Yes / Here, we report how the stability of polyion complex (PIC) particles containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s elastase (LasB) degradable peptides and antimicrobial poly(ethylene imine) is significantly improved by careful design of the peptide component. Three LasB‐degradable peptides are reported herein, all of them carrying the LasB‐degradable sequence −GLA− and for which the number of anionic amino acids and cysteine units per peptide were systematically varied. Our results suggest that while net charge and potential to cross‐link via disulfide bond formation do not have a predictable effect on the ability of LasB to degrade these peptides, a significant effect of these two parameters on particle preparation and stability is observed. A range of techniques has been used to characterize these new materials and demonstrates that increasing the charge and cross‐linking potential of the peptides results in PIC particles with better stability in physiological conditions and upon storage. These results highlight the importance of molecular design for the preparation of PIC particles and should underpin the future development of these materials for responsive drug delivery. / Wellcome Trust, EPSRC, Birminghan Science City, European Regional Development Fund, University of Birmingham

Dendrimers are hyperbranched macromolecules, with branches-upon-branches architectures, precise constitutions and molecular weights of several kiloDaltons (Figure 1). The dendritic structure remains to be an influential feature in the developments of dendrimer chemistry at large. Organometallic catalysis forms an active area, wherein the dendrimers find a defined importance. A number of dendrimer types have been utilized to study organometallic catalysis that combine the dendritic architectural principles. Chapter 1 of the Thesis summarizes the advances in the dendrimer-mediated catalyses, apart from an overview of the methods adopted to synthesize dendrimers. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis of newer types of larger generation poly(propyl ether imine) (PETIM) dendrimers. The molecular structure of a sixth generation PETIM dendrimer is shown in Figure 2. The PETIM series of dendrimers are synthesized by iterative synthetic cycles of two reductions and two Michael addition reactions. Modifications of the synthetic methods were identified, so as to facilitate the synthesis and purification of the higher generation dendrimers. Formation of the PETIM dendrimers, possessing a tertiary amine as the branch juncture and ether as the linker component, is assessed systematically by routine analytical techniques. The peripheries of these dendrimers possess either alcohols or amines or carboxylic acids or esters or nitriles, thereby opening up possibilities for varied studies. Architecturally-driven effects are searched constantly while integrating dendrimers in wide ranging studies. With knowledge that un-functionalized PAMAM and PPI dendrimers show fluorescence properties, we tested the PETIM dendrimers for their luminescence property. The photophysical properties of PETIM dendrimers presenting esters, alcohols, acid salts, nitriles and amines at their peripheries were studied. The anomalous fluorescence arising from alcohol terminated PETIM dendrimers (Figure 3) was established through a series of experiments. Various experimental parameters including pH, viscosity of the solvents, aging, temperature and concentration were used to assess the photochemical properties of the PETIM dendrimers. It was observed that generations 1 to 5 absorbed in the region of 260-340 nm, in MeOH and in aqueous solutions. Excitation of the OH-terminated dendrimer solutions at 330 nm led to an emission at ~390 nm (Figure 4). Dendrimers presenting esters, acid salts and amines at their peripheries also exhibited a similar excitation and emission wavelengths. An increase in the fluorescence intensity was observed at low pH and with more viscous solvents. Lifetime measurements showed at least two species (~2.5 and ~7.0 ns) were responsible for the emission. The quenching of the fluorescence originating from the PETIM dendrimers by inorganic anions was also established in the present study. The periodate, persulfate, perchlorate and nitrite anions quenched the fluorescence efficiently among several anions tested. An ‘oxygen-interacted moiety’, in addition to altered hydrogen bonding properties of the dendrimers, was presumed contribute to the anomalous fluorescence behavior. Chapter 3 of the Thesis elaborates photophysical studies of several PETIM dendrimers. Incorporation of catalytically active moieties at the peripheries of dendrimers was identified as an important avenue, in order to explore the effect of the dendritic architectures on the catalytic activities of chosen catalytic moieties. In order to assess the effect of the dendritic scaffold, in relation to both numbers and locations of the catalytic units, an effort was undertaken to study the catalytic activities of catalytic units, that are present in varying numbers within one generation. Partial and full phosphine-metal complex substituted three generations of dendritic catalysts were synthesized, by using a selective alkylation as a key step. The number of the primary amine groups led to define the number of phosphine groups at the peripheries. The primary amine groups were, in turn, prepared by a Michael addition of acrylonitrile and hydroxyl groups, followed by a reduction of the nitrile moieties to the corresponding amines. The first and the second generation PETIM dendrimers utilized in this study present up to four and eight hydroxyl groups at their peripheries. A partial etherification was exercised in order to mask few hydroxyl groups, useful