Ce travail porte sur les maillages du territoire utilisés pour mettre en œuvre l'action publique contre la précarité<br />sociale. Il interroge la non-concordance de ces découpages et partant, cherche à comprendre les raisons d'être de<br />chacun. A partir de l'exemple de l'action sociale départementale et de la politique de la ville en Ile-de-France, on<br />s'interroge sur les relations entre les principes de découpages et le dessin des mailles d'une part, et les fonctions<br />associées aux mailles et les usages qui en sont fait, d'autre part. On porte une attention particulière à la confrontation<br />du tracé des mailles avec les répartitions spatiales de la précarité sociale. Une première partie justifie l'approche<br />spatiale retenue pour aborder les deux politiques publiques. Une seconde partie est consacrée à la mise en évidence<br />des divisions socio-spatiales de la région francilienne, puis à la définition des contextes locaux de la précarité sociale,<br />à l'échelon communal et infra-communal. Dans une troisième, on aborde les maillages de l'action sociale<br />départementale, en cherchant à faire la part de ce qui, dans ces maillages, relève du territoire « professionnel », des<br />impératifs gestionnaires ou encore du territoire politique. La quatrième partie porte sur les cadres territoriaux dans<br />lesquels est mise en œuvre la politique de la ville, en interrogeant en particulier l'intercommunalité des contrats de<br />ville franciliens ainsi que les usages et les représentations associés aux « zones urbaines sensibles ». Au final, la<br />discordance des maillages apparaît davantage comme le signe, que la cause, des difficultés des institutions et des<br />professionnels à coordonner leur action.

"Anchorages" in the Parisian new towns : building "living bowls"

Th.--Sci. nat.--Paris 6, 1976. / Index.

La prison, comme lieu atypique et milieu hors norme, est généralement perçue comme un isolat, qui crée une discontinuité dans son territoire d’implantation. En articulant des approches sociologique et géographique, cette thèse montre au contraire l’existence d’un continuum territorial entre le milieu carcéral et les milieux résidentiels d’origine des détenus. Celui-ci est appréhendé à différentes échelles et à partir de données quantitatives et qualitatives. Une étude statistique et cartographique permet d’identifier et de qualifier les milieux résidentiels d’origine des détenus en Île-de-France : elle dégage les structures démographiques et sociales, écologiques et spatiales du système de lieux que forme la prison avec ces lieux urbains. Des entretiens avec des détenus et d’anciens détenus ont également été réalisés dans une maison d’arrêt de banlieue parisienne et dans quelques-uns de leurs quartiers d’origine. Les récits recueillis relatent leurs expériences résidentielles avant, pendant et après leur séjour en prison, et donnent à voir de manière synchronique et diachronique leur vécu de la discontinuité entre l’intérieur et l’extérieur. Une analyse croisée de ces récits, assortie d’observations du quotidien en détention, montre comment la prison est marquée par les caractéristiques sociales et résidentielles de son peuplement. / Prison, as an unusual place and extraordinary habitat, is generally perceived as an isolate, which creates a discontinuity in its territory of implantation. This thesis articulates sociological and geographical approaches and shows instead the existence of a territorial continuum between prisons and inmates’ residential areas of origin. This phenomenon is studied at different scales, with quantitative and qualitative data. A statistical and mapping study identifies and describes inmates’ residential areas of origin in the Paris region: it shows the socio-demographic, ecological, and spatial structures of the system of places that the prison forms with these urban places. I also conducted interviews with prisoners and ex-prisoners inside a jail in the region and in some of their neighborhoods of origin. The stories collected recount their residential experiences before, during and after their stay in prison, and show synchronously and diachronically how they live the discontinuity between inside and outside. A cross analysis of these narratives, together with observations of everyday life in detention, reveals how the prison is marked by the social and residential characteristics of its population.

