sociological literature suggests that adult sports participation is occurring in a 'culture of risk' which glorifies pain, rationalises risk and promotes the practice of playing hurt (Messner, 1990; Nixon, 1992; Curry 1993; Pike, 2000; Roderick et aI, 2000, Safai, 2003; Howe, 2004; Young, 2004a; Liston et aI. 2006). Using this corpus of knowledge as a point of departure, this study directs attention towards young people's sporting risk encounters within the specific context of school sport. Guided by a process-sociological framework (Elias, 1978, 1991,2000 [1939]), it offers an insight into the ways in which young people interpret, experience and manage sporting risk and episodes of sporting pain and injury whilst at school. The research draws on data generated by 1,651 young people aged between ten and sixteen years old using a three-phase data collection programme. The programme incorporated self-report questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and group-based creative tasks and was conducted in six secondary schools located in "Churchill", a major English conurbation. The findings suggest that school sport worlds (re )produce two entwined, yet competing sets of beliefs, attitudes and practices related to sporting pain and injury and are best described as webs of risks and precaution and protectionism. Rather than adopting a more cautious approach to pain and injury the data indicates that this cluster of young people frequently play hurt, normalise injury and engage in forms of 'injury talk' that discredit episodes of sporting pain. In so doing, they may be placing their short and long-term physical, psychological, social and moral health in jeopardy. However, it is argued that this collection of sporting practices are highly valued by young people and are integral to the ways in which they assign and perform a range of dissecting and fluid embodied identities. Notwithstanding the potential for sporting risk encounters to engender damaging, disrupting and debilitating outcomes, the data also emphasises the potential for these experiences to act as important spaces in which young people are able to probe their bodily limits, develop corporeal knowledge and experience pleasurable emotions (Maguire, 199Ia). This thesis draws attention to the duality of sport and calls for a more reality-congruent approach to the sport-health-risk-youth nexus in the development of future (school) sport worlds.

This thesis explores young children's constructions of social identities and the implications these may have in young children's everyday lives at nursery. One of the unique elements of this thesis is the multiple and intersectional approach that it adopts while exploring very young children‘s social identities and peer relations. It also explores the links between children's experiences and views with educators' social justice and equity pedagogies. Recent attention has been given to the importance of early childhood and young children's rights and participation in theory, research and policy. In the field of social identities, there has been a growing need for further research to explore the contextual, fluid, complex and intersected nature of young children's social identities, moving away from 'static' and 'fixed' notions of identity. Particular gaps have also been identified in relation to exploring age as part of social identity, to exploring cultural aspects of ethnicity and lastly to exploring multiple understandings of parts of social identities (e.g. multiple 'masculinities' and 'femininities') in early childhood. There has also been a need for further research to explore how young children‘s intersected social identities may impact on pedagogies. This thesis, therefore, seeks to explore the above, basing the analysis on a one year ethnographic and participatory approach which was conducted in two nursery settings in Scotland, one predominantly white and one multi-ethnic. It draws on a plethora of rich and in-depth conversations and experiences with young children, educators and parents/caregivers to suggest the complex, dynamic, context-specific, fluid but also 'experientially fixed' and intersected nature of children's social identities and relationships, and to acknowledge the challenges that are raised both for early childhood practice and policy. It suggests that children construct multiple and complex social identities which are both fluid and experientially 'fixed', engage in dynamic social relationships and express complex and multiple implicit/explicit discriminatory attitudes, which educators are unaware of or choose to disregard. In most cases, age and gender were part of an overt and explicit identification, and were explicitly and overtly discussed as factors of exclusion by both educators and children. In contrast, ethnicity involved a much more complex process. Although ethnicity was often part of an 'ethnic habitus', variations occurred in relation to the extent to which children developed a strong, explicit and overt ethnic identification. Ethnicity was also considered a rather 'taboo' subject of reference regarding exclusion. Moreover, this thesis suggests that discourses of ‗sameness‘, ‗normalities‘ and difference linked to constructions of social identity were salient in children's lives. Common social identities often promoted positive feelings of belonging and reinforced positive feelings of group membership and self identities between children. Strong and positive feelings of self and group identity and difference, or else ‗the other‘, although not exclusively, were very much considered the basis for exclusion and discrimination. However, complexities arose when the concept of the ‗other‘ changed, depending on the context. Difference was seen more positively by children when it constituted part of what was considered 'norm' or dominant. Traditional developmental approaches and children‘s rights-based approaches seem to influence educators‘ practice; however, irrespectively of the educational approach, educators tend to disregard implicit/explicit discrimination that is evident in children's lives. 'Too young to notice' and 'no problem here' attitudes seem to dominate educators‘ practice and raise limitations in dealing adequately with social justice and equity issues. Firstly, this thesis suggests the need to move away from 'dualistic' and oppositional dichotomies that seem to have dominated contemporary research and theory, both in relation to theorising children‘s social identities (e.g. 'fixed'/fluid) and theorisations of childhood (e.g. agents and mature / interdependent and immature). Secondly, there is a need for early childhood pedagogies, practices and policy to 'listen' more actively and closely to young children and to engage with the complex and dynamic nature of their social relationships. It is thus suggested that current early childhood practice should actively promote children-rights based approaches. At the same time, this thesis considers whether we should be moving towards a children‘s human rights-based approach, which promotes children‘s rights and goes beyond children's participatory rights, engaging more actively with issues around fairness, unfairness and respect. This thesis also argues for proactive, anti-discriminatory, reflexive and interventionist social justice and equity approaches in early childhood. Thirdly, there is a general challenge both in policy and practice regarding balancing between universalism (collective identities) and specificity (diversity).