to prepare the partially substituted phosphine groups. Subsequent Michael addition of acrylonitrile with remaining hydroxyl groups, to afford the nitrile terminated dendrimers, and a metal-mediated reduction of the nitrile to amine led to the required number of amine functionalized dendrimers. Functionalization of the peripheries with alkyldiphenyl phosphine moieties was conducted through a Mannich reaction of the amines with formaldehyde and diphenyl phosphine. The subsequent metal complexation with Pd(COD)Cl2 afforded a series of phosphine-Pd(II) complexes, for the zero, first and second generation PETIM dendrimers. Figure 5 shows the molecular structures of a partially and a fully substituted second generation dendrimer. Catalytic activities of the dendrimer-Pd(II) complexes were assessed in both Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions. A C-C bond forming reactions were studied, with the series of dendritic-Pd(II) catalysts, using Cs2CO3 as a base and at 40 oC. In an overall observation, it was found that an individual catalytic site showed a considerable increase in the catalytic activity when it was present in multiple numbers than as a single unit within the same generation (Figure 6). Figure 6. Bar diagrams of (a) Heck reaction and (b) Suzuki reaction, employing the dendritic catalysts 1 - 11. The Heck coupling reaction involved tert-butyl acrylate and iodobenzene, and the Suzuki coupling reaction involved phenyl boronic acid and iodobenzene. The observations revealed that: (i) the higher generation dendritic catalysts exhibited higher catalytic activities per catalytic site and (ii) the dendritic scaffold has a role in enhancing the activities of the individual catalytic sites. The catalysis study identified the catalytic activities that occurred when a series of catalysts within a given dendrimer generation was used. Such a study is hitherto unknown and the observations of this study address some of the pertinent queries relating to the efficiencies of multivalent dendritic catalysts. Chapter 4 of the Thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of series of organometallic PETIM dendrimer and studies of their catalytic activities. Studies on solid-supported catalysis present a significant importance in heterogeneous organometallic catalysis. Silica is a prominently utilized heterogeneous metal catalyst support. Functionalization of the solid supports with suitable chelating ligands is emerging as a viable strategy to circumvent not only the pertinent metal catalyst deterioration and leaching limitations, but also to stabilize the metal particles and to adjust their catalytic efficiencies. In exploring heterogeneous organometallic catalysis, functionalization of silica with a first generation phosphinated dendritic amine was undertaken. The synthetic scheme adopted to synthesize dendrimer functionalized silica is shown in Scheme 1. The reaction of the chloropropylated silica 4 with amine 3 was conducted in CHCl3. Complexation of the functionalized silica 5 with Pd(COD)Cl2 led to isolation of Pd(II)- impregnated silica. Scheme 1. Preparation of Pd nanoparticles stabilized by functionalized silica. It was anticipated that the ratio of phosphine to Pd(II) would be 1:0.5, resulting from a bidendate binding of the phosphine ligand to Pd metal. The observed ICP-OES result indicated that all phosphine ligands did not chelate the metal. With the desire to obtain the metal nanoparticles, the metal complex was subjected to a reduction, which was performed by conditioning 5-Pd(II) complex in EtOH. The Pd metal nanoparticle thus formed was characterized by physical methods, and the spherical nanoparticles were found to have >85 % size distribution between 2-4 nm (Figure 7). Analyses of the Pd(0) impregnated in dendrimer functionalized silica were performed using NMR, XPS spectroscopies, elemental analysis and microscopies. Figure 7. Transmission electron micrograph and histogram of 6, obtained after treatment with EtOH. The Pd-nanoparticle stabilized silica was used in the hydrogenation of several α, β-unsaturated olefins. The catalyst recycling experiments were conducted more than 10 times, and no loss in the catalytic activities were observed. Chapter 5 describes the functionalization of the silica support with diphenylphosphinomethyl-derivatized dendritic amine, palladium nanoparticle formation and the catalysis studies. Overall, the Thesis establishes the synthesis of larger generation PETIM dendrimers, studies of their anomalous fluorescence behavior, organometallic catalysis in solution, as well as, in heterogeneous conditions, pertaining to the C-C bond forming reactions and hydrogenation reactions. (For figure, graph and structural formula pl see the pdf file)

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Siliciumkomplexe mit dianionischen Pyrrol-2-carbaldimin-funktionalisierten N,N,O- und N,N,N,N-Chelatliganden synthetisiert und kristallografisch, NMR- und UV/Vis-spektroskopisch und mittels quantenchemischer Berechnungen charakterisiert. Die pentakoordinierten Si-Komplexe mit N,N,O-Ligandrückgraten wiesen in Abhängigkeit von den weiteren Si-gebundenen Substituenten unterschiedlich konfigurierte verzerrt trigonal-bipyramidale Si-Koordinationssphären auf. Die Ursache der Farbigkeit dieser Verbindungen konnte mittels quantenchemischer Berechnungen detailliert erklärt werden. – Die Si-Komplexe mit N,N,N,N-Ligandrückgraten liegen in Abhängigkeit von den weiteren Si-gebundenen Substituenten als 5-fach koordinierte kationische oder neutrale 6-fach koordinierte Si-Komplexe vor. Deren Farbigkeit wurde mittels UV/VIS-Spektroskopie untersucht. Von ausgewählten Komplexen wurden die Tensoren der 29Si-NMR-Verschiebung rechnerisch und CP/MAS-NMR-spektroskopisch bestimmt.

