Cette thèse porte sur l’analyse ethnographique et sociologique du mode d’usage de l’agriculture « dans le social ». Deux actions communales japonaise et belge sont ainsi mises en parallèle : le Centre pour la Création de la Vie agri-rurale (Nô-Life Sôsei Center en japonais) lancé en 2004 à Toyota au Japon, qui vise à la fois la revalorisation de friches agricoles et la promotion d’activités à but d’ « Ikigai (sens de la vie) » auprès de la population locale vieillissante ; l’Entreprise de Formation par le Travail Ferme Delsamme lancée en 2002 à La Louvière en Belgique, qui vise l’insertion socioprofessionnelle des personnes en difficulté par le maraîchage biologique. À partir de l’analyse des formes d’engagement des opérateurs et des usagers dans leurs espaces d’activités concrets, cette thèse propose l’idée de régimes d’action « éthiques » qui consistent en un certain nombre de principes minimaux de réflexion et de pratique disponibles à l’usage des personnes. Cette thèse a dégagé en particulier l’importance de deux formes caractéristiques de ces régimes : la compassion (prise d’une responsabilité infinie face à la détresse d’autrui) chez les opérateurs, et l’autonomie sociale (conciliation entre l’autonomie individuelle et la dépendance relationnelle sur la base d’une reconnaissance de la vulnérabilité et de la fragilité des personnes) chez les usagers. L’activité agricole se définit là comme espace intermédiaire et concret servant de « support » entre ces deux régimes peu visibles et formulés, et difficilement objectivables et justifiables. / This thesis deals with the ethnographical and sociological analyses of the modes of use of agriculture “in the social sphere”. Two Japanese and Belgian municipal actions are treated in parallel: The Centre for the Creation of Agri-rural Life (Nô-Life Sôsei Center in Japanese) launched in 2004 in Toyota City, which aims at the reinvigoration of fallow land and the promotion of the ikigai (“Life worth living”) for an aging population of permanent residents. In Belgium, the Work Training Initiative at Ferme Delsamme (Entreprise de Formation par le Travail Ferme Delsamme in French) launched in 2002 in La Louvière City, which aims at the socio-professional integration of at-risk adults through organic agriculture. Based on the analysis of forms of engagement of operators and users in their relationships of interaction and their efforts at adjustment, this thesis proposes the idea of “ethical” regimes of action that consist of a minimum number of principles for reflection and practice available to be used by actors. This thesis identified in particular the importance of two characteristic forms of these regimes: compassion (taking an infinite responsibility to address individuals in distress) amongst operators; social autonomy (the balance between individual autonomy and relational dependency based on the recognition of vulnerability and fragility) amongst users. Agricultural activity is defined here as the intermediate space supporting the combination and the performance of these regimes that are not very visible and formalized, and difficult to objectify and justify.