This thesis argues that website translations can be taken as a form of social control striving to achieve certain political or economic ends by the website owners from a self-representation perspective. Studying the Chinese-to-English translations of the destination sections in four tourism websites, this study aims to derive interpretations as to how the act of translating formulates multiple self-representations, which may be seen as ideological attempts to influence the perceptions of target-text audiences. This thesis has two main parts. The first, Chapters 1 and 2, outlines the research objectives, background information and the conceptualisation of the four cases, and a two-stage comparative method working within an integrated theoretical framework. The second part, Chapters 3 to 5, comprises the empirical findings, discussing how features of discourses hypothetically prominent in a particular dimension of the website context may come to manifest different identities of the website owners. The translation strategies for these features are examined to identify the aspects of these identities changed in the self-representation contexts. Chapter 3 hypothesizes that the common context of the websites is dominated by tourism discourse and other associated discourses. The translation strategies for discourse features expressing a set of shared identities of the website owners suggest that the concepts of consumerism and commodity advertising are re-formulated in the translations. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss further identities of the owners manifested in the diverging sub-contexts of the websites, and underline aspects of these identities foregrounded in the translations. Chapter 4 highlights the diverging organisational identities of the official and corporate websites. The translation strategies for certain organisational features show that different organisational stances, different beneficiaries and different business rivals of the two categories of websites are emphasised in the translations. Studying the identity of being ‘Chinese people’ formulated by certain re-presented features of local discourse, Chapter 5 points to the differences between the national images re-presented by the China websites and the regional images foregrounded by the HK websites in their translations. Finally, the conclusions summarize various notions relating to the multiple identities re-formulated in the self-representation context, as well as their economic and political implications.

Tous les individus possèdent plusieurs identités, qui peuvent être vues entre elles comme étant conflictuelles ou compatibles. Lorsque des identités sont perçues comme compatibles, elles sont qualifiées d’intégrées. Deux théories tentent d’expliquer le processus cognitif derrière l’intégration identitaire. Le modèle biculturel de l’intégration des identités propose que les identités sont fusionnées alors que le modèle cognitif-développemental de l’intégration des identités (MCDII) suggère qu’elles restent distinctes. Afin de comparer ces modèles, deux études préliminaires et une étude expérimentale ont été menées. L’activation de l’identité étudiante fut manipulée auprès d’étudiants travailleurs, suivie d’une tâche de décision lexicale. Si les identités sont fusionnées, un effet de facilitation devrait être observé pour identifier des mots reliés à l’identité travailleuse. Si elles sont distinctes, un effet d’inhibition devrait être observé. Les résultats révèlent que les participants intégrés du groupe expérimental étaient plus lents pour identifier les mots ayant rapport à l’identité travailleuse que les participants du groupe contrôle. Conformément au MCDII, les résultats soutiennent que les identités intégrées sont distinctes. Les implications théoriques et pratiques sont discutées. / Every individual has multiple identities, which can be seen as conflictual or compatible. When identities are seen as compatible and complementary, they are said to be integrated. Two theoretical models try to explain the cognitive processes by which identities become