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La digestion enzymatique des protéines est une méthode de base pour les études protéomiques ainsi que pour le séquençage en mode « bottom-up ». Les enzymes sont ajoutées soit en solution (phase homogène), soit directement sur le gel polyacrylamide selon la méthode déjà utilisée pour l’isolation de la protéine. Les enzymes protéolytiques immobilisées, c’est-à-dire insolubles, offrent plusieurs avantages tels que la réutilisation de l’enzyme, un rapport élevé d’enzyme-sur-substrat, et une intégration facile avec les systèmes fluidiques. Dans cette étude, la chymotrypsine (CT) a été immobilisée par réticulation avec le glutaraldehyde (GA), ce qui crée des particules insolubles. L’efficacité d’immobilisation, déterminée par spectrophotométrie d’absorbance, était de 96% de la masse totale de la CT ajouté. Plusieurs différentes conditions d’immobilisation (i.e., réticulation) tels que la composition/pH du tampon et la masse de CT durant la réticulation ainsi que les différentes conditions d’entreposage tels que la température, durée et humidité pour les particules GA-CT ont été évaluées par comparaison des cartes peptidiques en électrophorèse capillaire (CE) des protéines standards digérées par les particules. Les particules de GA-CT ont été utilisés pour digérer la BSA comme exemple d’une protéine repliée large qui requit une dénaturation préalable à la digestion, et pour digérer la caséine marquée avec de l’isothiocyanate de fluorescéine (FITC) comme exemple d’un substrat dérivé afin de vérifier l’activité enzymatique du GA-CT dans la présence des groupements fluorescents liés au substrat. La cartographie peptidique des digestions par les particules GA-CT a été réalisée par CE avec la détection par absorbance ultraviolet (UV) ou fluorescence induite par laser. La caséine-FITC a été, en effet, digérée par GA-CT au même degré que par la CT libre (i.e., soluble). Un microréacteur enzymatique (IMER) a été fabriqué par immobilisation de la CT dans un capillaire de silice fondu du diamètre interne de 250 µm prétraité avec du 3-aminopropyltriéthoxysilane afin de fonctionnaliser la paroi interne avec les groupements amines. Le GA a été réagit avec les groupements amine puis la CT a été immobilisée par réticulation avec le GA. Les IMERs à base de GA-CT étaient préparé à l’aide d’un système CE automatisé puis utilisé pour digérer la BSA, la myoglobine, un peptide ayant 9 résidus et un dipeptide comme exemples des substrats ayant taille large, moyenne et petite, respectivement. La comparaison des cartes peptidiques des digestats obtenues par CE-UV ou CE-spectrométrie de masse nous permettent d’étudier les conditions d’immobilisation en fonction de la composition et le pH du tampon et le temps de réaction de la réticulation. Une étude par microscopie de fluorescence, un outil utilisé pour examiner l’étendue et les endroits d’immobilisation GA-CT dans l’IMER, ont montré que l’immobilisation a eu lieu majoritairement sur la paroi et que la réticulation ne s’est étendue pas si loin au centre du capillaire qu’anticipée. / Digesting proteins using proteolytic enzymes is a standard method in proteomic studies and bottom-up protein sequencing. Enzymes can be added in solution or gel phase depending on how the protein has been isolated. Immobilized, i.e., insoluble, proteolytic enzymes offer several advantages such as reusability of enzyme, high enzyme-to-substrate ratio, and integration with fluidic systems. In this study, we prepared glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chymotrypsin (GA-CT), which creates insoluble particles. The immobilization efficiency was determined by absorbance spectrophotometry and found to be 96% of the total amount of chymotrypsin added. Different immobilization (i.e., crosslinking) conditions such as buffer composition/pH and initial mass of CT during crosslinking as well as different storage conditions such as temperature, time and humidity for the GA-CT particles were evaluated by comparing capillary electrophoretic (CE) peptide maps of protein standards digested with the particles. The GA-CT particles were used to digest BSA as an example of a large folded protein that needs denaturation prior to digestion, and casein-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as an example of a small, labeled substrate to test enzyme activity in the presence of substrate-bound fluorescent groups. Peptide mapping of digests from GA-CT particles was achieved by CE with ultraviolet (UV) absorbance or laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. FITC-labeled casein was digested by GA-CT to the same extent as with free (i.e., soluble) CT. An immobilized enzyme microreactor (IMER) was fabricated by immobilizing CT inside a 250 µm i.d. fused-silica capillary tube pre-treated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to functionalize the inner walls with amine groups. Glutaraldehyde was reacted with the amine groups and then CT was immobilized by crosslinking to the GA. IMERs based on GA-CT were fabricated using an automated CE system and used to digest BSA, myoglobin, a 9-residue peptide and a dipeptide as examples of large, medium and small substrates. Digests were studied by comparing peptide maps obtained by CE coupled to either UV or mass spectrometric (MS) detection in order to evaluate immobilization conditions as a function of buffer composition/pH and reaction times. A separate study, which used fluorescence microscopy to investigate the extent and location of GA-CT immobilization in the IMER, showed that immobilization only takes place primarily near the capillary walls and that crosslinking does not extend as far into the center of the IMER as had been expected.