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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-17T11:26:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luisgustavomandaranocruzesilva.pdf: 825435 bytes, checksum: f31174582329c2ca51d715f2df5cbe98 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-22T13:10:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luisgustavomandaranocruzesilva.pdf: 825435 bytes, checksum: f31174582329c2ca51d715f2df5cbe98 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-22T13:10:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luisgustavomandaranocruzesilva.pdf: 825435 bytes, checksum: f31174582329c2ca51d715f2df5cbe98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-26 / As idéias de Maquiavel fizeram tremer a Europa do século XVI, levando políticos, religiosos e intelectuais a intermináveis discussões e causando um estrondo ensurdecedor, cujos ecos podem ser ouvidos ainda em nossos dias. A Igreja Romana do fim do século XV e início do XVI se afundava em corrupção e jogos de poder e interesse. Maquiavel, no Capítulo Doze de seus Comentários sobre a Primeira Década de Tito Lívio – publicado pela primeira vez em 1519 – previa que algo grande estava para acontecer, algo que abalaria o “eterno” Trono de São Pedro. O cisma protagonizado por Lutero ocorreria exatamente neste ano. Meu trabalho busca demonstrar a complexidade da relação entre a Igreja Católica – e os governos por ela sustentados – e os escritos políticos de Nicolau Maquiavel. Sendo assim, a Península Ibérica, braço forte do catolicismo do XVI e XVII se mostrou o local apropriado a ser abarcado por meus estudos. Estudando-se a recepção das idéias de Maquiavel na Ibéria do XVI, emerge a figura do bispo português Jerônimo Osório, o primeiro a criticar textualmente as idéias do secretário de Florença. Maquiavel, a recepção de suas idéias na Península de Camões e Cervantes, e a importância do pensamento do bispo português Jerônimo Osório são os pontos centrais desta dissertação. / Machiavelli’s ideas made sixteenth century Europe quake, generating endless acrimonious debate and so causing a deafening roar whose echoes can still be heard today. The Roman Church at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries was foundering in corruption and intrigues of power and self-interest. Machiavelli, in chapter twelve of his Discourses on Livy (Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio), first published in 1519, predicted that something big was about to happen, something that could shake the Throne of Saint Peter to its foundations. Indeed, the Lutheran schism began that year. This thesis seeks to demonstrate the complex relationship between the Catholic Church – and its subject states – and Machiavelli’s political writings. The Iberia, a staunch stronghold of Catholicism in these times, thus seems to be an appropriate focus for this study. Research into the Iberian response to Machiavelli’s ideas reveals that the Portuguese bishop Jeronymo Osorio was the first to criticize, in writing, the ideas of the former. Machiavelli, the response of his ideas in the land of Camões and Cervantes, and the importance of Jeronymo Osorio’s thought are the central themes of this dissertation.

abstract: What causes social systems to resist change? Studies of the emergence of social complexity in archaeology have focused primarily on drivers of change with much less emphasis on drivers of stability. Social stability, or the persistence of social systems, is an essential feature without which human society is not possible. By combining quantitative modeling (Exponential Random Graph Modeling) and the comparative archaeological record where the social system is represented by networks of relations between settlements, this research tests several hypotheses about social and geographic drivers of social stability with an explicit focus on a better understanding of contexts and processes that resist change. The Valencian Bronze Age in eastern Spain along the Mediterranean, where prior research appears to indicate little, regional social change for 700 years, serves as a case study. The results suggest that social stability depends on a society’s ability to integrate change and promote interdependency. In part, this ability is constrained or promoted by social structure and the different, relationship dependencies among individuals that lead to a particular social structure. Four elements are important to constraining or promoting social stability—structural cohesion, transitivity and social dependency, geographic isolation, and types of exchange. Through the framework provided in this research, an archaeologist can recognize patterns in the archaeological data that reflect and promote social stability, or lead to collapse. Results based on comparisons between the social networks of the Northern and Southern regions of the Valencian Bronze Age show that the Southern Region’s social structure was less stable through time. The Southern Region’s social structure consisted of competing cores of exchange. This type of competition often leads to power imbalances, conflict, and instability. Strong dependencies on the neighboring Argaric during the Early and Middle Bronze Ages and contributed to the Southern Region’s inability to maintain social stability after the Argaric collapsed. Furthermore, the Southern Region participated in the exchange of more complex technology—bronze. Complex technologies produce networks with hub and spoke structures highly vulnerable to collapse after the destruction of a hub. The Northern Region’s social structure remained structurally cohesive through time, promoting social stability. / Dissertation/Thesis / Webpage with data tables and R code / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2020

