Georgia, the Post-Soviet, transition country with struggling economy and territorial disputes has been dealing with forced migration since 1990s. In 2008, the country experienced another internal displacement wave and about 30,000 people were forced to flee from their homes. The state constructed compact IDP settlements and provided housing to affected households. After more than a decade, there is a significant gap in economic livelihoods of the IDP households in those settlements. The location and the size of the IDP settlements has had impact on the economics of IDP population and acted as main drivers of inequalities in integration across the settlements of forcibly displaced persons. The thesis will explore how the settlement facilitates or hampers employment and income-generation process for IDPs.  The conceptual framework utilized will be the combination of asset-based approach and cumulative disadvantage theory, push and pull factors theory of migration and the three key framework dimensions of camp design. The methodology used will include primary data collection through semi-structured interviews, secondary data collection through scholarly articles and reports, and the analysis and discussion of both.

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which existing law could provide a legal basis for the protection of cross-border, climate change displaced persons, with a particular focus on Southern Africa. Before such an analysis can be made, however, it is important first to determine what climate change displacement exactly implies. By means of integrating and refining existing legal terminology and ideas the study attempts to disentangle the international contention on the subject and proposes that individuals who are forced from their countries of habitual residence as a reaction primarily to climatic push factors which pose an existential threat to their right to life are most in need of protection and may be referred to as cross-border climate change displaced persons. As climate change displacement is expected to occur primarily on the sub-regional geopolitical level of governance, the inclusion of regional, AU, and sub-regional, SADC, elements is important for the practical feasibility of this study. Southern Africa's particular vulnerability to the effects of climate change, making the advent of large numbers of climate change displaced persons in the area a reasonable prediction for the future, further justifies this study's chosen scope. After analysing the different legal branches of refugee law, human rights law and environmental law for each geopolitical level of governance referred to, this study concludes that: While there are several potential provisions in law that could provide protection to persons displaced by climate change, a sufficient protection framework can be derived only from the composite characteristics of different branches of law. Therefore, it is recommended that a matrix approach is followed when providing legal protection to climate change displaced persons. Because different fields of law provide more prominent protection in different spheres of governance, it is also recommended that the configuration of a legal protection matrix be adjustable to particular circumstances. It is therefore suggested that a legal protection mechanism is developed for each geopolitical sphere, and that different mechanisms are coordinated internationally. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which existing law could provide a legal basis for the protection of cross-border, climate change displaced persons, with a particular focus on Southern Africa. Before such an analysis can be made, however, it is important first to determine what climate change displacement exactly implies. By means of integrating and refining existing legal terminology and ideas the study attempts to disentangle the international contention on the subject and proposes that individuals who are forced from their countries of habitual residence as a reaction primarily to climatic push factors which pose an existential threat to their right to life are most in need of protection and may be referred to as cross-border climate change displaced persons. As climate change displacement is expected to occur primarily on the sub-regional geopolitical level of governance, the inclusion of regional, AU, and sub-regional, SADC, elements is important for the practical feasibility of this study. Southern Africa's particular vulnerability to the effects of climate change, making the advent of large numbers of climate change displaced persons in the area a reasonable prediction for the future, further justifies this study's chosen scope. After analysing the different legal branches of refugee law, human rights law and environmental law for each geopolitical level of governance referred to, this study concludes that: While there are several potential provisions in law that could provide protection to persons displaced by climate change, a sufficient protection framework can be derived only from the composite characteristics of different branches of law. Therefore, it is recommended that a matrix approach is followed when providing legal protection to climate change displaced persons. Because different fields of law provide more prominent protection in different spheres of governance, it is also recommended that the configuration of a legal protection matrix be adjustable to particular circumstances. It is therefore suggested that a legal protection mechanism is developed for each geopolitical sphere, and that different mechanisms are coordinated internationally. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Local government in South Africa is mandated by legislation to develop an Integrated Development Plan (IDP) and a performance management system to direct and ensure the delivery of services to the communities that the municipalities serve. The implementation of performance management systems to plan, monitor and evaluate service delivery is not a new concept for the public sector. The development of the IDP and performance management system is an integrated process that requires municipalities to be able to align the planning, monitoring and evaluation processes. These processes should be undertaken to ensure that there is improved provision of service delivery. If planning processes fail to integrate performance management in the IDP and Service Delivery Budget Implementation Plan (SDIBP), monitoring and evaluation processes will not inform the affected municipalities on areas that must be improved to achieve better service delivery. In South Africa the importance of implementing a performance management system that is aligned with the IDP is enshrined in local government legislation. The implementation of the legislation to realise alignment is achieved through a systematic approach that starts with the way in which a municipality is institutionally arranged to promote performance, as well as the processes of developing the IDP as set objectives, key performance indicators and targets, and undertaking monitoring and evaluation processes to measure whether the IDP objectives and key performance indicators are achieved. The research is a case study reviewing the alignment of the IDP and performance management system of the Capricorn District Municipality (CDM). The study used purposive sampling and literature review to investigate the extent to which the IDP and performance management systems of CDM are aligned. The study recommends improvements that the CDM can implement to align the IDP and performance management system better based on the policy and legislative framework requirements for integrated development planning and performance management. It also suggests processes to develop the IDP and performance management system of the CDM and assesses the extent to which the CDM performance management system aligns with, and monitors and evaluates the IDP. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika word deur wetgewing bemagtig om ‘n Geïntegreerde Ontwikkelingsplan [GOP] en prestasiebestuurstelsel te ontwikkel om rigting te gee en sodoende dienslewering aan die munisipaliteite wat hulle bedien, te verseker. Die implementering van prestasiebestuurstelsels om dienslewering te beplan, monitor en evalueer is nie ‘n nuwe konsep in die publieke sektor nie. Die ontwikkeling van die GOP en prestasiebestuurstelsel is ‘n geïntegreerde proses wat munisipaliteite in staat stel om die beplanning, monitering en evaluering in lyn met mekaar te stel. Hierdie prosesse moet onderneem word om verbeterde diensliewering te verseker. Indien beplanningsprosesse faal om prestasiebestuur te integreer met die GOP en die Dienslewering- en Begrotingsimplementeringsplan [DLBIP], sal monitorings- en evalueringsprosesse nie die betrokke munisipaliteit kan inlig rakende areas wat moet verbeter om beter dienslewering te bereik. In Suid-Afrika is die belangrikheid om ‘n prestasiebestuurstelsel te implementer wat in lyn is met die GOP, vasgelê in plaaslike bestuur wetgewing. Die implementering van die wetgewing om inskakeling te realiseer word bereik deur ‘n sistimatiese benadering wat begin by die manier waarop ‘n munisipaliteit institusioneel gerat is om prestasie te bevorder sowel as die prosesse vir ontwikkeling van die GOP as ‘n stel vasgestelde doelwitte, sleutel prestasie indikators en teikens en dan die moniterings- en evaluasieprosesse om te meet of die GOP doelwitte en sleutel prestasie indikators wel behaal is. Die navorsing is ‘n gevalle studie wat die integrasie tussen die GOP en prestasiebestuurstelsel van die Capricorn Distrik Munisipaliteit (CDM) ontleed. Die studie gebruik doelgerigte steekproewe en literêre oorsig om die omvang van integrasie tussen CDM se GOP en prestasiebestuurstels te ondersoek. Die studie beveel verbeterings aan wat die CDM kan implementeer om integrasie tussen die GOP en prestasiebestuurstelsel te verbeter, gebaseer op die beleid en wetgewende raamwerk vereistes vir geïntegreerde ontwikkelingsbeplanning en prestasiebestuur. Verder stel dit ook prosesse voor vir die ontwikkeling van die GOP en prestasiebestuurstelsel by CDM en bereken die omvang waartoe die CDM se prestasiebestuurstelsel inskakel met die GOP en dit ook moniteer en evalueer.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T17:42:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CaracterizacaoSistemaProdutivo.PDF: 746036 bytes, checksum: 33327a88e4563c7f59ae760f6923a809 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-19T15:12:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CaracterizacaoSistemaProdutivo.PDF: 746036 bytes, checksum: 33327a88e4563c7f59ae760f6923a809 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T15:12:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CaracterizacaoSistemaProdutivo.PDF: 746036 bytes, checksum: 33327a88e4563c7f59ae760f6923a809 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Este trabalho visa apresentar um diagnóstico da aquicultura existente na microrregião de Cametá - Pará, enfatizando os fatores que influenciam o desempenho da atividade e o nível de competividade das variáveis levantadas, através dos Índices de Desempenho Produtivo (IDP) a fim de fornecer indicadores que possam facilitar a tomada de decisão nas áreas de promoção ao seu estabelecimento como atividade econômica. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionários que buscavam investigar os aspectos produtivos relevantes à atividade. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se a ferramenta estatística de análise fatorial, com o auxílio do software SPSS, versão 13, que possibilitou obter uma estrutura linear reduzida do conjunto original de dados, por meio das informações contidas nas variáveis em um conjunto menor de fatores, bem como, para identificar o Índice de Desempenho Produtivo (IDP) com relação às variáveis levantadas. Os resultados evidenciaram que os produtores da região possuem ensino fundamental incompleto (70,50%) e apenas 1,44% cursou ou iniciou o ensino superior. A mão de obra empregada é familiar, em 91,37%. A área média destinada ao cultivo foi de 500 m2, sendo a maior encontrada em Oeiras do Pará que também é o maior município em extensão territorial. Os meios de produção incluem criações em tanques escavados em áreas de várzea (78,05%), a modalidade de cultivo prevalente é o monocultivo, principalmente dos peixes redondos tambaqui e tambacu (54%). A análise fatorial permitiu a extração de quatro fatores representativos do desenvolvimento da aquicultura na região: a dimensão sistema produtivo que explicou cerca de 27% da variância total dos dados; dimensão comercial, respondendo por 15,15%; dimensão eficiência que explicou 13,3% do total da variância e dimensão trabalho que explicou 12,5% da variância total. Esses fatores influenciam o desempenho da atividade e devem direcionar as ações dos empreendedores rurais e de políticas públicas com o objetivo de aprimorar a piscicultura a fim de aumentar a produção e satisfazer as demandas crescentes por alimentos de qualidade. / This research is aimed to present a diagnosis of aquaculture activity in the micro region of Cametá - Pará, emphasizing the factors that influence the development of activity and the level of competitiveness through the Competitive Performance Index (CPI) in order to provide indicators that can facilitate decision making in the areas of promoting aquaculture establishment as an economic activity. Data collection was performed by using questionnaires that sought to investigate the aspects relevant to productive activity. The data was processed and analyzed using the statistical SPSS software, version 13. This software made it possible to obtain a reduced linear structure of the original data set, through the summarization of the information contained in the variables creating smaller variable sets lalled factors, to identify the Competitive Performance Index (CPI) with respect to the variables studied. The results showed that 70.50% of the region's farmers have a primary education and only 1.44% attended or initiated higher education. 91,37% of the employees are members of the farm owners family. The average area intended for cultivation was 500 m2. The largest was found in Oeiras do Pará, which is also the largest municipality in area. The means of production include the creation of ponds in lowland areas (78.05%), in net-cage 13,3% and conventional production system with 8,65%. The prevalent mode of cultivation is the monoculture, especially the round fish tambaqui and tambacu (54%). Factor analysis extracted four factors representative of the development in the region: the productive system dimension, which explained about 27% of the total variance; commercial dimension, accounting for 15.15%; efficiencydimension explained 13.3% of the total and work dimension that explained 12.5% of the total variance. These factors influence the development of activity and should direct the actions of rural entrepreneurs and policy with the aim of improving fish farms so that they can boost production and meet growing demands for food quality.

Higher education has a significant contribution to scientific and technological development of a nation, through the training of professionals who work in the knowledge society. The Institutional Development Plan (IDP) can be considered as an instrument of management of universities, it allows the self knowledge, outlining goals, objectives and strategies, giving a direction to universities, avoiding lost opportunities. The scope of the study was to assessment the values shared by the managers and the strategic thinking of an institution of higher education. Data were collected through structured interviews with the governing body of the institution and document analysis, which are organized through a case study in the context of a descriptive exploratory study using mixed methodological approach (quantitative and qualitative). It was possible to draw up a profile of managers, identify the values and their relation to the process of innovation and sustainability, as well as some concepts related to the IDP of the research institution. The results showed a significant influence of the values of the managers in the adoption of sustainability with high levels for the value universalism and about innovation data showed less significant values. Research has shown that the university falls within the legal requirements because it presents innovative and sustainable strategies in the IDP. The evidences point that the institution makes efforts to enable their projects based on assumptions of an education focused on sustainability and innovation, which will be discussed, improved, planned and implemented more effectively grounded in clear and objective policies. The study leads to reflections on future educational and administrative decisions of the university, seeking innovative initiatives for the use and implementation of the IDP. / A educação superior tem contribuição significativa no desenvolvimento tecnológico e científico de uma nação, por meio da formação de profissionais que atuam na sociedade do conhecimento. O Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional (PDI) pode ser considerado como um instrumento de gestão das universidades, pois possibilita o autoconhecimento, o delineamento de metas, objetivos e estratégias, dando um rumo às universidades, evitando a perda de oportunidades. O estudo teve como escopo a avaliação da convergência de valores dos gestores e o pensamento estratégico de uma instituição de educação superior. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas estruturadas com o corpo diretivo da instituição e análise documental, sendo estes organizados por meio de estudo de caso em um contexto de pesquisa exploratória descritiva, utilizando abordagem metodológica mista (quantitativa e qualitativa). Foi possível elaborar o perfil dos gestores, identificar os valores e sua relação com o processo de inovação e sustentabilidade, bem como algumas concepções relativas ao PDI da instituição pesquisada. Os resultados apontaram influência significativa dos valores de gestores à adoção da sustentabilidade com índices elevados para o valor universalismo e com relação à inovação os dados assinalaram valores menos expressivos. A pesquisa mostrou que a universidade se insere nas exigências legais, pois apresenta estratégias sustentáveis e inovadoras em seu PDI. As evidências apontam que há esforços da instituição para viabilizar seus projetos com base em pressupostos de uma educação voltada para a sustentabilidade e inovação, os quais poderão ser discutidos, aprimorados, planejados e implementados de maneira mais efetiva alicerçados em políticas claras e objetivas. O estudo leva a reflexões sobre as futuras decisões pedagógicas e administrativas da universidade buscando iniciativas inovadoras para utilização e implementação do PDI.

This dissertation explores the implications of borders and boundaries for how forcibly displaced young Georgians from Abkhazia understand issues of belonging and return. My theoretical framework draws from theories on home and belonging as well as theories on border and boundary making, and locates them in geographies of uncertainty – or riskscapes – areas characterized by conflict and/or inequality. Empirical data was collected through two sets of interviews in Zugdidi near the border to Abkhazia and a questionnaire survey in Zugdidi and the capital Tbilisi. These data have been analysed through both qualitative and quantitative methods.   The young respondents providing material for this research do not constitute a homogenous group. Some of the respondents have family still living in Abkhazia or even partly grew up in the area; others have never been there. The primary goal of the Georgian government has been that the displaced population should return to their homes, and the government’s efforts for local integration has long been insufficient. Since no peace accords have been signed, a lack of security prevents a large-scale return. Notwithstanding increased border controls that have made it difficult to visit former homes, some young people still cross the de facto border. By doing this they contest both the Abkhazian de facto authorities and the border as a symbol of separation and differentiation, while claiming a right to belong in Abkhazia. Property and social relations in Abkhazia contribute to stronger connections and an imperative to return. On the other hand, experience of hardship in contemporary Abkhazia has resulted in some young people not considering return as a viable option. Youth who never visited Abkhazia depend mainly on other peoples’ memories and political discourse to create emotional bonds to the area their parents fled and to form their ideas of return. Results from the quantitative survey indicate that youth living in Tbilisi, closer to the political centre, to a higher extent intend to return than their peers in Zugdidi. Meanwhile young people’s experiences of everyday life in current dwellings in relative stability create emotional bonds to their present place of living. These experiences challenge both collective processes and experiences from Abkhazia when it comes to maintaining the desire to return.   This research offers insights into the human consequences of war and conflict. More specifically, this dissertation sheds light on how young internally displaced persons (IDPs) are living in a borderland (in both temporal and spatial terms) characterized by uncertainty-- between the past and the future as well as between Georgia and Abkhazia. Practices of exclusion and segregation are constitutive of the borders and boundaries that permeate life experiences of the forcibly displaced youth. Furthermore, these borders and boundaries are situated in riskscapes of disputed belongings, which makes this borderland more or less stable for different groups of IDPs. This dissertation contributes to an increased understanding of how political aspirations and personal desire to return preserves instability and uncertainty as long as return is not possible. / Denna avhandling undersöker konsekvenserna av gränser och gränsskapande för hur unga georgiska internflyktingar från Abkhazien förstår frågor om tillhörighet och återvändande. Jag utgår från teorier om hem och tillhörighet, liksom teorier om gränser och gränsskapande, och lokaliserar dem till geografier av osäkerhet – “riskscapes” – områden som karaktäriseras av konflikter och/eller ojämlikheter. Det datamaterial som ligger till grund för avhandlingen utgörs av två intervjustudier i Zugdidi nära gränsen till Abkhazien; och en enkätstudie som genomfördes i Zugdidi och i den georgiska huvudstaden Tbilisi. Materialet har analyserats genom användande av både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder.   