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-09T14:17:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 romuloaugustodeabreufranchini.pdf: 12314039 bytes, checksum: fcf7a0798691ae32d15114b47607205e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T14:14:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 romuloaugustodeabreufranchini.pdf: 12314039 bytes, checksum: fcf7a0798691ae32d15114b47607205e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T14:14:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 romuloaugustodeabreufranchini.pdf: 12314039 bytes, checksum: fcf7a0798691ae32d15114b47607205e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-04 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O mel é uma mistura complexa constituída de carboidratos, enzimas, aminoácidos, minerais, ácidos orgânicos e flavonóides. Inúmeros trabalhos evidenciam o potencial terapêutico do mel, o qual suas principais propriedades são a atividade antimicrobiana e ação cicatrizante, sendo estas atribuídas a fatores como acidez, osmolaridade, peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), catalase e flavonóides. A primeira pesquisa deste trabalho consistiu na determinação da origem floral das amostras de mel, realizada através da análise microscópica do pólen (melissopalinologia). Os espectros demonstraram a variabilidade polínica das amostras escolhidas. Em outro estudo, dois métodos versáteis, envolvendo a espectrofotometria e amperometria, foi aplicado na determinação dos teores de H2O2 em 17 amostras de mel. O H2O2 foi determinado por análise de injeção em fluxo (FIA) e reatores tubulares contendo a enzima peroxidase imobilizada na resina Amberlite IRA-743. A determinação espectrofotométrica baseouse na oxidação do H2O2 pela enzima na presença de fenol e 4-aminoantipirina e o complexo anti-pirilquinonimina gerado, foi proporcional a concentração de H2O2. Na determinação amperométrica, um eletrodo de ouro eletrodepositado com platina, eletrodo de Ag/AgCl(sat) (+ 0,60V) e uma agulha de aço inoxidável foram utilizados como eletrodos de trabalho, referência e auxiliar, respectivamente. O método baseou-se em três medidas no sistema FIA e a diferença entre os sinais revelou a corrente proporcional de H2O2 no mel. Ambos os métodos apresentaram ampla faixa de linearidade (0,5 a 100 µmol L−1) e baixos limites de quantificação e detecção. As concentrações encontradas ficaram entre 4 e 214 µg g-1. A determinação de H2O2 provou a rapidez, exatidão e sensibilidade dos métodos quando associados aos sistemas FIA. Em outro trabalho, um sensor amperométrico para a determinação da catalase (CAT), acoplado ao sistema FIA e reatores tubulares foi desenvolvido. A quantificação fundamentou-se em 2 etapas de injeção: (1) padrão de H2O2 e (2) padrão de H2O2 tratado com a CAT imobilizada na Amberlite IRA-743. A diferença da corrente entre (1) e (2) mostrou o consumo de H2O2 por unidade de enzima imobilizada O mesmo procedimento foi aplicado para as amostras de mel e a linearidade da curva para a determinação da CAT ficou entre 100 e 5000 UI mL-1. Os níveis de CAT variaram de 9 a 99 UI mg-1. Os resultados demonstraram uma boa relação inversa entre os teores de CAT e H2O2. O último estudo avaliou, in vitro, a atividade antibacteriana contra 18 linhagens de bactérias Gram positivas e negativas. O screening antimicrobiano foi determinado aplicando testes de difusão em ágar e diluição em caldo, exibindo as concentrações inibitórias mínimas, conforme recomendações da CLSI. Concentrações de mel variando entre 1 e 30% (v/v) foram estudadas e 5 amostras apresentaram atividade bacteriostática, especialmente contra S. aureus, S. epidermidis e E. coli. Os resultados reforçaram a idéia da utilização do mel como agente antimicrobiano e enfatizaram que o H2O2 não é o único inibidor de crescimento bacteriano, mas sim um dos constituintes com atividade bacteriostática e bactericida. / Honey is a complex mixture of carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals, organic acids and flavonoids. The therapeutic potential of honey is gradually growing and its scientific evidences of effectiveness. Honey has been reported as antimicrobial agent, to promote healing wound and burns and the antibacterial activity is attributed to factors such as acidity, osmolarity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase and flavonoids. The first research of this work involved the determination of the floral origin of honey which was achieved by microscopic analysis of the pollen (melissopalynology). The pollen spectrum showed the pollinic variety corresponding to different taxonomic levels. In