Litografia óptica é o processo pelo qual os padrões desenhados pelos projetistas de circuitos integrados são transferidos para o wafer através de ondas de luz. Com a miniaturização dos componentes, aumenta cada vez mais a discrepância entre os padrões projetados e o que é realmente impresso. Tal fato ocorre porque as dimensões dos padrões são menores do que o comprimento de onda utilizado para imprimi-los. Desta forma, é imprescindível que se saiba ou se tenha uma aproximação do que será impresso antes da fabricação dos circuitos para eliminar possíveis defeitos, através da utilização de técnicas de melhoramento de resolução. Essa aproximação é obtida através de simuladores de litografia óptica, que possuem o grande desafio de obter uma aproximação em um tempo viável. Sendo assim, neste trabalho apresentamos o problema de litografia óptica e seu embasamento matemático, bem como técnicas para implementar um simulador litográfico de forma eficiente. Tais técnicas foram utilizadas para o desenvolvimento do simulador Lithux. E, também apresentamos brevemente, técnicas de melhoramento de resolução, onde muitas utilizam simuladores de litografia para reproduzir sua eficiência. / Optical Lithography is the process whereby the patterns designed by the integrated circuit designers are transferred to the wafer by light waves. With the miniaturization of components, the gap between the projected patterns and what is actually printed is steadily increasing as the pattern dimensions are now smaller than the wavelength used to print them. Therefore, in this work we present the problem of optical lithography and its mathematical foundations, as well as techniques to efficiently implement a lithographic simulator. These techniques were used to develop the Lithux simulator. We also briefly present techniques for resolution enhancement, where many of them use lithographic simulators to simulate their efficiency. Thus, it is essential to know or to have an approximation of what will be printed before the circuit manufacturing to eliminate potential defects through the use of resolution enhancement techniques. This approximation is obtained by optical lithography simulators that have the challenge of getting this approximation in a practicable time.

L’objectif de cette thèse était de proposer, valider et comparer des méthodes de fusion d’images provenant d’un capteur héliosynchrone multispectral et d’un capteur géostationnaire multispectral, pour produire des cartes de composition de l’eau détaillées spatialement et les mieux rafraîchies possibles. Notre méthodologie a été appliquée au capteur héliosynchrone OLCI sur Sentinel-3 et au capteur géostationnaire FCI sur Météosat Troisième Génération. Dans un premier temps, la sensibilité des deux capteurs à la couleur de l’eau a été analysée. Les images des capteurs OLCI et FCI n’étant pas encore disponibles, ont donc été simulées sur le Golfe du Lion, grâce à des cartes d’hydrosols (chlorophylle, matières en suspension et matières organiques dissoutes) et à des modèles de transfert radiatifs (Hydrolight et Modtran). Deux méthodes de fusion ont ensuite été adaptées puis testées à partir des images simulées : la méthode SSTF (Spatial, Spectral, Temporal Fusion) inspirée de la fusion de (Vanhellemont et al., 2014) et la méthode STARFM (Spatial Temporal Adaptative Reflectance Fusion Model) de (Gao et al., 2006). Les résultats de fusion ont alors été validés avec des images de référence simulées et les cartes d’hydrosols estimées à partir de ces images ont été comparées aux cartes utilisées en entrée des simulations. Pour améliorer le SNR des images FCI, un filtrage temporel a été proposé. Enfin, comme le but est d’obtenir des indicateurs de qualité de l’eau, nous avons testé les méthodes de fusion sur les cartes d’hydrosols estimées à partir des images FCI et OLCI simulées. / The objective of this thesis was to propose, validate and compare fusion methods of images provided by a Low Earth Orbit multispectral sensor and a geostationary multispectral sensor in order to obtain water composition maps with spatial details and high temporal resolution. Our methodology was applied to OLCI Low Earth Orbit sensor on Sentinel-3 and FCI Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) sensor on Meteosat Third Generation. Firstly, the sensor sensivity, regarding the water color, was analyzed. As the images from both sensors were not available, they were simulated on the Golf of Lion, thanks to hydrosol maps (chl, SPM and CDOM) and radiative transfer models (Hydrolight and Modtran). Two fusion methods were then adapted and tested with the simulated images: the SSTF (Spatial, Spectral, Temporal Fusion) method inspired from the method developed by (Vanhellemont et al., 2014)) and the STARFM (Spatial Temporal Adaptative Reflectance Fusion Model) method from (Gao et al., 2006)). The fusion results were then validated with the simulated reference images and by estimating the hydrosol maps from the fusion images and comparing them with the input maps of the simulation process. To improve FCI SNR, a temporal filtering was proposed. Finally, as the aim is to obtain a water quality indicator, the fusion methods were adapted and tested on the hydrosol maps estimated with the FCI and OLCI simulated images.