Cette thèse décrit la Chimie Covalente Dynamique (CCD) des échanges imine/imine, Knoevenagel/imine et Knoevenagel/Knoevenagel. La L-proline est un excellent organocatalyseur pour la formation de Bibliothèques Covalentes Dynamiques (BCDs). Cependant, l’interconversion entre des dérivées Knoevenagel de l’acide diméthylbarbiturique et des imines se déroule rapidement sans catalyseur. Une nouvelle classe de CCD basée sur des échanges par substitutions nucléophiles (SN2/SN2’) entre des sels d’ammonium quaternaires et des amines tertiaires est développée, impliquant la catalyse par l’iodure. Les réactions d’échange entre des sels de pyridinium et un dérivé de pyridine génèrent des liquides ioniques dynamiques. Enfin, la sélection cinétique et thermodynamique de la formation d’imines dans la CCD est réalisée en solution aqueuse e ten solvant organique. / This thesis describes the dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) of imine/imine, Knoevenagel/imine, and Knoevenagel/Knoevenagel exchange. L-proline is shown to be an excellent organocatalyst to accelerate the formation of dynamic covalent libraries (DCLs). The interconversion between Knoevenagel derivatives of dimethylbarbituric acid and imines is found to occur rapidly in the absence of catalyst. A new class of DCC based on nucleophilic substitution (SN2/SN2’) component exchange between quaternary ammonium salts and tertiary amines is developed, by the use of iodide as a catalyst. The exchange reactions between pyridinium salts and a pyridine derivative generate dynamic ionic liquids. Finally, kinetic and thermodynamic selection of imine formation in a DCC is perfomed in aqueous solution and organic solvent.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Siliciumkomplexe mit dianionischen Pyrrol-2-carbaldimin-funktionalisierten N,N,O- und N,N,N,N-Chelatliganden synthetisiert und kristallografisch, NMR- und UV/Vis-spektroskopisch und mittels quantenchemischer Berechnungen charakterisiert. Die pentakoordinierten Si-Komplexe mit N,N,O-Ligandrückgraten wiesen in Abhängigkeit von den weiteren Si-gebundenen Substituenten unterschiedlich konfigurierte verzerrt trigonal-bipyramidale Si-Koordinationssphären auf. Die Ursache der Farbigkeit dieser Verbindungen konnte mittels quantenchemischer Berechnungen detailliert erklärt werden. – Die Si-Komplexe mit N,N,N,N-Ligandrückgraten liegen in Abhängigkeit von den weiteren Si-gebundenen Substituenten als 5-fach koordinierte kationische oder neutrale 6-fach koordinierte Si-Komplexe vor. Deren Farbigkeit wurde mittels UV/VIS-Spektroskopie untersucht. Von ausgewählten Komplexen wurden die Tensoren der 29Si-NMR-Verschiebung rechnerisch und CP/MAS-NMR-spektroskopisch bestimmt.