integrated. The bicultural identity integration model propose that identities are merged while the cognitive-developmental model of identity integration (CDMII) proposes that identities stay distinct. Two preliminary studies and an experimental study have been conducted to compare the two models. The activation of the student identity has been manipulated with student workers, followed by a lexical decision task. If identities are combined, a facilitation effect should be observed. However, if they are distinct, an inhibition effect should be observed. Statistical analyses reveal that participants having integrated identities in the experimental group were slower to identify words linked to the worker identity than participants in the control group. These results support that integrated identities stay distinct. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The Triratna/FWBO Buddhist movement has been associated with younger people and a lifestyle in which single sex residential communities and work projects (TBRLs) have been prominent. There is now a trend towards a wider range of lifestyles including fewer people living communally. Demographic changes include 50+ average age for ordained members and some people developing Long-Term Care (LTC) needs, with limited family and financial support. This raises questions as to the extent to which ‘Buddhist identity’ can be supported in LTC situations, with informal care, mainstream LTC services and possible care-based TBRLs all relevant.Data-gathering was initially on the basis of a general investigation of LTC issues in Triratna/FWBO using an eclectic, primarily qualitative design which had features of both a case study and a cross-sectional survey. 17 interviews included participants with current LTC needs, others asked to anticipate future care preferences, and people with relevant expertise. A questionnaire was formulated to explore attitudes to possible care-based TBRLs, with 107 participants and numerous additional comments. There was a strong consensus that Buddhist-based LTC services would, for example, provide better vegetarian diets and have an understanding of Buddhist names taken at ordination. These features were included in a conceptualisation of Buddhist identity which contrasted ‘Buddhist’ and ‘Non-Buddhist’ life, and noted ‘Dreams’ and ‘Nightmares’ as to LTC. Effective basic care was seen as essential to the general level of well-being needed for Buddhist practice, whilst a higher level of support might facilitate access to Buddhist ‘life goods’, and assist people in self-verifying themselves as committed Buddhists through ongoing practice. Informal support from fellow Buddhists was available in many contexts, but not at levels of intensity and duration characteristic of some family-based care, and it was seen as modulated by perceptions of burden, ‘busy-ness’ and other factors. There was a ‘legacy of suspicion’ of mainstream LTC, mainly focussed on residential care, with acknowledgement of some good/respectful carers and care services. TBRLs in LTC were generally welcomed, being seen as suitably altruistic work which might feature an atmosphere of ‘mutuality’ between staff and clients who were Buddhist or of Buddhist sympathy. Comparative material was used here from Methodist, Jewish and Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender (LGBT) communities in LTC contexts, with the last of these conceptualised as comparable to the Western Buddhist community as a currently emerging identity in terms of later life services. Practicality and feasibility were discussed with reference to existing TBRLs, and experience of paid-for care input between Buddhists. The latter appeared supportive of Buddhist identity and readily linked to the personalisation agenda in social care. Buddhist-friendly services were seen as a possible context for generativity, and the concept of ‘a natural part of life’ was explored in terms of the emergence of LTC in the Triratna/FWBO movement, and of Buddhism as a gradually more familiar identity which might be encountered in the sphere of LTC.