Litografia óptica é o processo pelo qual os padrões desenhados pelos projetistas de circuitos integrados são transferidos para o wafer através de ondas de luz. Com a miniaturização dos componentes, aumenta cada vez mais a discrepância entre os padrões projetados e o que é realmente impresso. Tal fato ocorre porque as dimensões dos padrões são menores do que o comprimento de onda utilizado para imprimi-los. Desta forma, é imprescindível que se saiba ou se tenha uma aproximação do que será impresso antes da fabricação dos circuitos para eliminar possíveis defeitos, através da utilização de técnicas de melhoramento de resolução. Essa aproximação é obtida através de simuladores de litografia óptica, que possuem o grande desafio de obter uma aproximação em um tempo viável. Sendo assim, neste trabalho apresentamos o problema de litografia óptica e seu embasamento matemático, bem como técnicas para implementar um simulador litográfico de forma eficiente. Tais técnicas foram utilizadas para o desenvolvimento do simulador Lithux. E, também apresentamos brevemente, técnicas de melhoramento de resolução, onde muitas utilizam simuladores de litografia para reproduzir sua eficiência. / Optical Lithography is the process whereby the patterns designed by the integrated circuit designers are transferred to the wafer by light waves. With the miniaturization of components, the gap between the projected patterns and what is actually printed is steadily increasing as the pattern dimensions are now smaller than the wavelength used to print them. Therefore, in this work we present the problem of optical lithography and its mathematical foundations, as well as techniques to efficiently implement a lithographic simulator. These techniques were used to develop the Lithux simulator. We also briefly present techniques for resolution enhancement, where many of them use lithographic simulators to simulate their efficiency. Thus, it is essential to know or to have an approximation of what will be printed before the circuit manufacturing to eliminate potential defects through the use of resolution enhancement techniques. This approximation is obtained by optical lithography simulators that have the challenge of getting this approximation in a practicable time.

Litografia óptica é o processo pelo qual os padrões desenhados pelos projetistas de circuitos integrados são transferidos para o wafer através de ondas de luz. Com a miniaturização dos componentes, aumenta cada vez mais a discrepância entre os padrões projetados e o que é realmente impresso. Tal fato ocorre porque as dimensões dos padrões são menores do que o comprimento de onda utilizado para imprimi-los. Desta forma, é imprescindível que se saiba ou se tenha uma aproximação do que será impresso antes da fabricação dos circuitos para eliminar possíveis defeitos, através da utilização de técnicas de melhoramento de resolução. Essa aproximação é obtida através de simuladores de litografia óptica, que possuem o grande desafio de obter uma aproximação em um tempo viável. Sendo assim, neste trabalho apresentamos o problema de litografia óptica e seu embasamento matemático, bem como técnicas para implementar um simulador litográfico de forma eficiente. Tais técnicas foram utilizadas para o desenvolvimento do simulador Lithux. E, também apresentamos brevemente, técnicas de melhoramento de resolução, onde muitas utilizam simuladores de litografia para reproduzir sua eficiência. / Optical Lithography is the process whereby the patterns designed by the integrated circuit designers are transferred to the wafer by light waves. With the miniaturization of components, the gap between the projected patterns and what is actually printed is steadily increasing as the pattern dimensions are now smaller than the wavelength used to print them. Therefore, in this work we present the problem of optical lithography and its mathematical foundations, as well as techniques to efficiently implement a lithographic simulator. These techniques were used to develop the Lithux simulator. We also briefly present techniques for resolution enhancement, where many of them use lithographic simulators to simulate their efficiency. Thus, it is essential to know or to have an approximation of what will be printed before the circuit manufacturing to eliminate potential defects through the use of resolution enhancement techniques. This approximation is obtained by optical lithography simulators that have the challenge of getting this approximation in a practicable time.

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No description available.