Amidst widespread concerns about aging on several levels ranging from the personal to the societal, this dissertation examines the construction of meaning in life and older age in contemporary Japan. Based on an ethnographic account of a community salon in Southern Osaka, it explores the experiences of older people and their ideas of the good and meaningful life, while arguing that than an anthropology of the elderly can reveal a far wider scope of issues than aging alone. Drawing on a socio-narratological approach, I show how stories connect people, form a shared body of knowledge, inform our understanding of the everyday, and provide frameworks for our choices. I argue that the capacity of narratives to create coherence and make sense of seemingly random and unconnected events can help to reveal existential issues, and that narrative analysis may therefore be a powerful tool for creating an existential anthropology capable of elucidating and understanding deeply personal dilemmas in their social and cultural context. The ethnography and life stories of elderly salon goers, volunteers and others involved in a local Non-Profit Organisation raise important issues of autonomy and dependence, sociality and isolation, care and concern. People express concern for others through practices ranging from gift-giving, visiting, balanced forms of polite yet friendly discourse, the provision of information, and volunteering in the salon and beyond. I argue that older Japanese are as much providers of care as recipients of it, thereby challenging the constructed image of the elderly as frail and dependent, even though maintaining independence relies paradoxically on cultivating multiple dependencies on others. Navigating the tensions between the benefits of rich social ties and a desired level of separation in which the burden imposed is minimised, or between dependence and freedom, emerges as central to the balancing acts required for living well.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-15T18:02:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Célia Maki Tomimatsu.pdf: 2671502 bytes, checksum: 069b8b0915e99636ba594b533d5b4186 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-15T18:02:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Célia Maki Tomimatsu.pdf: 2671502 bytes, checksum: 069b8b0915e99636ba594b533d5b4186 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this research is to analyze how the Japanese filmmaker Hirokazu Koreeda transforms the concept of ikigai (生 き が い) into a communicational resource that affects the Japanese and international audiences, to such an extent that it summons life in its everyday singularity and not necessarily from major events. Although ikigai is a difficult term to translate, it has been considered by researchers of diverse areas as "reason for living". The main corpus of the thesis is composed of four films: A luz da ilusão (1995), Depois da vida (1999), Tão distante (2001) and Seguindo em frente (2008). In all of them, there is an emphasis on the questions about life, death and, above all, the memory as a human interaction among the characters. This is because, in addition to the dialogues, the silence and images of the memories express the reason for living of each one of them. In regard to the theoretical framework, we have related bibliographies of Mieko Kamiya's ikigai (2004a, 2004b) with Hirokazu Koreeda's own writings (2001, 2004, 2008, 2016a, 2016d), as well as his interviews, in which the author interprets ikigai in a complex way and elucidates its insertion in contemporary Japanese cinema. In addition, we start with Christine Greiner's (2010 and 2017) research that considers the relationship between Japan and the West from perceptual and empathic chains, without neglecting the cultural singularities, but observing cultures beyond the given categories. As a methodological procedure, we will analyze the four films selected above, observing the filmmaker's script and the work developed by the characters, having as a main focus the interaction of the narration with the bodies that communicate with the external world, according to the ikigai of each one. The main hypothesis is that in the filmography of Koreeda the reason for living of an individual is not restricted to happiness, but also to an obscure and somber side that exposes ambivalences between life and death, joys and sorrows. The contribution of the thesis is to discuss this new interpretation of the concept, besides analyzing the work of a filmmaker who does not have any bibliography in Portuguese / O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar como o cineasta japonês Hirokazu Koreeda transforma o conceito de ikigai （生きがい） em um recurso comunicacional que afeta o público japonês e as plateias internacionais, na medida em que convoca a vida na sua singularidade cotidiana e não necessariamente a partir de grandes acontecimentos. Embora ikigai seja um termo de difícil tradução, tem sido considerado por pesquisadores de áreas diversas como razão de viver. O corpus principal da tese é composto por quatro filmes: A luz da ilusão (1995), Depois da vida (1999), Tão distante (2001) e Seguindo em frente (2008). Em todos eles, há um destaque para os