Submitted by Thiago Henrique Borghi (thiagoborghi@zootecnista.com.br) on 2018-04-11T23:21:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Thiago_Henrique_Borghi.pdf: 1802141 bytes, checksum: f369b9e43f00fc37fb914e8be1cfef75 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-04-12T11:23:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 borghi_th_dr_jabo.pdf: 1802141 bytes, checksum: f369b9e43f00fc37fb914e8be1cfef75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-12T11:23:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 borghi_th_dr_jabo.pdf: 1802141 bytes, checksum: f369b9e43f00fc37fb914e8be1cfef75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-06 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, os parâmetros quantitativos da carcaça e os qualitativos e sensoriais da carne de cordeiros Ile de France terminados em confinamento, recebendo dietas com crescentes inclusões de farinha de algas marinhas. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros não castrados com aproximadamente 60 dias de idade e 20 ± 0,2 kg de peso corporal, alojados em baias individuais e abatidos aos 35,0 ± 0,2 kg. Os tratamentos foram compostos por quatro dietas: D0- silagem de milho + concentrado sem farinha de algas; D2- silagem de milho + concentrado + 2% de farinha de algas; D4- silagem de milho + concentrado + 4% de farinha de algas e D6- silagem de milho + concentrado + 6% de farinha de algas. A relação volumoso:concentrado foi 40:60, compondo dietas com semelhantes teores proteicos (15%) e energéticos (3,3 Mcal de energia digestível/kg de matéria seca). Os dados foram avaliados num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão, com os graus de liberdade desdobrados em efeitos linear, quadrático e cúbico. As inclusões de farinha de algas marinhas influenciaram (P<0,05) o consumo de nutrientes, com efeito linear decrescente para matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido (FDA) e energia bruta (EB), e crescente para a fração EE (extrato etéreo). Da mesma forma, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi influenciada (P<0,05) pelas inclusões de farinha de algas marinhas, com efeito linear decrescente para as variáveis MS, MO, FDN, FDA, CHOT e CNF. A digestibilidade da fração EE apresentou efeito (P<0,05) linear crescente e a PB, efeito (P<0,05) quadrático. O peso do fígado dos animais aumentou (P<0,05) linearmente. As medidas das papilas ruminais dos cordeiros diminuíram (P<0,05) com as inclusões de farinha de algas marinhas nas dietas. Na avaliação do desempenho, foram observados efeitos (P<0,05) lineares crescente para dias de confinamento (DC) e decrescente para ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) e ganho médio diário de peso (GMDP). A conversão alimentar (CA) dos cordeiros não foi alterada (P>0,05). Os rendimentos da carcaça e dos cortes comerciais, as perdas por resfriamento e as medidas do músculo longissimus não foram alteradas (P>0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para as características físico-químicas da carne dos cordeiros. Na análise sensorial, houve efeito (P<0,05) linear decrescente para os atributos odor, sabor e na intenção de compra dos consumidores. As inclusões de farinha de algas marinhas nas dietas não alteraram (P>0,05) a composição centesimal da carne dos cordeiros. Foram observados efeitos (P<0,05) lineares decrescente no teor de colesterol e crescente para a oxidação lipídica da carne dos animais. No perfil de ácidos graxos houve aumento (P<0,05) na concentração dos ácidos 16:0, 17:0, 18:1 n-7, 18:2 c9t11, 20:5 n-3 e 22:6 n-3 e redução dos ácidos graxos 18:0, 18:1 n-9 e 18:2 n-6. As concentrações de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGMI), ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPI) e as relações AGMI:AGS e AGPI:AGS apresentaram efeito (P<0,05) quadrático. Houve efeitos (P<0,05) linear decrescente no total de ácidos graxos n-6 e quadrático para os da família n-3 e na relação n-6:n-3. A atividade das enzimas dessaturase 16 diminuiu (P<0,05) linearmente. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P<0,05) para a atividade da enzima elongase, nos índices de aterogenicidade e trombogenicidade, nas concentrações de ácidos graxos hiper e hipocolesterolêmicos e na relação h:H. A farinha de algas marinhas não se mostrou uma alternativa interessante, uma vez que consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes é prejudicada, acarretando em menor desempenho dos animais. O incremento de ácido palmítico na carne dos cordeiros sobrepõem todos os benefícios inerentes aos ácidos graxos da família n-3. / This study was undertaken to evaluate the performance, nutrient digestibility, quantitative parameters of carcass, and qualitative and sensory parameters of meat in feedlot-finished lambs fed diets with increasing levels of marine algae meal inclusion. Thirty-two newly weaned 60-day-old uncastrated Ile de France lambs weighing 20.0 ± 0.2 kg body weight were used. The animals were housed in invidual pens and slaughtered at 35.0 ± 0.2 kg. The treatments were composed of four diets: D0- corn silage + concentrate without algae meal; D2- corn silage + concentrate + 2% algae meal; D4- corn silage + concentrate + 4% algae meal; and D6- corn silage + concentrate + 6% algae meal. The roughage:concentrate ratio was 40:60, and diets were formulated with similar protein (15%) and energy (3.3 Mcal digestible energy/kg DM) contents. The data were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments and eight replications. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. The algae meal contente were broken down into linear, quadratic and cubic effects. Marine algae meal levels influenced (P<0.05) nutrient intake, with a linear decrease seen in DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and GE; the opposite effect was found on EE, which increased linearly. Likewise, nutrient digestibility was influenced (P<0.05) by the algae meal levels, which linearly reduced the digestibilities of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, TC, and NFC. The digestibility of the EE fraction rose linearly (P<0.05), whereas that of CP responded (P<0.05) quadratically. Liver weight increased (P<0.05) linearly. Rumen papillary measurements in the lambs decreased (P<0.05) as the meal was included in the diet. In the performance trial, a linear increase (P<0.05) was observed for days in the feedlot, while dry matter intake and average daily weight gain decreased linearly. Feed conversion did not change (P>0.05). The yields of carcass and primal cuts, chilling losses, and longissimus muscle measurements did not differ (P>0.05). Likewise, no significant differences were observed for the lamb meat physicochemical traits. Sensory analysis revealed a linear (P<0.05) decrease in the attributes aroma, taste, and consumers’ purchase intention. Dietary inclusion of marine algae meal did not influence (P>0.05) the centesimal composition of lamb meat. The meat cholesterol content decreased linearly (P<0.05) and lipid oxidation responded in the opposite direction, increasing linearly. In the fatty acid profile, increasing linear (P<0.05) effects were found for the concentrations of 16:0, 17:0, 18:1 n-7, 18:2 c9t11, 20:5 n-3, and 22:6 n-3 fatty acids, while 18:0, 18:1 n-9, and 18:2 n-6 decreased linearly. Concentrations of MUFA and PUFA and MUFA:SFA and PUFA:SFA ratios had a quadratic response (P<0.05). The treatments elicited a linear decrease (P<0.05) in total n6 fatty acids, while fatty acids of the n-3 family and n-6:n-3 ratio responded quadratically. The desaturase-16 enzyme activity declined linearly (P<0.05). Elongase activity, atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices, hyper- and hypo-cholesterolemic fatty acid concentrations, and h:H ratio responded quadratically (P<0.05). The marine algae meal did not show an interesting alternative, since consumption and the digestibility of the nutrients is impaired, leading to lower performance of the animals. The increase of palmitic acid in the lamb meat overlies all the benefits inherent to the n-3 family of fatty acids. / FAPESP: 16/02311-1

Dans le cadre du développement durable, quelles sont les réponses apportées en l’Ile-de-France au problème du mal-logement ? Quelles sont les failles dans la répartition spatiale de l’habitat et dans le parcours résidentiel des ménages, avec tous les aspects socio-économiques, sociologiques, symboliques et environnementaux ? Les politiques de la ville en Ile-de-France, appliquées dans un cadre républicain et très hiérarchisé, n’ont donné, depuis 1980, que des résultats médiocres pour le logement HLM ou social de fait. En Seine-Saint-Denis, des maitrises d’œuvre urbaine et sociale de lutte contre l’insalubrité d’habitats privés ont apporté des résultats intéressants. Mais elles restent, de par leur complexité, limitées en nombre. Pourtant, La fonction première d’une cité n’est-elle pas de loger ses habitants et ses nouveaux venus ? Les objectifs de l’État et des collectivités territoriales ne sont-ils pas d’apporter un cadre urbain sain et agréable, de construire une bonne « image » de chaque agglomération, dans un contexte de concurrence à différentes échelles ? Une étude de l’habitat londonien et sa comparaison avec celui de l’Ile-de-France, permet de voir des conceptions du logement et des solutions appliquées outre-Manche susceptibles d’apporter des éléments intéressant pour résoudre le problème du mal-logement. L’organisation juridique de l’immobilier britannique, et une gouvernance du logement plus communautariste et plus proche des habitants, ont permis d’apporter plus d’efficacité aux actions publiques liées aux habitations sociales. La gestion de proximité, très présente et très incarnée à Londres, développe la prévention de conflits et permet une bonne réactivité des autorités régionales et locales vis-à-vis des habitants de logements sociaux privés ou publics. Cette proximité va de pair avec un management très démocratique et délégatif. Mais la capitale londonienne doit gérer la gentrification de certains de ses quartiers et l’augmentation des disparités socio-économiques.Parallèlement, des problèmes environnementaux connexes au logement imposent aux collectivités territoriales, et à leurs habitants, d’adapter leurs modes de gouvernance et de vie. La création de liens sociaux et de partenariats, à différentes échelles, dans des contextes moins centralisés, sont susceptibles d’apporter plus d’efficacité dans l’organisation urbaine et sociale de l’Ile-de-France et de Londres. / In the sustainable development framework, what are the answers in the Ile-de-France Region to deprived housing? What are the flaws in the spatial distribution of housing and in the residential history of the households, with all the socio-economic, sociological, symbolic and