Cette thèse questionne la dé-ethnicisation de l’emploi, formulée comme critère d’entrée dans la modernité par le gouvernement de la Malaisie. L’hôtel de luxe occidental à Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie, constitue le champ empirique. Le degré d’ethnicisation de l’emploi est testé par une enquête quantitative sur une population de 786 individus. Les résultats montrent une association forte de l’ethnicité avec l’emploi. L’enquête qualitative se concentre sur les espaces sociaux alimentaires présents dans l’offre de restauration et fait apparaître une multiplicité de facteurs contribuant à cette ethnicisation, dont des pratiques orientées de recrutement et des phénomènes de groupisme ethnique. La vocation d’apprentissage culturel de l’archipel anthropotechnologique est de réconcilier les acteurs sociaux avec des systèmes culinaires exogènes. Des formes identitaires au travail sont ainsi formées, notamment dans le cas d’incorporation récursive d’un aliment marqué par un interdit religieux. La marginalité sociale subséquente se façonne sur un mode défensif ou stratégique. Cette recherche met en dialogue les champs de l’anthropologie historique, la socioanthropologie du travail, la sociologie de l’entreprise, et la sociologie de l’alimentation. La contribution de cette thèse est la proposition d’outils conceptuels et analytiques originaux, tels « l’archipel anthropotechnologique », la notion de « dégustateur », et l’articulation du principe de coupure bastidien à l’analyse stratégique croziérienne. / This thesis investigates the de-ethnicization of occupation, coined as criterion of entry into modernity by the government of Malaysia. The Western Luxury Hotel in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, is selected as empirical field. The degree of ethnicization of occupation has been tested through a quantitative analysis on a sample of 786 respondents. Results show a strong association of ethnicity with occupation. The qualitative analysis focuses on food social spaces being present within the food and beverage outlets supply, demonstrating a multiplicity of factors contributing to this particular ethnicization, such as biased recruitment practices and ethnic groupism phenomena. The anthropotechnological archipelago bears a mission of cultural education, aiming at familiarizing social actors with exogenous culinary systems. Types of identity at workplace are being formed, especially when food stigmatized by religious taboos is being recursively ingested. Social marginality subsequent to this action can be shaped on a defensive or strategic mode. This research articulates the academic fields of historical anthropology, work socio-anthropology, corporate sociology, and food sociology. The contribution of this thesis is to propose original conceptual and analytical tools, such as the “anthropotechnological archipelago”, the concept of “taster”, and the articulation of the Bastidian compartmentalization principle to the Crozierian strategic analysis.

Master of Arts / Department of Modern Languages / Earl K. Brown / This paper reports on a study that analyzes how a sequential bilingual speaker (L1 Mexican Spanish, L2 American English) uses stylistic phonetic variation in different speech types during an interview (short answer, spontaneous speech, dramatic anecdote, reading) to construct a dynamic gay persona. There are many stylistic variables that can interact when an individual is creating a persona in an interaction, and this becomes even more complex when analyzing L1 speech as well as L2 speech as there are two collections of stylistic phonetic variables (indexical fields) interacting from two different cultural ideologies available to the interlocutors. It is problematic to assign one distinct variable to an identity, such as gay, as it homogenizes a diverse social group of individuals and underestimates members' ability to manage perceptual salience of their identity as a gay individual based on context and social pressure(s). While the field of Lavender Linguistics (language use associated with the LGBTQ community) has shown that there are many resources that can be used to "sound gay," this case study focuses on how a speaker stylistically creates a gay persona throughout the interview through stylistic variation of two principle variables: 1) word-final /s/ duration, and 2) center of gravity of word-final /s/.

This paper examines the conditions under which self-identified trans* men disclose of their transgender identity or past gender history. Drawing upon theories of identity formation, passing and disclosing of stigmatic identities is used to understand when and how disclosure processes happen for trans*men. Drawing on interviews I examine the circumstances surrounding when disclosure or pressure to disclose becomes salient for individuals. I also consider how individuals use and negotiate systems of gender, along other inequalities such as class, race, education, and health care access.

Les représentations et les identités des femmes d'ascendance africaine du Pérou et des femmes gabonaises dans la littérature est une étude comparée sur la condition de ces femmes dans leurs sociétés respectives. En effet, s'intéresser à ces deux genres de femmes est tout simplement tenir compte de leur place de femmes, en étudiant leur vie et le rôle, spécifique ou non, qu'elles jouent dans leurs sociétés. Au Pérou, les femmes d'ascendance africaine se retrouvent enfermées dans de nombreux stéréotypes et préjugés. Il nous intéresse de savoir les formes que ceux-ci prennent dans la littérature péruvienne contemporaine. Ainsi, l'analyse des personnages féminins dans les textes littéraires que nous avons choisis constitue un premier pas vers une démarche où il est question d'interroger cette stéréo-typification mais aussi les tentatives de sa « déconstruction » à partir des œuvres Canto de sirena, Crónica de músicos y diablos et Cuatro cuentos eróticos de Acarí de Gregorio Martínez.Au Gabon, par contre, la