questionamentos sobre a vida, a morte e, sobretudo, a memória como interação humana entre dos personagens. Isso porque, além dos diálogos, o silêncio e as imagens das lembranças expressam a razão de viver de cada um deles. No que se refere ao quadro teórico, relacionamos bibliografias sobre ikigai de Mieko Kamiya (2004a, 2004b) com os escritos do próprio Hirokazu Koreeda (2001, 2004, 2008, 2016a, 2016d), bem como suas entrevistas, nas quais o autor interpreta ikigai de um modo complexo e elucida a sua inserção no cinema japonês contemporâneo. Além disso, partimos da pesquisa de Christine Greiner (2010 e 2017) que pensa a relação entre Japão e Ocidente a partir de cadeias perceptivas e empatias, sem negligenciar as singularidades culturais, mas observando as culturas para além das categorias dadas a priori. Como procedimento metodológico, analisaremos os quatro filmes acima selecionados, observando o roteiro do cineasta e o trabalho desenvolvido pelos personagens, tendo como foco principal a interação da narração com os corpos que se comunicam com o mundo externo, de acordo com o ikigai de cada um. A hipótese principal é que na filmografia de Koreeda a razão de viver de um indivíduo não se restringe à felicidade, mas também a um lado obscuro e sombrio que expõe ambivalências entre vida e morte, alegrias e tristezas. A contribuição da tese está em discutir esta nova interpretação do conceito, além de analisar a obra de um cineasta que não conta com nenhuma bibliografia em português

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att förstå synen barnmorskor i olika generationer har på sitt yrke och vad som motiverar dem i deras dagliga arbete. För att besvara vårt syfte använde vi oss av tidigare forskning samt två teoretiska utgångspunkter. De två teoretiska utgångspunkterna är tvåfaktorsteorin av Herzberg m.fl. (2017) samt Ikigai-modellen baserad på modellen av Winn (2014). För att besvara vårt syfte på bästa sätt användes en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. I studien deltog nio barnmorskor från olika delar av landet samt inom olika arbetsområden. Deltagarna befann sig inom generation baby boomers, generation X samt generation Y. Resultaten analyserades genom en tematisk analysprocess. Resultaten visade att barnmorskorna i vår studie till största del motiveras av sina kollegor samt det bemötande patienterna ger. Andra motivatorer är att det är ett givande arbete samt att man som barnmorska har en möjlighet att göra skillnad i människors liv. Studien fann även att barnmorskornas arbetsvillkor bör förbättras för att få fler barnmorskor att vilja stanna kvar i yrket. Detta kan förbättras genom att höja lönen, öka bemanningen på varje arbetsplats samt att förbättra den fysiska arbetsmiljön med bättre lokaler och fungerande ventilation. Resultaten kunde vidare bekräftas till stor del av tidigare forskning. Däremot kunde inte någon tydlig koppling ses till generationsbegreppet som helhet, utan istället antal år som verksam inom yrket. Emellertid kunde vissa likheter och skillnader urskiljas generationerna emellan baserat på motivation i det dagliga arbetet, men den faktor som förenade samtliga generationer i studien var att förespråka kvinnohälsan. Det är dock för litet urval för att kunna dra slutsatser kring att det berodde på generationer. Förslag till framtida forskning är därför att utvidga urvalet av respondenter för att tydligare kunna se en koppling till generation samt att implementera Ikigai-modellen på ett annat sätt, då Ikigai-begreppet i dagsläget är brett och tolkningsbart vilket till viss del sänkte studiens validitet. Slutligen visar vår uppsats att barnmorskor aktivt väljer att stanna kvar i yrket av ett flertal anledningar, exempelvis relationen till sina kollegor eller bemötandet från patienter. Detta oavsett en ansträngd arbetsmiljö, vilket tyder på att de funnit en yrkesidentitet i det de gör. Vårt bidrag är att genom detta arbete kunna belysa vad som behöver förbättras för att fler barnmorskor ska stanna kvar i yrket - och därmed kunna främja kvinnohälsan och ge en säkrare vård.

Cultural bridging may alleviate and catalyze the therapeutic process and help to match therapeutic interventions and patient preferences. In this article, we propose to enhance Western-originated prevention and treatment of depression (behavioral activation) with an Eastern-originated cultural concept of the purpose of living (ikigai). Behavioral activation (BA) is an effective standard method (within cognitive-behavior therapy) to treat depression, whereas ikigai is a Japanese life philosophy attitude. Both approaches share the fundamental idea that the reflection of personal values guides the individual’s everyday decisions. In the present narrative review, we try to explain and systematically compare both approaches to explore the possibilities of their meaningful integration. While the literature underscored the striking similarity between the fundamental ideas of both concepts, the main difference is that ikigai, as a traditional, non-psychotherapeutic approach, refers more to intuition and metaphorical heuristics. We introduce when and how the practice of ikigai could enhance behavioral activation interventions in psychotherapy and its transfer into everyday life.