the other study, two versatile methods involving spectrophotometry and amperometry were applied for the determination of H2O2 in 17 commercial honey samples. H2O2 was determined by flow-injection analysis (FIA) with a tubular reactor containing peroxidase enzyme immobilized on Amberlite IRA-743 resin. The spectrophotometric determination was based on the oxidation of H2O2 by the enzyme in presence of phenol and 4aminoantipirine. The rate of color generation, due to the formation of the antipyrilquinonimine species was proportional to the concentration of H2O2. In the amperometric determination, a gold electrode modified by electrochemical deposition of platinum, an Ag/AgCl(sat) electrode (+ 0.60V) and a stainless steel tube were employed as working, reference and auxiliary electrodes, respectively. This method was based on three measurements in the FIA system and the difference between peaks showed the proportional current of H2O2 in the honey samples. Both methods showed wide linear dynamic range for H2O2 (0.5 to 100 µmol L−1) and low quantification/detection limits. The concentrations found in the analyzed honeys samples were in the range of 4-214 µg g-1 of H2O2. The determination of H2O2 showed the rapidness, accuracy and sensitivity provided by the two methods, while combined with the FIA system. An amperometric sensor for catalase (CAT) detection in association with FIA system and a tubular reactor containing Amberlite IRA-743 was developed. Catalase quantification was based on two injections: (1) H2O2 standard solution and (2) H2O2 standard solution treated with CAT immobilized on Amberlite IRA-743. The difference between the current obtained from (1) and (2) showed the consumption of H2O2 per unit of enzyme immobilized. The same procedure was used to immobilize CAT in honey samples. The linear dynamic range for CAT extends from 100 to 5000 UI mL-1. The levels of CAT vary from 9 to 99 UI mg-1. Taking into account these results, an inverse correlation was obtained between CAT and H2O2 levels. Finally the antibacterial evaluation of honeys samples against 18 bacterial strains including Gram-negative/positive species was studied. The screening of antimicrobial potential was determined using the drop-test agar diffusion and the broth diluiton methods according to the CLSI recommendations. Increasing honey concentrations, varying from 1 to 30% (v/v) were studied and five samples demonstrated bacteriostatic activity against ATCC® S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli bacterial strains. The results of this preliminary study tend to reinforce the use of honey as antimicrobial agent and emphasize that H2O2 is not the only inhibine present in honey, but it is one of the whole group with bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity.

A conversão enzimática da sacarose pela ação sucessiva da invertase e da glicose oxidase (GOD), permite obter produtos de maior valor agregado, a saber, frutose e o ácido glicônico, dois produtos de amplo uso na indústria farmacêutica, alimentícia e química. Foi estudada a aplicação da invertase imobilizada em resinas aniônicas do tipo Dowex® (um copolímero de poliestireno-divinilbenzeno) sobre a hidrólise da sacarose bem como a oxidação da glicose pela glicose oxidase solúvel ou imobilizada no mesmo suporte em separado (sistema bifásico), utilizando-se um reator de membrana acoplado à membrana de ultrafiltração (100kDa) ou de microfiltração (5µm). Posteriormente, avaliou-se o desempenho de ambas as formas de enzimas, solúveis ou imobilizadas num sistema monofásico empregando o mesmo reator. A bioconversão executada em sistema bifásico permitiu a obtenção de xarope de frutose da ordem de 70% através da separação de glicose e frutose utilizando-se a resina catiônica 50W:8-100. O rendimento de 96,6% e 67,4% para as formas solúveis e imobilizadas respectivamente foram obtidas em sistema monofásico. O não desprendimento das enzimas dos suportes viabilizou o uso da membrana de microfiltração, trazendo vantagens à operação de biorreator com membrana. / The enzymatic conversion of sucrose through a successive action of invertase and glucose oxidase (GOO) allows the obtainment of products with higher commercial value, fructose and gluconic acid, which are widely used in pharmaceutical, food and chemical industries. Invertase and GOO immobilized on Dowex® anionic resin (a polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer) as well as soluble GOD were used in a membrane bioreactor (MS) for sucrose hydrolysis and glucose oxidation. The MB was coupled with a UF-membrane (100kDa) or a MF-membrane (5µm). The bioconversion was conducted in two steps (biphasic system) as well as in one step (monophasic system). The bioconversion operated in a biphasic system permitted obtaining a fructose syrup with a concentration of about 70% through a separation of glucose and fructose using a cationic resin, 50W:8-100. As for the monophasic system, the yield of 96.6% and 67.4% for soluble and immobilized forms were attained respectively. No leakage of the enzymes from the support allowed the use of a microfiltration membrane, adding advantages to the membrane bioreactor operation.