Ce mémoire décrit les résultats d'une étude conçue pour tester l'efficacité d'une approche particulière visant à étudier le mécanisme de la fonctionnalisation des hétéroatomes C dans les liaisons C-H catalysée par les composés des métaux de transition. L'approche en question consiste à examiner les réactivités d'une famille de complexes nickelacycliques sélectionnés pour servir de système modèle pour les intermédiaires postulés être générés in situ lors de protocoles de fonctionnalisation C−H appelés « one-pot » (en une seule étape). Ainsi, les complexes nickelacycliques susmentionnés, y compris les complexes dimériques κC, κP-{2-OPR2,4-R’-C6H4}2Ni2(μ-Br)2 et leurs adduits acétonitrile monomères κC, κP-{2-OPR2,4-R’-C6H4}Ni(Br)(NCMe), obtenus par nickelation C−H des arylphosphinites, R2P(OAr), ont été traités avec des substrats appropriés possédant une liaison faible/labile telle que des liaisons simples N–O et N–N pour déterminer si la rupture des liaisons cibles mènerait à une coupure C–O ou C–N. En tant que substrats pour les couplages C–O, nous avons testé les réactivités des hydroxylamines (PhCH2)2NOH et (CH3CH2)2NOH, en plus du substrat protégé par le benzyle PhCH2ONH2. Les réactivités observées entre ces substrats et les complexes nickelacycliques modèles susmentionnés ont révélé trois schémas distincts influencés par la nature du complexe de nickel, le solvant utilisé dans la réaction et le substrat spécifique utilisé. Premièrement, pour le substrat protégé par le benzyle PhCH2ONH2, le résultat implique la formation directe d'adduits liés à l'azote avec tous les complexes de nickel testés. Deuxièmement, le complexe dimérique non-substitué (R’ = H) réagit avec (CH3CH2)2NOH et (PhCH2)2NOH dans CH2Cl2, produisant l'amine oxyde zwitterionique κC, κP-{2-OPR2-C6H5}Ni{κO-ONH(CH3CH2)2}Br et l'aminooxyde bidente (i-R2POPh)Ni{κO,κN-ON(CH2Ph)2}Br, respectivement. Enfin, la réaction parallèle de complexes de nickel substitués (R’ = Cl, OMe, NMe2) avec des hydroxylamines fournit des adduits à base d'imines résultant de la déshydratation de (CH3CH2)2NOH et (PhCH2)2NOH. Cette dernière réactivité atteint des résultats optimaux en acétonitrile, bien qu'elle se manifeste également dans une moindre mesure en C6D6 si la réaction se poursuit pendant plus de 24 heures. Divers scénarios mécanistiques ont été explorés pour élucider la transformation observée des hydroxylamines en imines, tous indiquant deux voies mécanistiques possibles. Le mécanisme le plus en évidence est l'attaque nucléophile sur l'acétonitrile coordonné, résultant en une déshydratation nette de l'hydroxylamine avec l'élimination de la molécule d'acétamide. Dans l'ensemble, cette étude a montré que cette réaction peut également se produire par des voies radicalaires pour lesquelles la coordination de l'acétonitrile au nickel n'est pas nécessaire. S'appuyant sur les résultats décrits ci-dessus, nous avons réalisé une autre étude de réactivité entre les complexes nickelacycliques susmentionnés et les hydroxylamines en conjonction avec des oxydants, en utilisant spécifiquement le TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tétraméthyl-1-pipéridinyl-N-oxyde). Cette investigation a donné naissance à une série de nouveaux complexes Ni-TEMPOH, où TEMPOH représente le 2,2,6,6-tétraméthyl-1-pipéridinyl-N-hydroxyde. Ces composés intrigants nous ont offert l'occasion unique d'explorer leur chimie de coordination avec divers nucléophiles, comme expliqué dans le chapitre 4. Cette étude a montré que le complexe Ni-TEMPOH peut être obtenu par deux voies distinctes : 1) en convertissant le TEMPO en TEMPOH avant de réagir avec le précurseur dimérique, et 2) en formant un complexe zwitterionique par réaction du dimère avec l'hydroxylamine, suivi du traitement avec le TEMPO. Les investigations de réactivité mettent en évidence que le MeCN déplace efficacement la fraction TEMPOH des complexes Ni(II)-TEMPOH, tandis que des ligands plus volumineux tels que le PPh3 et le DMSO échouent à montrer une réactivité similaire. Cela souligne le rôle crucial des considérations stériques dans la détermination de la réaction de substitution de ce complexe spécifique. De plus, l'étude révèle qu'en réagissant ces complexes avec d'autres nucléophiles tels que la morpholine et l'imidazole, des produits correspondants sont générés, notamment un adduit de morpholine et un complexe bis-imidazole, respectivement. L'analyse RMN du complexe bis-imidazole montre qu'en solution, il existe sous forme de complexes mono-imidazole, ce qui indique qu'un processus d'échange pourrait avoir lieu en solution. Fait intéressant, un aspect supplémentaire de cette recherche implique des tentatives d'oxydation du complexe Ni(II)-TEMPOH en utilisant l'AgOCOCF3. Ce processus conduit au remplacement du Br par l'OCOCF3, donnant ainsi un complexe acétate. En plus des enquêtes précédentes concernant les hydroxylamines, nous avons examiné le potentiel de couplage C–N du 4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole comportant des liaisons N–N simples lorsqu'il est réagi avec nos complexes nickelacycliques. Bien que nous ayons détecté des indications d'une voie de décomposition qui pourrait impliquer la rupture de la liaison N–N, cette réactivité est un élément mineur dans le panorama de réactivité observé, la voie principale conduisant à la formation de simples adduits du substrat triazole. En conséquence, nous avons réussi à isoler à la fois des adduits mononucléaires, à savoir {κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-Ar}Ni(Br)(κN-4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole), et des adduits dinucléaires à pont triazole, spécifiquement [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-Ar}Ni(Br)}2(μ,κN,κN-4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole). En utilisant la