L’imagerie ultrasonore harmonique, qui repose sur la non linéarité du milieu de propagation, est une technique d’imagerie clinique qui améliore la résolution des images. La mesure ultrasonore du paramètre local de non linéarité d'un milieu est une voie de recherche qui amènerait de nouvelles perspectives dans le domaine de la caractérisation des tissus. Cependant, l'accès à cette information se heurte à deux écueils : d'une part il n’existe pas actuellement de méthode de mesure de ce paramètre à partir du mode écho classique et d'autre part, les outils de simulation prenant en compte la non-linéarité du milieu sont peu développés. Une méthode de spectre angulaire a donc été proposée afin de calculer le champ de pression dans des milieux de non linéarité inhomogène. Ce champ de pression est ensuite utilisé pour engendrer des images échographiques contenant l’information harmonique. Cette méthode spectrale a été portée sur GPU afin d’accélérer le calcul et a été intégrée dans un logiciel libre : CREANUIS. Dans un deuxième temps, une extension d’une méthode comparative (ECM) a été proposée pour prendre en compte des milieux de non linéarité non homogène, fonctionnant en mode écho. Grâce aux outils de simulation développés, différentes configurations ont été utilisées pour la mise au point de l’ECM qui a ensuite été validée à partir d'objets tests et in vitro sur foies d’animaux. Même si la méthode de mesure présente une résolution relativement faible, les images obtenues démontrent le potentiel de l’imagerie du paramètre de non linéarité des tissus. / Harmonic imaging, based on the propagated medium nonlinearity, is a clinical imaging technique which increases the resolution of ultrasound images. The ultrasound measure of the local nonlinear parameter brings new perspectives in term tissues characterization. However, access to this information suffers from two strong points: from one hand, there is no current measurement method of this parameter in echo mode configuration and on the other hand, the simulation tools taking into account the nonlinearity are not many developed. An angular spectrum method has been proposed to compute the nonlinear pressure field with inhomogeneous nonlinear parameter. This pressure field is then used to generate ultrasound images containing the harmonic component. This spectral approach has been implemented on a GPU in order to accelerate the computation and package in a free software made available to the scientific community under the name CREANUIS. In a second time, a extension of a comparative method (ECM) has been proposed to take into account media with inhomogeneous nonlinearity, working an echo mode configuration. Thanks the developed simulation tools, different configurations have been used to parameterize and to evaluate the ECM which has then be validated on test objects and in vitro animal’s livers. Even if the measure presents a relatively weak resolution, the obtained images demonstrated a high potential in the nonlinear parameter imaging of tissues.

Gyros Protein Technologies develops instruments for automated immunoassays. Fluorescent antibodies are added to samples and excited with a laser. This results in a 16-bit image where the intensity is correlated to concentration of bound antibody. Artefacts may appear on the images due to dust, fibers or other problems, which affect the quantification. This project seeks to automatically detect such artifacts by classifying the images as good or bad using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs). To augment the dataset a simulation approach is used and a simulation program is developed that generates images based on developed simulation models. Several classification models are tested as well as different techniques used for training. The highest performing classifier is a VGG16 DCNN, pre-trained on simulated images, which reaches 94.8% accuracy. There are many sub-classes in the bad class, and many of these are very underrepresented in both the training and test datasets. This means that not much can be said of the classification power of these sub-classes. The conclusion is therefore that until more of this rare data can be collected, focus should lie on classifying the other more common examples. Using the approaches from this project, we believe this could result in a high performing product.

