A good work environment in school is crucial in order to effectively teach and learn. Two factors that have a strong impact on the environment in a classroom is the lighting and the sound level. Research has shown that both light and sound have an impact on the health, and while a lot of research has been done on the work environment and the impact by different factors, very few studies have focused on how light and sound affect each other. The purpose of this study is to shed light on how the lighting can affect the sound level in a classroom. The results of this study could be used as a reference as to how the lighting should be set up in order to creative the most effective work environment in a classroom. In order to study if the sound level changes depending on the lighting, a quantitative field experiment has been performed. The study took place in a classroom with 6th graders in primary school. During 12 weekdays over a period of 3 weeks, the decibel values were logged to find out whether the sound level changed. During the first week, the original lighting was used. During the second week, the light was dimmed, and during the third and final week, the light was unevenly spread out. The results show that the sound level is indeed affected by the lighting in the classroom. The unevenly spread out lighting setup with a focus on vertical surfaces resulted in the lowest sound level. One conclusion that can be drawn is that more focus on the ambient light affects the students positively. The most important conclusion is that a lighting setup with different luminaires and a variety of the light levels and spread depending of the time of the day and season, is affecting the sound level and work environment in the classroom in a positive way. / En bra arbetsmiljö i skolan är en viktig förutsättning för att kunna förmedla kunskap. Två parametrar som har stor betydelse i ett klassrum är belysningen och ljudnivån. Forskning visar att både ljus och ljud påverkar hälsan men trots mängden forskning gällande arbetsmiljön och dess påverkande parametrar finns det fåtal forskningar som studerar hur ljus och ljud påverkar varandra. Syftet med studien och denna rapport är att öka kunskapen om hur ljussättning kan påverka ljudnivån i ett klassrum i grundskolan. Studien kan användas som underlag för hur klassrum bör belysas för att påverka arbetsmiljön i ett klassrum. För att undersöka om ljudnivå förändras vid förändrad ljusnivå respektive förändrad ljusfördelning har ett kvantitativt fältexperiment utförts. Studien genomfördes i ett hemklassrum för årskurs 6 och under tolv veckodagar under tre veckors tid loggades decibelvärden. Under vecka 1 var klassrummets ursprungliga belysning kvar, under vecka 2 sänktes ljusnivån och sista veckan skapades en ojämn ljusfördelning. Resultaten visar att ljudnivån kan ändras i ett klassrum med hjälp av belysningen, och studien resulterade i att den ojämna belysningen med fokus på vertikala ytor och omfältsljuset gav den lägsta ljudnivån. Slutsatser som kan dras av resultaten är bland annat att mer fokus på omgivningsljuset påverkar elevernas välmående i en positiv riktning. Den viktigaste slutsatsen är ändå att en belysningslösning med tillgång till olika typer av armaturer och möjlighet att kunna variera både ljusnivå och ljusfördelning beroende på lektion och tid på dygnet och årstid bidrar till en bättre arbetsmiljö i klassrummet.

Buildings both commercial and residential are the largest consumers of electricity. Integrating Photovoltaic technology in building architecture or Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) provides an effective means for meeting this huge energy demands and provides an energy hub at the place of its immediate requirement. However, this technology is challenged with problems like low efficiency and high cost. An effective way of improving the solar cell efficiency and reducing the cost of photovoltaic systems is either by reducing solar cell manufacturing cost or illuminating the solar cells with a higher light intensity than is naturally available by the use of optical concentrators which is also known as Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) technology. Integrating this technology in the architecture is referred as Building integrated Concentrating Photovoltaics (BICPV). This thesis presents a detailed performance analysis of different designs used as BICPV systems and proposes further advancements necessary for improving the system design and minimizing losses. The systems under study include a Dielectric Asymmetric Compound Parabolic Concentrator (DiACPC) designed for 2.8×, a three-dimensional Cross compound parabolic concentrator (3DCCPC) designed for 3.6× and a Square Elliptical Hyperbolic (SEH) concentrator designed for 6×. A detailed analysis procedure is presented showcasing the optical, electrical, thermal and overall analysis of these systems. A particular issue for CPV technology is the non-uniformity of the incident flux which tends to cause hot spots, current mismatch and reduce the overall efficiency of the system. Emphasis is placed on modelling the effects of non-uniformity while evaluating the performance of these systems. The optical analysis of the concentrators is carried out