surveillance par RMN à température variable des réactions impliquant les précurseurs de nickel et le substrat triazole, nous avons révélé que les nouveaux adduits triazoles s'engagent dans un processus d'échange dynamique. L'analyse des données de RMN a révélé que les adduits triazoles mononucléaires et dinucléaires sont impliqués dans des équilibres dynamiques avec leurs adduits correspondants d'acétonitrile. Une observation intéressante émerge : les espèces cristallines récupérées dans la solution sont systématiquement soit les adduits triazoles mononucléaires, soit les adduits triazoles dinucléaires, jamais les deux simultanément. De plus, il semble que le choix de l'adduit optimal pour la cristallisation dépend du précurseur spécifique utilisé. Les précurseurs [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-C6H4}Ni(μ-Br)]2 et [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-(4-MeO-C10H5)}Ni(μ-Br)]2 produisent exclusivement des produits mononucléaires, tandis que [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-(5-OMe-C6H3)}Ni(μ-Br)]2, [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-(5-Cl-C6H3)}Ni(μ-Br)]2, et [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-(C10H6)}Ni(μ-Br)]2 produisent exclusivement les produits dinucléaires. / This thesis describes the results of a study designed to test the effectiveness of a particular approach for probing the mechanism of transition metal-catalyzed C-heteroatom functionalization of C–H bonds. The approach in question involves examining the reactivities of a family of nickelacyclic complexes selected to serve as a model system for intermediates postulated to be generated in-situ during so-called one-pot C–H functionalization protocols. Thus, the said nickelacyclic complexes, including the dimeric complexes κC,κP-{2-OPR2,4-R’-C6H4}2Ni2(μ-Br)2 and their monomeric acetonitrile adducts κC,κP-{2-OPR2,4-R’-C6H4}Ni(Br)(NCMe), which were obtained via the C–H nickelation of arylphosphinites, were treated with suitable substrates possessing a weak/labile bond such as N–O and N–N single bonds to see if rupture of the target bonds would lead to C–O or C–N coupling. As substrates for studying C–O coupling reactions, we tested the reactivities of the hydroxylamines (PhCH2)2NOH and (CH3CH2)2NOH in addition to the benzyl protected substrate PhCH2ONH2. The reactivities observed between these substrates and the above-mentioned model nickelacyclic complexes revealed three distinct patterns influenced by the nature of the Ni complex, the solvent employed in the reaction, and the specific substrate used. Firstly, for the benzyl-protected substrate PhCH2ONH2, the outcome involves straightforward formation of N-bound adducts with all Ni complexes tested. Secondly, the unsubstituted dimeric complex (R’ = H) reacts with (CH3CH2)2NOH and (PhCH2)2NOH in CH2Cl2 to give the zwitterionic amine oxide κC,κP-{2-OPR2-C6H5}Ni{κO-ONH(CH3CH2)2}Br and the bidentate aminoxide (i-R2POPh)Ni{κO,κN-ON(CH2Ph)2}Br, respectively. Lastly, the parallel reaction of substituted Ni complexes (R’ = Cl, OMe, NMe2) with hydroxylamines furnishes imine-based adducts originating from the dehydration of (CH3CH2)2NOH and (PhCH2)2NOH. This latter reactivity attains optimal results in acetonitrile, although it also manifests to a lesser extent in C6D6 if the reaction proceeds for over 24 hours. Various mechanistic scenarios have been explored to elucidate the observed transformation from hydroxylamines to imines, all of which indicate two possible mechanistic pathways. The most prominent mechanism is the nucleophilic attack on coordinated acetonitrile resulting in net dehydration of hydroxyl amine with elimination of acetamide molecule. Overall, this study showed that this reaction can also proceed through radical pathways for which coordination of acetonitrile to nickel is not necessary. Building upon the findings described above, we carried out another reactivity study between the nickellacyclic complexes mentioned above and hydroxylamines in conjunction with oxidants, specifically employing TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyl-N-oxyl). This investigation yielded a series of new Ni-TEMPOH complexes, where TEMPOH stands for 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyl-N-hydroxy. These intriguing compounds have afforded us a unique opportunity to delve into their coordination chemistry with diverse nucleophiles, as elucidated in chapter 4. This study showed that the Ni-TEMPOH complex can be accessed through two distinct pathways: 1) converting TEMPO to TEMPOH prior to reacting with the dimeric precursor, and 2) forming a zwitterionic complex through the reaction of the dimer with hydroxylamine, subsequently treated with TEMPO. Reactivity investigations highlight that MeCN effectively displaces the TEMPOH moiety from the Ni(II)-TEMPOH complexes, while bulkier ligands such as PPh3 and DMSO fail to exhibit similar reactivity. This underscores the pivotal role of steric considerations in determining the substitution reaction of this specific complex. Furthermore, the study reveals that treating these complexes with other nucleophiles such as morpholine and imidazole, the corresponding charge-neutral mono(morpholine) adduct and cationic bis-imidazole adduct. NMR analysis of the latter complex indicates that in solution it exists as a mono-imidazole adduct undergoing exchange processes in solution. Interestingly, an additional facet of this research involves attempts to oxidize the Ni(II)-TEMPOH complex using AgOCOCF3. This process leads to the replacement of Br with OCOCF3, yielding an acetate complex. In addition to the above investigations involving hdroxylamines, we have examined the C–N coupling potential of 4-Amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole featuring N–N