Avhandlingens respondenter utgör inte en homogen grupp. Några respondenter har familj och släktingar som bor i Abkhazien eller har delvis växt upp i området, medan andra aldrig ens varit där. Det primära målet för den georgiska regeringen har varit att internflyktingarna ska återvända till sina hem, och regeringens ansträngningar för integration i lokalsamhället har länge varit otillräckliga. Det saknas fredsavtal och bristen på säkerhet förhindrar återvändande i stor skala. Trots de ökade gränskontroller som gjort det svårt att korsa de facto gränslinjen tar sig en del ungdomar ändå over gränsen. Genom att göra detta bestrider de både de abkhaziska de facto myndigheterna och gränsen som symbol för separation och åtskillnad, medan de hävdar sin rätt att känna tillhörighet till Abkhazien. Att ha ett hus och sociala relationer i Abkhazien bidrar till emotionella band och en starkare uppmaning till att återvända. Å andra sidan kan erfarenheterna av vardagens umbäranden inne i Abkhazien resultera i att unga människor inte ser återvändande som ett tänkbart alternativ. Ungdomar som aldrig varit i Abkhazien är beroende av andra människors minnen och politiska diskurser för att skapa känslomässiga band och tankar om återvändande till det område deras föräldrar har flytt från. Resultat från den kvantitativa undersökningen visar vidare att ungdomar som bor i Tbilisi, närmare Georgiens politiska centrum, i högre grad anger att de har för avsikt att återvända än deras jämnåriga i Tbilisi. Ungdomars erfarenheter av vardagslivet i sina nuvarande bostäder i relativ stabilitet bidrar emellertid till att skapa känslomässiga band till den aktuella bostadsorten. Dessa erfarenheter utmanar på så vis både de kollektiva processerna och erfarenheter från Abkhazien när det gäller att upprätthålla drömmen om återvändande.   Avhandlingen bidrar med insikter om konsekvenser av krig och konflikter för människors vardagsliv. Mer specifikt belyser jag hur avhandlingens unga respondenter lever i en sorts rumsligt och temporalt gränsland mellan det förflutna och framtiden och mellan Georgien och Abkhazien, och detta gränsland kännetecknas av osäkerhet. Praktiker av isärhållande och segregering är konstituerande för de gränser som genomsyrar internflyktingungdomarnas erfarenheter. Dessa gränser är dessutom situerade i ”riskscapes” av ifrågasatta tillhörigheter, som gör gränslandet mer eller mindre stabilt för olika grupper av internflyktingar. Avhandlingen bidrar med en ökad förståelse för hur politiska ambitioner och personliga drömmar om återvändande håller kvar människor i instabilitet och osäkerhet så länge återvändandet inte är möjligt. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 3 inskickat.</p><p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 3 submitted.</p>

In order to eradicate the legacy of the past, the South African democratic government adopted a developmental approach to local government. The White Paper on Local Government (WPLG)(1998:17) defines developmental local government as government committed to working with citizens and groups within the community to find sustainable ways of meeting their social, economic and material needs and of improving their quality of life. A developmental approach aims to enhance the skills and capacity of community members by promoting their participation in their own development process (Theron, 2005a:120). TheIntegrated Development Plan (IDP) awards an opportunity to both the municipality and the community to work together on issues of local development. The aim of this study was to determine the role of community participation in the IDP process of Govan Mbeki Municipality. A qualitative research approach was followed in which data was gathered through document analysis and focus group interviews. The respondents in the study comprised eight community members and six municipal representatives. The key findings of the study indicated contrasting views between the community and the municipality’s perspectives in particular with regard to the role of the community during the prioritisation of needs and the decision-making processes. Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, the researcher made recommendations and provided guidelines for the implementation of community participation in the IDP. The researcher concluded that in order for community participation to have maximum impact, local government is obliged to create an enabling environment for participation which includes amongst others addressing the institutional obstacles and the capacity gaps within the community. The researcher finally recommended that these roles be implemented, evaluated and integrated in the current IDP process as undertaken by Govan Mbeki Municipality. / Dissertation (MSD (Social Development and Policy ))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Since 1994, the South African Government has developed two strategic policies that embrace the principles of sustainable development: Tourism and Land Reform. Both policies seek redress and economic development for previously disadvantaged black people, but both policies were not integrated to form part of a sustainable development strategy for communities. In terms of the land redistribution programme (as one leg of the land reform programme), the commonage sub-programme has primarily advocated an agrarian style development despite the decline in contribution of agriculture to the Gross Domestic Product. By promoting