using ray tracing and finite element methods are employed to determine electrical and thermal performance of the system. Based on the optical analysis, the outgoing flux from the concentrators is predicted for different incident angles for each of the concentrators. A finite element model for the solar cell was developed to evaluate its electrical performance using the outputs obtained from the optical analysis. The model can also be applied for the optimization of the front grid pattern of Si Solar cells. The model is further coupled within the thermal analysis of the system, where the temperature of the solar cell is predicted under operating conditions and used to evaluate the overall performance under steady state conditions. During the analysis of the DiACPC it was found that the maximum cell temperature reached was 349.5 K under an incident solar radiation of 1000 W/m2. Results from the study carried on the 3DCCPC showed that a maximum cell temperature of 332 K is reached under normal incidence, this tends to bring down the overall power production by 14.6%. In the case of the SEH based system a maximum temperature of 319 K was observed on the solar cell surface under normal incidence. An average drop of 11.7% was found making the effective power ratio of the system 3.4. The non-uniformity introduced due to the concentrator profile causes hotspots in the BICPV system. The non-uniformity was found to reduce the efficiency of the solar cell in the range of 0.5-1 % in all the three studies. The overall performance can be improved by addressing losses occurring within different components of the system. It was found that optical losses occurred at the interface region formed due to the encapsulant spillage along the edges of the concentrator. Using a reflective film along the edge of the concentrating element was found to improve the optical efficiency of the system. Case studies highlighting the improvement are presented. A reflective film was attached along the interface region of the concentrator and the encapsulant. In the case of a DiACPC, an increase of 6% could be seen in the overall power production. Similar case study was performed for a 3DCCPC and a maximum of 6.7% was seen in the power output. To further improve the system performance a new design incorporating conjugate reflective-refractive device was evaluated. The device benefits from high optical efficiency due to the reflection and greater acceptance angle due to refraction. Finally, recommendations are made for development of a new generation of designs to be used in BiCPV applications. Efforts are made towards improving the overall performance and reducing the non-uniformity of the concentrated illumination.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The object of this work is to create software implementing two algorithms for global ilumination computing. Iradiance and radiance caching should be implemented in CUDA framework on graphics card (GPU). Parallel implementation on GPU should dramatically improve algoritm speed compared to CPU implementation. The software will be written using already done framework for global illumunation computation. That allow to focus to algorithm implementation only. This work should speed up testing of new or existing methods for global illumination computing, because saving and reusing of intermediate results can be used for other algorithms too. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This diploma thesis deals with global illumination and generally with the process of illumination of prepared scenes. A program for illumination management was written for this purpose. It can manage both direct and indirect illumination in interactive time. Simple and comfortable user interface allows for addition, deletion and change in light settings. Different types of both point and area lights are supported. In the course of all work, the program displays current illumination of the scene. With the help of this application, a series of different experiments will be carried out. We will explore the way users work during illumination, the way they perceive different properties of global illumination, various options of its control and its comparison with common direct illumination.

The objective of this work is to create software implementing two algorithms for global ilumination computation. Iradiance and radiance caching should be implemented in CUDA framework on a graphics card (GPU). Parallel implementation on the GPU should improve algoritm speed compared to CPU implementation. The software will be written using an already done framework for global illumunation computation. That allows to focus on algorithm implementation only. This work should speed up testing of new or existing methods for global illumination computing, because saving and reusing of intermediate results can be used for other algorithms too. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