single bonds when reacted with our nickelacyclic complexes. Although we have detected indications of a decomposition pathway that could involve N–N bond cleavage, this reactivity is a minor element within the broader reactivity landscape observed, the primary route leading to the formation of simple adducts of the triazole substrate. As a result, we have isolated both mononuclear adducts, namely {κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-Ar}Ni(Br)(κN-4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole), and triazole-bridged dinuclear adducts, specifically [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-Ar}Ni(Br)}2(μ,κN,κN-4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole). By employing variable temperature NMR monitoring of the reactions involving the Ni precursors and the triazole substrate, we unveiled that the newly formed triazole adducts engage in a dynamic exchange process. Analysis of the NMR data revealed that both mono- and dinuclear triazole adducts are engaged in dynamic equilibria with their corresponding acetonitrile adducts. Interestingly, a noteworthy observation emerges: the crystalline species retrieved from the solution are consistently either the mononuclear or the dinuclear triazole adduct, never both simultaneously. Moreover, it appears that the selection of the favored adduct for crystallization is contingent upon the specific precursor used. Precursors [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-C6H4}Ni(μ-Br)]2 and [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-(4-MeO-C10H5)}Ni(μ-Br)]2 exclusively yield mononuclear products, whereas [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-(5-OMe-C6H3)}Ni(μ-Br)]2, [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-(5-Cl-C6H3)}Ni(μ-Br)]2, and [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-(C10H6)}Ni(μ-Br)]2 exclusively yield the dinuclear products.

A química dos complexos de bis(ter-iminas) de ferro(II) contendo os ligantes tridentados fenilterpiridina (phtpy), piridilterpiridina (pytpy), fenilterpirazina (phtpz) e piridilterpirazina (pytpz) foi tratada nesta Tese. Os complexos exibem configuração de spin baixo, exibindo coloração violeta intensa decorrentes de transições de transferência de carga do ferro(II) para a ter-imina, dπ − pπ*. Suas configurações lineares rígidas mostram-se adequadas para a realização de montagens supramoleculares com íons de metais de transição, explorando a ligação entre os grupos piridina e pirazina, e este aspecto distinto foi especialmente focado neste trabalho. A química sintética dos ligantes, obtidos a partir do método de Kröhnke modicado, e dos complexos bis-substituídos foi aqui elaborada com excelentes resultados. A caracterização dos ligantes e dos complexos foi realizada a partir de análises de CHN, espectroscopia eletrônica, RMN e Raman, espectrometria de massas e voltametria cíclica. Os estudos teóricos foram realizados utilizando métodos semi-empíricos ZINDO/S. Todos os complexos exibem forte efeito Raman ressonante associado ao cromóforo ferro(II)ter-imínico. Os grupos piridil e pirazil (L) podem ser protonados em soluções fortemente ácidas, e também podem atuar como ligantes pontes formando uma série de sucessivos complexos de bi à heptanucleares, com o íon pentacianidoferrato(II). Tais complexos exibem novas bandas de transferência de carga no visível, refletindo as propriedades eletrônicas do cromóforo periférico {FeII(CN)5L}. Seus espectros de Raman ressonante foram investigados em comparação com os complexos mononucleares correspondentes. Na presença de íons de metais de transição, Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) e Fe(III), os complexos supra-moleculares de pentacianidoferrato(II) formam uma série de compostos análogos ao Azul da Prússia, produzindo filmes moleculares de grande interesse como novos materiais poliméricos e eletrocatalíticos. / The chemistry of bis(ter-imine)iron(II) complexes containing the phenylterpyridine (phtpy), pyridylterpyridine (pytpy), phenylterpyrazine (phtpz) and pyridylterpyrazine (pytpz) tridentate ligands is dealt with in this Thesis. The complexes exhibit low spin configuration, displaying strong red-violet colors arising from iron(II) to ter-imine, dπ − pπ* charge-transfer transitions. Their rigid linear configurations proved suitable for performing supramolecular assemblies with transition metal ions, by exploring the bridging pyridine and pyrazine moieties, and this distinct aspect has been specially focused on this work. The synthetic chemistry of the ligands, obtained from the Kröhnke method, and of the bis-substituted complexes was here elaborated with excellent results. Characterization of the ligands and complexes was carried out based on CHN analyses, electronic, NMR and Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry. Theoretical studies were carried out using ZINDO/S semiempirical methods. All the complexes exhibit strong resonance Raman effect associated with the iron(II) ter-imine chromophore. The pyridyl and pyrazyl groups (L) can be protonated in strongly acidic solutions, and can also act as bridging ligands forming a series of successive, bi-to-heptanuclear complexes with the pentacyanidoferrate(II) ion. Such complexes display new charge-transfer bands in the visible, reflecting the electronic properties of the {FeII(CN)5L} peripheral chromophore. Their resonance Raman spectra have been investigated in comparison with the corresponding mononuclear complexes. In the presence of transition metal ions, Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Fe(III) ions, the pentacyanidoferrate(II)-supramolecular complexes form a series of Prussian blue type of compounds, yielding molecular films of great interest as new conducting polymeric and electrocatalytic materials.

