection and isolation, which is part of the Fault Tolerant Control research project at Stellenbosch University. The equations necessary to do system identification are developed. Various methods for system identification is discussed and the regression methods are implemented. It is shown how to accommodate a sudden change in aircraft parameters due to a fault. Smoothed numerical differentiation is performed in order to acquire data necessary to implement the regression methods. Practical issues regarding system identification are discussed and methods for addressing these issues are introduced. These issues include data collinearity and identification in a closed loop. The regression methods are implemented on a simple roll model of the Modular UAV in order to highlight the various difficulties with system identification. Different methods for accommodating a fault are illustrated. System identification is also done on a full nonlinear model of the Modular UAV. All the parameters converges quickly to accurate values, with the exception of Cl R , CnP and Cn A . The reason for this is discussed. The importance of these parameters in order to do Fault Tolerant Control is also discussed. An S-function that implements the recursive least squares algorithm for parameter estimation is developed. This block accommodates for the methods of applying the forgetting factor and covariance resetting. This block can be used as a stepping stone for future work in system identification and fault detection and isolation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie projek word stelsel identifikasie gedoen op die Modulêre Onbemande Vliegtuig. Dit is nodig om foutopsporing en isolasie te doen wat ’n deel uitmaak van fout verdraagsame beheer. Die vergelykings wat nodig is om stelsel identifikasie te doen is ontwikkel. Verskeie metodes om stelsel identifikasie te doen word bespreek en die regressie metodes is uitgevoer. Daar word gewys hoe om voorsiening te maak vir ’n skielike verandering in die vliegtuig parameters as gevolg van ’n fout. Reëlmatige numeriese differensiasie is gedoen om data te verkry wat nodig is vir die uitvoering van die regressie metodes. Praktiese kwessies aangaande stelsel identifikasie word bespreek en metodes om hierdie kwessies aan te spreek word gegee. Hierdie kwessies sluit interafhanklikheid van data en identifikasie in ’n geslote lus in. Die regressie metodes word toegepas op ’n eenvoudige rol model van die Modulêre Onbemande Vliegtuig om die verskeie kwessies aangaande stelsel identifikasie uit te wys. Verskeie metodes vir die hantering vir ’n fout word ook illustreer. Stelsel identifikasie word ook op die volle nie-lineêre model van die Modulêre Onbemande Vliegtuig gedoen. Al die parameters konvergeer vinnig na akkurate waardes, met die uitsondering van Cl R , CnP and Cn A . Die belangrikheid van hierdie parameters vir fout verdraagsame beheer word ook bespreek. ’n S-funksie blok vir die rekursiewe kleinste-kwadraat algoritme is ontwikkel. Hierdie blok voorsien vir die metodes om die vergeetfaktor en kovariansie herstelling te implementeer. Hierdie blok kan gebruik word vir toekomstige werk in stelsel identifikasie en foutopsporing en isolasie.

Les matériaux nanostructurés ont des propriétés remarquables (surfaces d'échanges élevées, effet de confinement...) issues de leurs très faibles dimensions caractéristiques. La démarche mise en place dans le cadre de ces travaux de thèse consiste à transposer les procédés classiques d'élaboration des matériaux nanostructurés de type aérogel (combinant synthèse sol-gel et extraction au CO2 supercritique) à des précurseurs cellulosiques. Le travail a été subdivisé en quatre parties qui portent respectivement sur une étude approfondie de la bibliographie, la mise au point et l'étude des formulations chimiques conduisant à des aérogels à partir d'acétate de cellulose, les caractérisations (chimiques, structurales et thermiques) des matériaux nanostructurés élaborés, et finalement l'étude des premiers carbones obtenus par pyrolyse des matrices organiques. Les formulations et le protocole sol-gel conduisent à des gels chimiques par réticulation de l'acétate de cellulose à l'aide d'un isocyanate polyfonctionnel. Les aérogels obtenus après extraction du solvant au CO2 supercritique sont nanostructurés et essentiellement mésoporeux. Les caractérisations structurales ont notamment permis de dégager des corrélations entre les paramètres chimiques de la synthèse (concentration en réactifs, taux de réticulation, degré de polymérisation) et les propriétés poreuses des matériaux (densité, porosité, distribution de taille des pores). Un aérogel ultraporeux de référence, avec une masse volumique égale à 0,245 g .cm-3 et un volume mésoporeux de 3,40 cm3 .g-1 a ainsi été élaboré. Une fois mis sous forme divisée, il présente une conductivité thermique de 0,029 W .m-1 .K-1. D'autre part, les carbones obtenus après pyrolyse du réseau solide organique puis broyage sont nanostructurés et nanoporeux, malgré les nombreuses modifications structurales intervenant lors de l'étape de carbonisation. Les matériaux élaborés dans le cadre de cette thèse sont caractérisés et évalués pour des applications liées à l'énergétique telles que l'isolation thermique (aérogels organiques) mais également pour le stockage et la conversion d'énergie par voie électrochimique (aérogels de carbone).