En synthèse d'images, le principal calcul à effectuer pour générer une image a été formalisé dans une équation appelée équation du rendu [Kajiya1986]. Cette équation est la intègre la conservation de l'énergie dans le transport de la lumière. Elle stipule que l'énergie lumineuse renvoyée, par les objets d'une scène, dans une direction donnée est égale à la somme de l'énergie émise et réfléchie par ceux-ci. De plus, l'énergie réfléchie par un élément de surface est définie comme la convolution de l'éclairement incident avec une fonction de réflectance. Cette dernière modélise le matériau (au sens physique) de l'objet et joue le rôle d'un filtre directionnel et énergétique dans l'équation du rendu, simulant ainsi la manière dont la surface se comporte vis-à-vis d'une réflexion. Dans ce mémoire de thèse, nous introduisons de nouvelles représentations pour la fonction de réflectance ainsi que pour la représentation de l'éclairement incident. Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, nous proposons deux nouveaux modèles pour représenter la fonction de réflectance. Le premier modèle s'inscrit dans une démarche artistique et est destiné à faciliter la création et l'édition des reflets spéculaires. Son principe est de laisser l'utilisateur peindre et esquisser les caractéristiques (forme, couleur, gradient et texture) du reflet spéculaire dans un plan de dessin paramétrisé en fonction de la direction de la réflexion miroir de la lumière. Le but du second modèle est de représenter de manière compacte et efficace les mesures des matériaux isotropes. Pour ce faire, nous introduisons une nouvelle représentation à base de polynômes rationnels. Les coefficients de ces derniers sont obtenus à l'aide d'un processus d'approximation qui garantit une solution optimale au sens de la convergence. Dans la seconde partie de ce mémoire, nous introduisons une nouvelle représentation volumétrique pour l'éclairement indirect représenté directionnellement à l'aide de vecteurs d'irradiance. Nous montrons que notre représentation est compacte et robuste aux variations géométriques et qu'elle peut être utilisée comme système de cache pour du rendu temps réel ou non, ainsi que dans le cadre de la transmission progressive des données (\textit{streaming}). Enfin, nous proposons deux types de modifications de l'éclairement incident afin de mettre en valeur les détails et les formes d'une surface. Le première modification consiste à perturber les directions de l'éclairement incident tandis que la seconde consiste à en modifier l'intensité. / In image synthesis, the main computation involved to generate an image is characterized by an equation named rendering equation [Kajiya1986]. This equation represents the law of energy conservation. It stipulates that the light emanating from the scene objects is the sum of the emitted energy and the reflected energy. Moreover, the reflected energy at a surface point is defined as the convolution of the incoming lighting with a reflectance function. The reflectance function models the object material and represents, in the rendering equation, a directional and energetic filter that describes the surface behavior regarding the reflection. In this thesis, we introduce new representations for the reflectance function and the incoming lighting. In the first part of this thesis, we propose two new models for the reflectance function. The first model is targeted for artists to help them create and edit highlights. Our main idea is to let the user paint and sketch highlight characteristics (shape, color, gradient and texture) in a plane parametrized by the incident lighting direction. The second model is designed to represent efficiently isotropic material data. To achieve this result, we introduce a new representation of the reflectance function that uses rational polynomials. Their coefficients are computed using a fitting process that guarantees an optimal solution regarding convergence. In the second part of this thesis, we introduce a new volumetric structure for indirect illumination that is directionally represented with irradiance vector. We show that our representation is compact and robust to geometric variations, that it can be used as caching system for interactive and offline rendering and that it can also be transmitted with streaming techniques. Finally, we introduce two modifications of the incoming lighting to improve the shape depiction of a surface. The first modification consists in warping the incoming light directions whereas the second one consists in scaling the intensity of each light source.

This work provides an innovative solution for monitoring fatigue for users behind workstations. A web camera was adjusted to work in near infrared range and a system of 880 nm IR diodes was implemented to create an IR vision system to localize and track the eye pupils. The software developed monitors and tracks eyes for signs of fatigue by measuring PERCLOS. The software developed runs on the workstation and is designed to draw limited computational power, so as to not interfere with the user task. To overcome low-frame rate imposed by the hardware limitations and to improve real time monitoring, two-phases detection and tacking algorithm is implemented. The proposed system successfully monitors fatigue at a rate of 8 fps. The system is well suited to monitor users in command centers, flight control centers, airport traffic dispatches, military operation and command centers, etc., but the work can be extended to wearable devices and other environments.