A conversão enzimática da sacarose pela ação sucessiva da invertase e da glicose oxidase (GOD), permite obter produtos de maior valor agregado, a saber, frutose e o ácido glicônico, dois produtos de amplo uso na indústria farmacêutica, alimentícia e química. Foi estudada a aplicação da invertase imobilizada em resinas aniônicas do tipo Dowex® (um copolímero de poliestireno-divinilbenzeno) sobre a hidrólise da sacarose bem como a oxidação da glicose pela glicose oxidase solúvel ou imobilizada no mesmo suporte em separado (sistema bifásico), utilizando-se um reator de membrana acoplado à membrana de ultrafiltração (100kDa) ou de microfiltração (5µm). Posteriormente, avaliou-se o desempenho de ambas as formas de enzimas, solúveis ou imobilizadas num sistema monofásico empregando o mesmo reator. A bioconversão executada em sistema bifásico permitiu a obtenção de xarope de frutose da ordem de 70% através da separação de glicose e frutose utilizando-se a resina catiônica 50W:8-100. O rendimento de 96,6% e 67,4% para as formas solúveis e imobilizadas respectivamente foram obtidas em sistema monofásico. O não desprendimento das enzimas dos suportes viabilizou o uso da membrana de microfiltração, trazendo vantagens à operação de biorreator com membrana. / The enzymatic conversion of sucrose through a successive action of invertase and glucose oxidase (GOO) allows the obtainment of products with higher commercial value, fructose and gluconic acid, which are widely used in pharmaceutical, food and chemical industries. Invertase and GOO immobilized on Dowex® anionic resin (a polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer) as well as soluble GOD were used in a membrane bioreactor (MS) for sucrose hydrolysis and glucose oxidation. The MB was coupled with a UF-membrane (100kDa) or a MF-membrane (5µm). The bioconversion was conducted in two steps (biphasic system) as well as in one step (monophasic system). The bioconversion operated in a biphasic system permitted obtaining a fructose syrup with a concentration of about 70% through a separation of glucose and fructose using a cationic resin, 50W:8-100. As for the monophasic system, the yield of 96.6% and 67.4% for soluble and immobilized forms were attained respectively. No leakage of the enzymes from the support allowed the use of a microfiltration membrane, adding advantages to the membrane bioreactor operation.

Se ha desarrollado un nuevo método de inmovilización de tirosinasa de champiñón, basado en la adsorción de esta enzima a un éster cinámico de un carbohidrato fotoentrecruzado, con muy buenos resultados. Se han obtenido inmovilizados de tirosinasa directamente a partir de extractos de champiñón. Se han estudiado los parámetros que afectan a la inmovilización (pH, tiempo y concentración de enzima), las características de tirosinasa inmovilizada (cantidad de enzima inmovilizada, actividad enzimática, pH y temperatura óptimos de reacción, estabilidad térmica, operacional y al almacenado), las propiedades cinéticas (constante de Michaelis, velocidad máxima y constante catalítica) de tirosinasa inmovilizada sobre distintos soportes al actuar sobre diversos sustratos y la estereoespecificidad de tirosinasa inmovilizada sobre un soporte quiral y otro no quiral respecto a los isómeros L y D y racémicos. Los conocimientos adquiridos se han aplicado con éxito a la producción de diversos o-difenoles como L-dopa, a partir de sus correspondientes monofenoles. / A new mushroom tyrosinase immobilization method consisting of tyrosinase adsorption on a photocrosslinked cinnamic carbohydrate ester has been developed with very good results. Immobilized tyrosinase was obtained directly from a mushroom extract. We studied the parameters affecting the immobilization process (pH, time and enzyme concentration), the properties of immobilized tyrosinase (quantity of immobilized enzyme, enzymatic activity, optimum pH and reaction temperature; thermal, operational and storage stability), kinetic properties (Michaelis constant, maximum steady-state rate and catalytic constant) of tyrosinase immobilized on several supports and acting over several substrates, and tyrosinase stereospecificity immobilized on a chiral and a nonchiral support acting on L and D isomers and racemics. The knowledge acquired was used to successfully produce several o-diphenols, such as L-dopa, from the corresponding monophenols.