environmental aspects?The city policies in the Ile-de-France region, applied in a Republican and very hierarchical framework, have given, since 1980, only mediocre results to council housing or de facto social habitat. In the département of Seine-Saint-Denis, urban and social works against private habitats insalubrity have provided interesting results. But they remain, because of their complexity, limited in numbers. However, is it not the first function of a city to accommodate its residents and newcomers? Aren’t the objectives of the State and local authorities to provide a healthy and pleasant urban environment, and to build a good "image" of each city in a context that is competitive at different scales?The study of the London housing, and its comparison with the one of the Ile-de-France Region, shows housing conceptions and applied solutions in Britain that could provide interesting elements to solve the problem of deprived habitat. The legal structure of the British real estate, and governance that is more communitarian and closer to the inhabitants, helped to bring more efficiency to public actions related to social housing. Local management, very present and very embodied in London, develops conflicts prevention and enhances the local authorities’ responsiveness vis-à-vis the residents of private and public housing. This proximity is associated with a very democratic and delegative management. But the British capital must manage the gentrification of some of its areas and the increase of socio-economic disparities.Meanwhile, environmental issues related to housing require the local authorities, and their inhabitants, to adapt their modes of governance and life. The creation of social ties and partnerships at different levels, in less centralized frameworks, are likely to bring more efficiency in the urban and social organization of the Ile-de-France and London regions.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the status of the region of Ile-de-France using a comparison of indicators within the PEST analysis and a survey questionnaire that identifies factors that affect business conditions in cooperation with the Czech Republic. In this thesis there are described the most important information about Ile-de-France, socio-cultural and economic characteristics, the business environment of the region and the relations between the Czech Republic and the region of Ile-de-France. The survey questionnaire was given to 46 Czech companies which entered the market of the region of Ile-de-France. Also the survey questionnaire and the results of the PEST analysis helped to identify opportunities and threats for Czech companies that intend to enter the regional market. In conclusion, there is an evaluation of what type of companies has a chance of success when entering and how it is possible to enhance cooperation between the region of Ile-de-France and the Czech Republic.

Pas de résumé / No summary

Characteristics of forage intake process by lambs grazing Italian ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were studied, from the hypothesis that different phenological stages of the plant may influence the food gathering process by grazing animals. The experiment was carried out from May to November of 2007 in the Federal University of Santa Maria. Evaluations where made in three occasions within phenological stages of annual ryegrass: Vegetative (11/09), Pre-flowering (14/10) and Flowering (11/11). Eight female lambs (45.0 ± 4.3 kg), Ile de France x Texel crossbreed, with an average age of eight months were utilized. To quantify intake rate and grazing behavior parameters by lambs, grazing tests were conducted. Forage mass, sward height, vertical structure of the pasture and chemical composition of the forage apparently ingested by the lambs were evaluated to determine pasture characteristics. A completely randomized design with three treatments and five replicates in the vegetative stage and six replicates in the other phenological stages was used. Intake rate, bite mass and bite depth were similar (P>0.05) between different stages with a forage on offer of 13.7kg of dry matter per 100kg of live weight. At vegetative stage, bite rate is negatively determined by sward height. At pre-flowering and flowering stages grazing time is positively influenced by sward height. The bite depth is positively influenced by the sward height and negatively influenced by stem bulk density in all phenological stages. The bite rate is negatively influenced by sward height at the vegetative stage of Italian Ryegrass. At the pre-flowering and flowering stage the grazing time is positively influenced by sward height. Grazing time (GT= 27.46 + 0.09day) and number of bites (NB= -175.04 + 9.41day) increased linearly during the pasture cycle. The smaller bite rate was at 135º day after Italian ryegrass emergence and the greater time per bite happened at 146º day. In non limiting forage on offer, lambs maintained the rate of intake constant by increasing bite rate. Among the herbage attributes, the sward height is the most important to determine changes in the grazing behavior of lambs on Italian Ryegrass pasture. / Foram estudadas as características do processo de ingestão de forragem por cordeiras em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), a partir da hipótese de que diferentes estádios fenológicos do pasto influenciam no processo de captura de alimento por animais em pastejo. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de maio a novembro de 2007 na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e as avaliações foram realizadas em três datas nos estádios fenológicos do azevém: Vegetativo (11/09), Pré-florescimento (14/10) e Florescimento (11/11). Foram utilizadas oito cordeiras, cruzas Ile de France x Texel com oito meses de idade e 45,0 ± 4,3 kg de peso vivo, em média. Foram realizados testes de pastejo para quantificar a taxa de ingestão de matéria seca (MS) pelas cordeiras e variáveis de comportamento ingestivo de acordo com a metodologia adaptada de PENNING; HOOPER (1985). Na pastagem foram realizadas avaliações de massa de forragem, altura do dossel, estrutura vertical e composição química da forragem aparentemente colhida. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, com três tratamentos e cinco repetições no estádio vegetativo e seis nos demais estádios estudados. Com oferta de forragem de 13,7 kg de matéria seca/100 kg de peso vivo, a taxa de ingestão, a massa do bocado e a profundidade de bocado foram semelhantes (P>0,05) nos diferentes estádios. No estádio vegetativo do azevém a altura do pasto influencia negativamente a taxa de bocados. Nos estádios de pré-florescimento e florescimento a altura do pasto influencia positivamente o tempo de alimentação. A profundidade de bocados é positivamente influenciada pela altura do pasto e negativamente pela densidade de colmos no estrato superior. O tempo de alimentação (TA= 27,46 + 0,09 dia) e o número de bocados totais (NBT= -175,4 + 9,41dia) aumentaram linearmente ao longo do ciclo do azevém. O menor número de bocados por unidade de tempo foi realizado no 135º dia após a emergência do azevém e o maior tempo de formação do bocado foi no 146º. Em azevém, com oferta de forragem não limitante ao consumo, o aumento na taxa de bocados é o mecanismo utilizado por cordeiras para manter a taxa de ingestão constante. Dentre os atributos do pasto, sua altura é o de maior importância para determinar mudanças nas variáveis do comportamento ingestivo.

Les Soninkés sont originaires d'une région à la triple frontière entre le Mali, la Mauritanie et le Sénégal. Leur présence en France a été étudiée sous l'angle de la migration de travail, mais pas sous celui des pratiques culturelles et artistiques. Ma thèse vient questionner cette dimension inaperçue. L’enquête ethnographique commence dans les chambres standardisées d’un foyer de travailleurs migrants, lieu d’hébergement pour hommes. J’étudie d’abord de quelle manière les habitants du foyer manipulent l’espace sonore du bâtiment pour se l’approprier. Les musiques qu’ils écoutent et les vidéos de fêtes qu’ils regardent depuis leur smartphone signalent de nombreux lieux en Ile-de-France et en Afrique de l’Ouest autour desquels s’organise la diaspora soninkée. Afin de parcourir ces lieux comme ethnographe, j’intègre la troupe de danse Xhambane Kaffo, basée à Sarcelles. A la suite des danseuses et musiciens rencontrés dans la troupe, je me rends dans les salles des fêtes privées, les espaces culturels municipaux, les théâtres, où ils animent autant de mariages, de journées culturelles, de fêtes associatives ou d’élections de miss. Je me rends également à Bakel, au Sénégal, à rebours du parcours migratoire du directeur de la troupe, ainsi que dans la région du Guidimakha, en Mauritanie, auprès des familles des habitants du foyer. En prenant la musique en filature, ces déplacements me permettent d’étudier comment des hommes catégorisés comme migrants s’inscrivent dans des réseaux à la fois interpersonnels et transnationaux. Ni en France ni en Afrique de l’Ouest, la diaspora à laquelle ils participent n’a de lieu dédié, tel que le serait un centre culturel, mais elle est bel et bien située. / The Soninkes come from a borderland between Mali, Mauritania and Senegal. Their presence in France has been studied in terms of labour migration, but not as a cultural and artistic diaspora. My work concentrates on this unnoticed social dimension. The ethnographic survey begins in the standardised rooms of a Parisan shelter for migrant workers. First of all, I study how the shelter’s inhabitants, only men, shape their living space through sound. They live in confined spaces but the music they listen to and the videos they look at on their smartphones refer to a plethora of spaces in the Paris region and in West Africa. To explore these communities, I join a Soninké dance troupe called Xhambane Kaffo (We are all united in the same language) located in Sarcelles, a short drive north of Paris. Following the dancers and the musicians of this troupe, I go to reception halls, to municipal spaces, to theatres where they lead wedding parties, cultural days, association meetings and elections of diaspora queens. The survey moves then to West Africa : first to Dakar and Bakel, Senegal, following the artistic journey of the Xhambane Kaffo’s troupe director ; then to Mauritania, to meet the families of the Parisian migrant workers. Moving from one point to another allowed me to show how these men, categorized as migrants and single, sit within both a transnational and interpersonal social network. My work argues that if some cultural and artistic practices, such as the Soninkés’ diasporic encounters, are categorized as « invisible » in the urban area, it is because they are seen through a sedentary vision of space.