Apparu entre le IIIe et le début du Ier siècle avant notre ère, un pouvoir royal établi à Armazi-Mc’xet’a exerça jusqu’au VIe siècle de notre ère un rôle pivot dans l’histoire de l’ancienne Caucasie, à la charnière de l’Empire romain, de l’Iran et des terres sarmates. Le pays où s’exerçait leur pouvoir, l’Ibérie, amalgamait divers peuples et communautés autour du cours moyen du fleuve Koura, au débouché de la passe du Darial. Composant avec les rivalités dynastiques, le morcellement ethnique, la pluralité des langues et la diversité des cultures, les rois d’Ibérie firent preuve d’une remarquable capacité d’adaptation pour assurer leur emprise territoriale, affirmer leur légitimité et trouver une place de choix dans les réseaux d’alliances transnationaux. Le système politique ibère établit une relation d’équilibre entre l’aristocratie et la cour à travers une diarchie associant le roi et son pitiaxe. Entrée dans l’orbite de Rome après l’invasion de Pompée en 65 avant notre ère, la royauté ibère construisit durant trois siècles un partenariat avec les dirigeants romains qui n’était cependant pas exempt d’ambivalence. Les années 260 de notre ère marquèrent un tournant capital dans l’évolution du pouvoir royal ibère, lorsque l’emprise grandissante des Sassanides instigua un changement dynastique au profit des Mihranides. Dans un contexte d’effervescence spirituelle mettant en concurrence divers courants religieux, les rois ibères décidèrent progressivement de confessionnaliser leur pouvoir. Au début du Ve siècle, l’invention d’une première forme officielle d’écriture géorgienne illustra ce nouveau consensus politique et religieux voulu par une royauté devenue chrétienne. / Since its appearance between the third and the beginning of the first century BCE, a royal power established in Armazi-Mc‘xet‘a exercised until the sixth century CE a pivotal role in the history of Ancient Caucasia, at the hinge of Roman Empire, Iran and Sarmatian lands. The country where their rule was exercised, Iberia, amalgamated various peoples and communities around the middle course of Kura River, near the Darial pass. Composing with ethnic division, linguistic plurality and cultural diversity, the kings of Iberia developed a remarkable capacity of adaptation to ensure their domination, assert their legitimacy and find their place in the transnational networks of alliances. The Iberian political system established a balanced relationship between aristocracy and the royal court through a diarchy associating the king and his pitiaxēs. Entering the orbit of Rome after the invasion of Pompey in 65 BC, Iberian kings shaped during three centuries a partnership with Roman leaders, however not without ambivalence. The decade 260s CE constituted a major turning point in the evolution of royal power in Caucasian Iberia, insofar as the growing grip of Sasanians instigated a dynastic change in favour of the House of Mihranids. In a context of spiritual effervescence putting in competition several religious currents, the Iberian kings gradually opted for a confessionalization of their rule. At the beginning of the fifth century, the invention of a first official form of Georgian writing illustrated this new political and religious consensus established by a kingship converted to Christianism.

This study combines long-term settlement data with short-term excavation data to explore the conditions that led late prehistoric communities in Iberia’s southwest to aggregate during the Late Bronze Age [LBA]. This long-term approach involves the application of geographic information systems [GIS] to identify settlement patterns in the Central Alentejo from the Late Neolithic [LN]/Chalcolithic to the Late Bronze Age (ca. 3500 – 800 BCE). In the Serra d’Ossa microregion of the southwest there are 176 sites that date to the Neolithic/Chalcolithic, only two that date to the EBA/MBA, and 27 that date to the LBA. This shift is directly related to the Chalcolithic “collapse” that occurred in the mid/late third millennium BCE, influenced by both sociocultural and environmental factors. The LBA of the southwest has long been defined by the emergence of a new culture associated with a concern for defensiveness and warriorship, represented on stone stelae by warrior iconography, and by the emergence of large-fortified upland sites that appear during this period. A distinct lack of small-scale settlement data has previously led to insufficient interpretations and characterizations of the period. In turn, this thesis incorporates short-term data from excavation at the large-fortified upland site of Castelo Velho da Serra d’Ossa, the one excavated example of such a site in the Serra d’Ossa microregion and one of the few excavated LBA sites in the wider southwest. The short-term excavation data are discussed in the context of the long-term settlement patterns to better characterize the LBA of the Iberian southwest, a period previously underrepresented in the region. The central focus of study is to investigate the emergence of these settlements (up to 15 ha in size) and the communities that inhabited them; considering the processes underpinning place-making and aggregation both locally and within its broader prehistoric context. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