Orientador: Edivaldo Antonio Garcia / Resumo: Com o objetivo de atualizar as informações relacionadas ao fornecimento de luz para as poedeiras comerciais modernas visando racionalizar o uso da energia elétrica nos sistemas de produção de ovos com manutenção ou melhoria do desempenho produtivo e qualidade dos ovos, foram realizados três experimentos. Em cada experimento foram utilizadas 480 aves da linhagem Lohmann LSL® distribuídas em delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições de 20 aves cada. O experimento I foi realizado para avaliação do efeito do comprimento do fotoperíodo sendo: fotoperíodo 1 - 14 horas de luz e 10 horas de escuro (14L:10E); fotoperíodo 2 – 15 horas de luz e 9 horas de escuro (15L:9E); fotoperíodo 3 – 16 horas de luz e 8 horas de escuro (16L:8E); fotoperíodo 4 – 17 horas de luz e 7 horas de escuro (17L:7E). No experimento II foram testadas quatro iluminâncias: T1 – 5 lux; T2 – 10 lux; T3 – 15 lux; T4 – 20 lux. O fotoperíodo adotado foi o de 14L:10E que proporcionou o melhor resultado no experimento I. O experimento III foi realizado para avaliação de quatro programas de luz: contínuo (controle) – consistiu de um fotoperído único; intermitente 1 – consistiu no fornecimento de 1 hora de luz, uma hora antes do início fotoperíodo natural (manhã); intermitente 2 – consistiu no fornecimento de 30 minutos de luz, uma hora antes do início do fotoperiodo natural; intermitente 3 – consistiu no fornecimento de 15 minutos de luz, uma hora antes do início do fotoperíodo natural.... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

O crescente efeito do tráfego veicular sobre o espaço público vem sendo o grande desafio das cidades contemporâneas. A conexão de pedestres entre vias e equipamentos de transporte de massa são atividades que largamente têm feito uso de áreas abaixo da superfície, tornando os corredores subterrâneos cada vez mais presentes nas grandes cidades. Ao permitir deslocamentos mais ágeis entre os espaços, esses corredores atendem às demandas da sociedade urbana contemporânea. A configuração do corredor está em todo lugar, seja na escala urbana, como caminhos para pedestres e vias de veículos, quanto na escala interna das diversas tipologias de edificações e pode-se afirmar que são inseparáveis do uso comum. Tratando-se de espaços de passagem que são, muitas vezes, confinados, manter as condições de conforto ambiental representa um dos grandes desafios. Este trabalho aborda o papel na iluminação nessa tipologia, tendo como objetivo analisar os efeitos da iluminação na interação pessoa- -ambiente em passagens subterrâneas de pedestres. A partir de uma revisão teórica sobre os corredores na arquitetura e sua relação com a luz, foi realizado um estudo de caso nas passagens subterrâneas de Brasília, por se tratarem de elementos fundamentais na concepção urbanística do Plano Piloto, mas, que se encontram em crítica situação de ocupação. Com iluminação deficiente, elas são alvo de criminalidade e, em consequência, evitadas pela população. A metodologia envolveu, também, pesquisa documental sobre o projeto original, levantamento das características do projeto existente e medições in loco das características do sistema de iluminação, tanto natural quanto elétrica. As entrevistas realizadas com os pedestres buscaram compreender a percepção do usuário sobre a forma como o espaço era iluminado. A partir dos dados coletados, foram realizadas simulações com o software DialuxEvo, comparando a iluminação existente e o projeto original das passagens, projetados por Lúcio Costa. Resultados preliminares demonstraram uma percepção muito negativa dos usuários em relação às passagens no subsolo, em especial, em relação à forma como estão iluminadas. As simulações confirmam a hipótese de que no projeto original de Lúcio Costa (1958) teríamos mais incidência de luz natural e, provavelmente, uma modificação na percepção do usuário que utiliza estes espaços. / The massive effect of vehicular traffic on public space has been the great challenge in the contemporary cities. The connections of pedestrians between roads and mass transportation equipment is one of the activities that has largely made use of areas below the surface, making underground corridors more and more present in large cities. Corridor is everywhere: on the urban scale as footpaths and vehicle paths, or on the internal scale of the various typologies of buildings. So, can be said that they are inseparable from common use. The conditions of environmental comfort represent one of the great challenges when it comes to passage spaces that are also often confined. This paper discusses the role of lighting in this typology, with the objective of analyzing the effects of lighting on the person- -environment interaction in pedestrian’s underground passages. Based on a theoretical review of the corridors in architecture and its relationship with light, a case study was carried out in pedestrian’s Brasilia underground passages. They are fundamental elements in the urban design of the Pilot Plan, but are in a critical situation of occupation. With poor lighting system, they are subject to crime and, therefore, avoided by the population. The methodology also involved documentary research on the original design, survey of the characteristics of the existing project and in loco measurements of the characteristics of the lighting system, both natural and artificial. Interviews with pedestrians sought to understand the user’s perception of how space was illuminated. From the data collected, simulations were performed with the DialuxEvo software, comparing the existing lighting system and the original design of the passages, designed by Lúcio Costa. Preliminary results have shown a very negative perception of users with subsoil passages, especially regarding how they are illuminated. The simulations confirm the hypothesis that in the original project of Lúcio Costa (1958) we would have more incidence of natural light and, consequently, a modification in the perception of the user in these spaces.