La modélisation géométrique a été l'un des sujets les plus étudiés pour la représentation des structures anatomiques dans le domaine médical. Aujourd'hui, il n'y a toujours pas de méthode bien établie pour modéliser la forme d'un organe. Cependant, il y a plusieurs types d'approches disponibles et chaque approche a ses forces et ses faiblesses. La plupart des méthodes de pointe utilisent uniquement l'information surfacique mais un besoin croissant de modéliser l'information volumique des objets apparaît. En plus de la description géométrique, il faut pouvoir différencier les objets d'une population selon leur forme. Cela nécessite de disposer des statistiques sur la forme dans organe dans une population donné. Dans ce travail de thèse, on utilise une représentation capable de modéliser les caractéristiques surfaciques et internes d'un objet. La représentation choisie (s-rep) a en plus l'avantage de permettre de déterminer les statistiques de forme pour une population d'objets. En s'appuyant sur cette représentation, une procédure pour modéliser le cortex cérébral humain est proposée. Cette nouvelle modélisation offre de nouvelles possibilités pour analyser les lésions corticales et calculer des statistiques de forme sur le cortex. La deuxième partie de ce travail propose une méthodologie pour décrire de manière paramétrique l'intérieur d'un objet. La méthode est flexible et peut améliorer l'aspect visuel ou la description des propriétés physiques d'un objet. La modélisation géométrique enrichie avec des paramètres physiques volumiques est utilisée pour la simulation d'image par résonance magnétique pour produire des simulations plus réalistes. Cette approche de simulation d'images est validée en analysant le comportement et les performances des méthodes de segmentations classiquement utilisées pour traiter des images réelles du cerveau. / Geometric modeling has been one of the most researched areas in the medical domain. Today, there is not a well established methodology to model the shape of an organ. There are many approaches available and each one of them have different strengths and weaknesses. Most state of the art methods to model shape use surface information only. There is an increasing need for techniques to support volumetric information. Besides shape characterization, a technique to differentiate objects by shape is needed. This requires computing statistics on shape. The current challenge of research in life sciences is to create models to represent the surface, the interior of an object, and give statistical differences based on shape. In this work, we use a technique for shape modeling that is able to model surface and internal features, and is suited to compute shape statistics. Using this technique (s-rep), a procedure to model the human cerebral cortex is proposed. This novel representation offers new possibilities to analyze cortical lesions and compute shape statistics on the cortex. The second part of this work proposes a methodology to parameterize the interior of an object. The method is flexible and can enhance the visual aspect or the description of physical properties of an object. The geometric modeling enhanced with physical parameters is used to produce simulated magnetic resonance images. This image simulation approach is validated by analyzing the behavior and performance of classic segmentation algorithms for real images.

Actuellement, la presbytie peut être corrigée chirurgicalement à l’aide d’implants intraoculaires réfractifs ou diffractifs multifocaux (chirurgie endoculaire invasive et irréversible) ou en intracornéen avec une correction multifocale réfractive (correction laser irréversible, ou insertion d’un implant dans le stroma). L’objectif de ce travail est de développer un nouvel implant permettant de corriger la presbytie, qui allie l’innocuité et la réversibilité d’une correction intracornéenne, à l’efficacité du diffractif. Le design des profils optiques bifocaux a été permis grâce au développement d’outils de simulation optique. Les efficacités de diffraction sont calculées à partir de la propagation du champ électrique par spectre angulaire. La qualité optique est déterminée d’après les simulations de Fonction de Transfert de Modulation obtenues sous Zemax. Des simulations de rendu d’images permettent de visualiser les effets de différents profils envisagés. Les paramètres critiques du design optique sont déterminés. Le choix du matériau dépend des contraintes de biocompatibilité de l’implant et des techniques de fabrication. La solution retenue est un hydrogel à forte teneur en eau, couplé à une nouvelle architecture de l’implant. L’hydrogel est obtenu par polymérisation radicalaire de macromonomères difonctionnels de poly(éthylène glycol) de masses molaires de l’ordre de 8000 g.mol‐1 qui conduisent à des propriétés mécaniques et une perméabilité aux nutriments compatibles avec l’application. La réalisation, la stérilisation et la caractérisation optique de prototypes ont abouti à la preuve du concept d’un implant bifocal diffractif intracornéen / Presbyopia can be corrected with surgery by means of refractive or diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses (which imply an irreversible and invasive endocular surgery) or by intracorneal multifocal refractive correction (irreversible laser correction, or insertion of an intrastromal implant). This work aims at developing a new implant to correct presbyopia, which takes advantage of both the harmlessness and the reversibility of an intracorneal correction, and the efficiency of diffractive optics. The design of the bifocal optical profiles was based on the development of optical simulation tools. The diffractive efficiencies are calculated from the distribution of the electric field with the method of angular spectrum. The optical quality is determined according to the simulations of Modulation Transfer Function obtained with Zemax. Images simulations show the effects of the different profiles studied. The critical parameters of the optical design are also determined. The choice of the material depends on several constraints such as biocompatibility and techniques of manufacturing. The adopted solution relies on the used of an hydrogel with high water content and the design of a new implant architecture. The hydrogel is obtained by radical polymerization of difunctional macromonomers of poly(ethylene glycol) with molar masses around 8000 g.mol‐1, allowing mechanical properties and permeability to nutriments compatible with the application. The realization, the sterilization and the characterization of prototypes showed the proof of the concept of a diffractive bifocal intracorneal implant