condition des femmes gabonaises, leur place dans la société et les discriminations auxquelles elles sont sujettes sont plutôt dues au poids des traditions dans l'univers traditionnel et de la misogynie dans la société moderne. Dans les romans Histoire d'Awu et Féminin interdit de Justine Mintsa et d'Honorine Ngou, les personnages féminins apparaissent comme des victimes de la société traditionnelle à cause de leur absence de liberté. Face à certaines coutumes, les femmes sont opprimées, tyrannisées, « on fait tout pour les occulter, les refuser, les rendre inopérantes ». Ainsi, le fait d'être femmes apparaît comme pesant pour les personnages féminins car les héroïnes semblent transporter avec elles toute la souffrance féminine.Mots clés : Représentations-Identités- Femmes afro-péruviennes - Femmes gabonaises - Littérature. / Representations and identities of African descent in Peru and Gabonese women in literature is a comparative study on the status of women in their respective societies. In either society, one cannot fully grasp the experience of these two categories of women without looking into their social status, their life and the role (specific or not) that they play in their different communities. In Peru, women of African descent are constantly hobbled by many stereotypes and prejudice. We are interested to know the forms they take in contemporary Peruvian literature. That is why the analysis of female characters in the literary texts selected for this study represents a crucial step toward questioning this stereotyping dynamics. More importantly, attempts to “deconstruct” this social malady by Gregorio Martínez through such works as Canto de sirena, Crónica de músicos y diablos and Cuatro cuentos eróticos de Acarí were also analized.In Gabon, on the other hand, women's condition, their social status and the discrimination that they have to face is mainly due to the dual effects of traditions and misogyny in the modern society. In such novels Histoire d' Awu (“The Story of Awu”) and Féminin interdit (“No females”) by Justine Mintsa and Honorine Ngou, the characters are portrayed as the victims of traditional society because of their lack of freedom. Because of certain customs, women are oppressed, and abused; “they are constantly silenced, denied humanity and made nonfunctional”. Thus, women being seen as a heavy burden for female characters because they usually seem to be tasked with carrying the suffering of all womankinds.Key words: Representations - Identities - Afro-peruvian women - Gabonese Women - Literature.

La forte médiatisation du football professionnel ne doit pas faire oublier l'existence d'une pratique du football amateur très active en Aquitaine dans le cadre des clubs. La diffusion de cette pratique s'est étendue à l'ensemble de la région sur un peu plus d'un siècle en quatre phases d'intensité variable marquées par des événements historiques et les évolutions de la discipline. La fin de ce cycle semble se dessiner aujourd'hui. De multiples acteurs individuels, collectifs, institutionnels, se sont impliqués tout au long de ce processus de diffusion dans des actions de découpage et de contrôle de l'espace aux échelles régionale et locale pour la « fabrique de territoires sportifs ». Des ensembles et des sous-ensembles spatiaux mal définis ont été peu à peu transformés en territoires de pratique, de gestion et d'application de politiques sportives. Ce processus de territorialisation a induit des modes de relation différenciés entre les groupes sportifs et leurs territoires. De multiples identités collectives fondées sur la conscience, le discours, les représentations culturelles, le sentiment d'appartenance ont facilité l'ancrage des clubs dans les territoires de proximité. Cette forme de territorialité sportive est aujourd'hui remise en cause par les réformes territoriales mises en oeuvre à travers l'intercommunalité. On assiste à une redéfinition des relations entre les acteurs du football et des collectivités territoriales, le football amateur étant devenu un enjeu des politiques publiques communautaires. Les recompositions territoriales affectent aussi les identités dans les nombreux clubs issus de fusions en quête de nouveaux liens. Les recompositions territoriales et identitaires sont en train de bouleverser le modèle traditionnel du club de football amateur. / The strong exposure of professional football must not make one forget the existence of the very active practice of amateur football of clubs in Aquitaine. The diffusion of that practice has spread through the whole region for over a little more than a century, in four stages of variable intensity, marked by historic events and changes in the sport. Nowadays, this cycle seems to be coming to an end. Many individual, collective, and institutional parties have been involved in that process of diffusion by dividing and controlling areas, regionally and locally, « to make sports territories ». Ill-defined spaces have been gradually turned into territories connected to the practice, management, and implementation of sports policies. Such process of territorial marking out has lead to different types of relationships between sports groups and their territories. Numerous collective identities based on consciousness, position, cultural perceptions and sense of belonging have made the establishment of football clubs and institutions in territories in proximity easier. Such a form of sports territoriality is nowadays called into question by the different territorial reforms implemented between districts. We are witnessing a re-defining of the relationships between the parties involved in football and the local authorities since amateur football has become an issue for the different local councils's public policies. Territorial reconstruction also affects identities in the numerous clubs which have been merged and are looking for new links and names. Territorial and identity reconstruction are completely changing the traditional amateur football club.