Additionnée de grains de silice, la résine époxyde est couramment utilisée pour mouler des pièces métalliques sous haute tension, comme les enroulements de transformateurs utilisés dans la distribution électrique ou la traction ferroviaire. La résine peut être soumise à l'influence de l'environnement extérieur. Les propriétés électriques de la résine époxyde sous polarisation continue sont fortement affectées par la transition vitreuse. A l'état vitreux, le courant est limité par charge d'espace (SCLC). Une injection bipolaire peut conduire à un renforcement de champ au cœur du matériau de l'ordre de 40%. A l'état caoutchoutique, le courant est limité par l'injection de charges (effet Schottky). Les charges négatives sont distribuées dans toute l'épaisseur inter-électrodes. Sous contrainte de température et d'humidité, on assiste à une chute des propriétés électriques sous tension alternative: résistance, tension d'apparition des décharges partielles, tension de claquage. L'analyse physico-chimique montre que cela résulte d'un effet physique d'accumulation d'eau aux interfaces grains de silice/polymère. Cette couche d'eau à l'interface silice/polymère est thermodynamiquement inévitable. Sur un modèle expérimental macroscopique d'interface (peignes inter-digités), cette accumulation d'eau a provoqué une chute de deux décades de la résistivité. Le changement de phase des couches d'eau submicroniques et l'expansion des cavités gazeuses par compression de la résine peuvent expliquer l'apparition de ces décharges. Des phénomènes de condensation de l'eau à l'interface métal/polymère peuvent également conduire à la décohésion observée des matériaux et provoquer une chute des propriétés électriques. Ces observations participent à la formulation des matériaux et au dimensionnement des matériels et mettent en évidence un mode de rupture diélectrique qui peut concerner à un certain nombre d'isolations composites.

In this work, we investigate the active vibration isolation and damping of sensitive equipment. Several single-axis isolation techniques are analyzed and tested. A comparison between the sky-hook damper, integral force feedback, inertial velocity feedback and LagLead control techniques is conducted using several practical examples. The study of single-axis systems has been developed and used to build a six-axis isolator. A six degrees of freedom active isolator based on Stewart platform has been designed manufactured and tested for the purpose of active vibration isolation of sensitive payloads in space applications. This six-axis hexapod is designed according to the cubic configuration; it consists of two triangular parallel plates connected to each other by six active legs orthogonal to each other; each leg consists of a voice coil actuator, a force sensor and two flexible joints. Two different control techniques have been tested to control this isolator : integral force feedback and Lag-Lead compensator, the two techniques are based on force feedback and are applied in a decentralized manner. A micro-gravity parabolic flight test has been clone to test the isolator in micro-gravity environment. ln the context of this research, another hexapod has been produced ; a generic active damping and precision painting interface based on Stewart platform. This hexapod consists of two parallel plates connected to each other by six active legs configured according to the cubic architecture. Each leg consists of an amplified piezoelectric actuator, a force sensor and two flexible joints. This Stewart platform is addressed to space applications where it aims at controlling the vibrations of space structures while connecting them rigidly. The control technique used here is the decentralized integral force feedback.