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The present thesis examines probably the ultimate focal point in the history of the Christian South Caucasian Cultures – the Caucasian Schism that occurred in the early seventh century – a major scandal that ended the ecclesiastical communion between the Georgian and Armenian Churches and gave impetus to the rise of the so-called national Churches. The schism became the central point of reference in both medieval and modern Caucasian historiographies. Modern scholarship has advanced different claims concerning the nature, reasons and results of the Schism, in many cases arguing that almost all aspects of the respective cultures have been affected by the Schism. As for medieval Armenian historical narratives, they made a good conceptual use of the schism, presenting the schism as a major interpretive schema for the explanation of all aspects of their relations with their northern neighbours. Contrary to such view, I argue that our knowledge of the reasons behind the schism and theological controversies that preceded, accompanied or followed the Schism in the sixth century is in most cases determined by the conceptual framework created in the Middle Ages together with the changes in political state of affairs in the Caucasus. In the period between the tenth to thirteenth centuries, when all major South Caucasian powers were struggling for the unification of the Caucasus under their aegis, the remembrance of the schism became particularly important. The remembrance and indeed forgetting of the Caucasian unity and separation became a rhetorical tool in medieval Armeno-Georgian debates. Therefore instead of taking the Schism at face value, I propose to abandon the traditional liminalist perception of the history of unity and separation in the Caucasus, and adopt a more rewarding approach, that is to say to try to understand when, why and by whom were the crucial events of the Late Antique Caucasian history conceptualized and adapted for contemporary ideological needs.

La Tesis Doctoral presentada con el título El pianista y compositor Joaquín Malats y Miarons (1872-1912) tiene como objeto el estudio de una de las figuras más notorias del panorama pianístico de finales de siglo XIX y comienzos de siglo XX. Este estudio se sustenta en la convicción de la necesidad de realizar una aportación, lo más rigurosa posible sobre la interpretación pianística a través de uno de los músicos más destacados en el contexto del cambio de siglo. Su desarrollo lleva implícita una revisión de algunos de los aspectos inherentes al hecho musical tanto en España como en Europa: centros de enseñanza y pedagogía, espacios de interpretación musical, escuelas o corrientes interpretativas, crítica musical. La investigación está fundamentada en la localización y estudio de las fuentes (bibliográficas, hemerográficas, administrativas y privadas –contamos con dos legados realizados por su viuda y su hija respectivamente-). La metodología aplicada nos permite estructurar nuestro estudio siguiendo la trayectoria vital del músico, hemos realizado el análisis y valoración crítica de las diferentes actividades musicales desarrolladas insertándolo en el contexto cultural, musical y artístico de este momento. Completan el trabajo cinco anexos documentales. Esta Tesis Doctoral aborda el concierto, el prestigio de los intérpretes, los concursos musicales en los centros de enseñanza, el papel de la crítica musical, la vida personal de estos músicos en el contexto artístico e intelectual, aspectos que determinan la actividad musical en el cambio de siglo.

The Phoenicians were known as artisans, merchants, and seafarers by the 10th century B.C.E. They exchanged raw and finished goods with people in many cultural spheres of the ancient world and accumulated wealth in the process. A major factor that aided their success was the establishment of colonies along the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic coasts. These colonies, established by the eighth century B.C.E., supplied valuable raw materials to the major Phoenician cities in the Levant, while also providing additional markets abroad. Excavations at a myriad of these colonial sites have recovered materials that can be used to identify connections between the colonies, the Levantine cities, and non-Phoenician cultures across the ancient world. By establishing these connections the system of maritime exchange can be better understood and modeled as the Phoenician Trade Network. This network involved both direct and indirect exchange of raw and finished products, people, as well as political and cultural ideas. The colonies were involved in various activities including ceramics production, metallurgy, trade, and agriculture. Native peoples they interacted with provided valuable goods, especially metals, which were sent east to supply the Near Eastern Markets. The Phoenician Trade Network was a system of interconnected, moderately independent population centers which all participated in the advancement of Phoenician mercantilism and wealth. Ultimately, the network collapsed in the sixth century B.C.E. allowing other powers such as the Romans, Carthaginians, and Greeks to replace them as the dominant merchants of the Mediterranean.

This research project explores an area which had been touched only tangentially, being a comparative analysis of the idea and interpretations of friendship which emerge from the three vernacular collections attributed to the supervision of King Alfonso X of Castile (1252-1284): namely the Marian songs Cantigas de Santa María, the law code known as the Siete Partidas and the chronicle Estoria de España. These sources have been examined by adopting a thematic approach which has highlighted the existence of categories such as spiritual, religious and political friendships, as well as other forms of amicable relationships, including those between representatives of different religious, ethnic and social groups. Additionally, this study demonstrates that there was a conscious adoption of a specific lexicon of amicitia which contributed to reinforce either the opposition or the coincidence between friendship, companionship and counsellorship. Despite the undeniable inheritance of both classical eastern and western traditions, the works of the ‘Learned’ King present a peculiar idea of friendship which was deeply affected by contemporary historical contingencies and by the political and cultural projects of a sovereign who wanted to be regarded as a friend of his people, without denying, however, the unbridgeable gap which existed between different social groups. Interestingly, even if the Alfonsine works display a complicated range of relationships which envisage clear differences, they still outline a perfectly-balanced system within which the general and untouchable rules of friendship predominated, although in some cases certain variants were allowed in order to adapt such general requirements to contemporary social and political situations.