Dendrimerai tai naujai dendritinių polimerų klasei priskiriamos makromolekulės. Jų dydis, funkcinių grupių skaičius yra tiksliai apibrėžti ir gali būti kontroliuojami sintezės metu. Dėl išskirtinių struktūrinių savybių, dendrimerai jau keletą dešimtmečių yra intensyviai tyrinėjamos medžiagos. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas yra ištirti PPI ir PAMAM dendrimerų, funkcionalizuotų CAzPA ir ESA fotochrominiais junginiais optines savybes bei šviesa inicijuotų fotocheminių reakcijų dinamiką panaudojus kelias tyrimų metodikas. Kadangi CAzPA ir ESA junginių fotochromizmas yra susijęs su šviesa indukuota izomerizacijos bei tautomerizacijos fotocheminėmis reakcijomis, todėl darbe buvo siekiama ištirti šiais junginiais funkcionalizuotų dendrimerų dinaminių savybių priklausomybę nuo dendrimero tipo bei jo generacijos. Ištyrus PPI ir PAMAM dendrimerų funkcionalizuotų CAzPA junginiais plėvelių ir tirpalų dinamines savybes, buvo nustatyta, kad izomerizacijos sparta nepriklauso nuo dendrimero tipo, tirpiklio ir žadinančios spinduliuotės energijos. Dendrimerų plėvelių sužadintos būsenos relaksacijos trukmė yra apie 15 ps, o tai apie 7 kartus lėčiau nei tirpaluose. Eksperimentiškai ir teoriškai ištyrus skirtingų generacijų PPI dendrimerų funkcionalizuotų ESA fotochrominiais junginiais optines savybes, buvo nustatytos keturios stabilios ESA funkcinių grupių tautomerinės formos, kurių pagrindinės būsenos energijos yra skirtingos. Skirtingų dendrimero generacijų sužadintos būsenos dinamikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Dendrimers are multivalent, well-defined materials that constitute a new class of polymer macromolecules. They have been extensively studied over the past several decades mainly due to their exceptional structure properties. The size of molecule, number of terminal groups, molecular weight and several other properties of dendrimers could be precisely controlled during synthesis. The main goal of this thesis is to investigate the optical properties and light induced photochemical reaction dynamics within the PPI and PAMAM dendrimers functionalized by CAzPA and ESA type terminal groups by means of several spectroscopic techniques. Because photochromism of CAzPA and ESA type terminal groups is associated with light induced isomerization and tautomerization photochemical reactions, the main attention of present thesis was devoted to investigate dynamical properties of functionalized dendrimers as an influence of dendrimer type and its generation. Investigations of dynamic properties of PPI and PAMAM dendrimers functionalized with the CAzPA terminal groups have shown that isomerization rate is insensitive to dendrimer type, solvent and excitation wavelength. The isomerization rate of the dendrimer films take place in about 15 ps and it is only seven times slower than in dendrimer solvent. Both experimental and theoretical optical studies performed on PPI dendrimers functionalized with the ESA type terminal groups reveal four stable tautomeric forms with different energy in the... [to full text]

Dendrimers are multivalent, well-defined materials that constitute a new class of polymer macromolecules. They have been extensively studied over the past several decades mainly due to their exceptional structure properties. The size of molecule, number of terminal groups, molecular weight and several other properties of dendrimers could be precisely controlled during synthesis. The main goal of this thesis is to investigate the optical properties and light induced photochemical reaction dynamics within the PPI and PAMAM dendrimers functionalized by CAzPA and ESA type terminal groups by means of several spectroscopic techniques. Because photochromism of CAzPA and ESA type terminal groups is associated with light induced isomerization and tautomerization photochemical reactions, the main attention of present thesis was devoted to investigate dynamical properties of functionalized dendrimers as an influence of dendrimer type and its generation. Investigations of dynamic properties of PPI and PAMAM dendrimers functionalized with the CAzPA terminal groups have shown that isomerization rate is insensitive to dendrimer type, solvent and excitation wavelength. The isomerization rate of the dendrimer films take place in about 15 ps and it is only seven times slower than in dendrimer solvent. Both experimental and theoretical optical studies performed on PPI dendrimers functionalized with the ESA type terminal groups reveal four stable tautomeric forms with different energy in the... [to full text] / Dendrimerai tai naujai dendritinių polimerų klasei priskiriamos makromolekulės. Jų dydis, funkcinių grupių skaičius yra tiksliai apibrėžti ir gali būti kontroliuojami sintezės metu. Dėl išskirtinių struktūrinių savybių, dendrimerai jau keletą dešimtmečių yra intensyviai tiriamos medžiagos. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas yra ištirti PPI ir PAMAM dendrimerų, funkcionalizuotų CAzPA ir ESA fotochrominiais junginiais optines savybes bei šviesa inicijuotų fotocheminių reakcijų dinamiką panaudojus kelias tyrimų metodikas. Kadangi CAzPA ir ESA junginių fotochromizmas yra susijęs su šviesa indukuota izomerizacijos bei tautomerizacijos fotocheminėmis reakcijomis, todėl darbe buvo siekiama ištirti šiais junginiais funkcionalizuotų dendrimerų dinaminių savybių priklausomybę nuo dendrimero tipo bei jo generacijos. Ištyrus PPI ir PAMAM dendrimerų funkcionalizuotų CAzPA junginiais plėvelių ir tirpalų dinamines savybes, buvo nustatyta, kad izomerizacijos sparta nepriklauso nuo dendrimero tipo, tirpiklio ir žadinančios spinduliuotės energijos. Dendrimerų plėvelių sužadintos būsenos relaksacijos trukmė yra apie 15 ps, o tai apie 7 kartus lėčiau nei tirpaluose. Eksperimentiškai ir teoriškai ištyrus skirtingų generacijų PPI dendrimerų funkcionalizuotų ESA fotochrominiais junginiais optines savybes, buvo nustatytos keturios stabilios ESA funkcinių grupių tautomerinės formos, kurių pagrindinės būsenos energijos yra skirtingos. Skirtingų dendrimero generacijų sužadintos būsenos dinamikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Orientador: André Luiz Barboza Formiga / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T06:44:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Profirio_DanieldeMoraes_M.pdf: 7198649 bytes, checksum: 018efc71d59b6427976118e0cc5f772a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Neste trabalho realizou-se a síntese de três ligantes contendo a unidade pirrolil-imina e de um complexo de Au(III). Os ligantes foram sintetizados partindo-se do pirrol-2-carboxaldeído e etilenodiamina ou orto-fenilenodiamina, obtendo-se assim o N,N'-bis(pirrol-2-il-metileno) etano-1,2-diamina (pyren), o N,N'-bis(pirrol-2-il-metileno)benzeno-1,2-diamina (bis-pyrophen), o N-(pirrol-2-il-metileno)benzeno-1,2-diamina (monopyrophen) e o complexo [Au(pyren)]PF6 como produtos. Os compostos foram caracterizados por análise elementar, MS, espectroscopia no IV e UV-Visível, RMN de H, C e HMBC H-N, cálculos teóricos por DFT e TD-DFT. Foram realizados também ensaios antibacterianos e citotóxicos com o complexo [Au(pyren)] e com o ligante pyren, sendo que o complexo apresentou maior atividade em ambos os ensaios comparado ao ligante. Com isso um mecanismo de ação via interação com o DNA foi investigado por estudos de fluorescência, ensaios de competição com brometo de etídio e espectroscopia de dicroísmo circular, revelando que o DNA é um possível alvo biológico do complexo / Abstract: In this work the syntheses of three ligands containing the pyrrolyl-imine unit and a Au(III) complex were performed. The ligands were synthesized starting from pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde and ethylenediamine or ortho-phenylenediamine, to obtain N,N¿-bis (pyrrol-2-yl-methylene)ethane- 1,2-diamine (pyren), N,N¿-bis(pyrrol-2-yl-methylene)benzene-1,2-diamine (bis-pyrophen), N-(pyrrol-2-yl-methylene)benzene-1,2-diamine (mono-pyrophen) and the complex [Au(pyren)]PF6 as products. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, MS, IR, UV-Visible, H, C and (H-N) HMBC NMR spectroscopies and theoretical calculations by DFT and TD-DFT. Cytotoxic and antibacterial assays with [Au(pyren)] and the free ligand pyren were performed, and the complex showed a higher activity in both cases in comparison to the ligand. A mechanism of action via interaction with DNA was investigated by fluorescence techniques, competition studies with ethidium bromide and circular dichroism spectroscopy, showing that DNA is a potential biological target for the complex / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química