one development option, other livelihood opportunities such as tourism have not been explored. The White Paper on Tourism (1996) has also recognised the limited integration of local communities and previously neglected groups as an impediment to sustainable tourism development in South Africa. The aim of this study is to provide integrated planning guidelines for sustainable tourism development for commonages in Namaqualand. The study poses the question: What role could sustainable tourism play in commonage projects? In an attempt to fulfil the aim of the study and answer the research question, nine objectives were devised to guide the direction of the study. The objectives primarily focussed on conceptualising land redistribution and sustainable tourism through various local and international case studies in order to draw commonalities and identify negative and positive impacts of these approaches. In so doing, the sustainability of a purely agrarian focus of land reform policies across the global spectrum was brought into question. Various debates concerning the sustainable tourism concept are also considered, including a discussion on its subset ecotourism and sustainable tourism through Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). The sustainability of tourism in peripheral and desert areas is discussed in the context of the case-study area, Namaqualand, which is recognised geographically and politically as a rural/peripheral area featuring a desert ecosystem. The methodological theory is derived from the Critical Social Science school of thought, which sees the study delving beyond surface illusions to uncover the real structures in order to help people change the world. A six-step case-study approach based on this paradigm was adopted. Six commonage projects and one sustainable tourism project (Rooiberg Conservancy project) were selected through non-probability purposive sampling. In adopting the case-study approach, the study followed six steps: Determination and definition of the research questions <ul> <ol>1. Selection of the cases and determination of the data gathering and analysis techniques</ol> <ol>2. Preparation to collect the data</ol> <ol>3. Collection of the data</ol> <ol>4. Analyses of the data</ol> <ol>5. Formulation of the recommendations based on the results obtained from data.</ol></ul> The synthesis of the literature and empirical research resulted in the formulation of integrated planning guidelines for sustainable tourism on commonages based on the concept of the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) approach, as adopted for local government planning in South Africa. The following factors formed the basis for the guidelines:< <ul> -- baseline information; -- vision and goals; -- objectives; -- legislation and control measures; -- impact management and mitigation; -- communication and decision-making; -- implementation including funding incentives; -- monitoring and evaluation; and -- feedback and control.</ul> Limitations of time and finance prevented the researcher from consulting with the appropriate stakeholders on these guidelines in order to obtain their buy-in, but emphasis is placed on the recognition of the guidelines as a framework for comprehensive sector-planning for sustainable tourism development on commonages in Namaqualand. Copyright / Thesis (PhD (Tourism Management))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Tourism Management / unrestricted

Community Economic Development (CED) in South Africa is shaped by the historicalprocesses of the former Apartheid regime that discriminated the social and economic rights of the majority of people, thus disempowering them to participate in development. The notion of Integrated Community Economic Development (ICED) enhances the concept of participation in community economic development in that it advocates for an empowerment dimension in development. In order to facilitate this participation, the government has introduced the participatory mechanisms of the IDP and ward committee system. Paradoxically, inequalities in development persist in previously disadvantaged homelands which were excluded from participation in developmental initiatives of the former regime. Consequently, these mechanisms for ICED have not been able to achieve participation of communities in ICED. Winterveldt is one such area with a legacy of social exclusion through racial and ethnic discrimination. The goal of the study was to explore the lack of participation of the Winterveldt community in ICED guided by the research question: “What are the reasons for the lack of participation of the Winterveldt community in ICED?” A qualitative research approach was followed and the research design was a case study. Data was gathered through focus group interviews and document studies. The focus groups were comprised of 13 community participants and 10 ward committee personnel from Winterveldt. Research findings revealed various reasons for the lack of participation in the ICED of Winterveldt including role confusion, the lack of information and training on the IDP and political power abuse. The study concluded that participation flows along lines that safeguard the interests of local government with little respect for the community’s capacity to make decisions concerning their development. Recommendations towards the achievement of participation in the ICED of Winterveldt include training on the Integrated Development Plan (IDP), the development of a guideline for implementing the IDP and changes in attitudes of all actors in the ICED of Winterveldt. Copyright / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted