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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Mesenchymální kmenové buňky a jejich regenerační a imunomodulační potenciál / Mesenchymal stem cells and their regenerative and immunomodulatory potential

Brychtová, Michaela January 2016 (has links)
Mesenchymal stem cells and their regenerative and immunomodulatory potential Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess multidirectional regenerative ability, which, together with their immunomodulatory potential, makes them promising cell type for therapy of wide variety of diseases. Despite ongoing research, which proved MSCs application to be safe, reported effect of MSCs administration on patients is not convincingly beneficial yet. In our work we focused on elucidation of MSCs role in regeneration of vital organs, heart and liver, where a large damage is life threatening for patients and any improvement in therapy would save many lives. Similar situation is in Graft versus host disease (GVHD), where MSCs immunomodulatory properties could be beneficial. Role of MSCs in heart regeneration was examined in vitro. Primary adult swine cardiomyocytes (CMCs) were co-cultured with or without swine MSCs for 3 days and morphological and functional parameters (contractions, current, respiration) of CMCs were measured. MSCs showed supportive effect on CMCs survival, especially at day 3 of the experiment, where in co-culture was significantly higher number of viable CMCs with physiological morphology and maintained function. Effect of MSCs on liver regeneration was observed in swine model of chronic liver...
182

Exploring the Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and AnticancerProperties of Lichen Metabolites

Shrestha, Gajendra 01 March 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Natural products have been a significant source of new drugs, especially in treating cancer, infectious diseases, hypertension, and neurological disorders. Although many natural metabolites have been screened and yielded pharmaceutically important drugs, many potential sources of natural product drug therapies still need to be investigated, including lichens. Lichens are symbiotic systems consisting of a filamentous fungus and a photosynthetic partner (an eukaryotic alga and/or cyanobacterium). Lichens produce an impressive variety of unique secondary compounds and have been used as ingredients in folk medicines for centuries. Demonstrated biological roles based on lichen chemistry include: antibiotics, anti-proliferative, antioxidants, anti-HIV, anti-cancer, immunomodulation, and anti-protozoans. Although North America is home to an impressive variety of lichen species, there is limited research to examine the biological potentials of these lichens. The core goal of this dissertation research has been to investigate some of the biological roles including, antibiotic, antioxidant, and anticancer potentials using lichen crude extracts and their metabolites collected from various locations in the United States. Antibiotic screening of crude extracts of 36 lichen species demonstrated inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Generally, acetone extractions were found to be more effective than methanol extractions. It has also been shown that L. vulpina extract was bacteriocidal against MRSA with a relatively slow kill rate that disrupts cell membrane integrity and cell division as possible modes of action. Antioxidant screening of extracts from 11 lichen species, using the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay, showed that lichen extracts inhibited the oxidative degradation of the fluorescent molecule (fluorescein-sodium salt) by the oxygen free radical initiator AAPH (2,2'-azobis(2-aminidopropane) dihydrochloride Acetone extracts as well as pure compounds from lichen species showed cytotoxic effects against Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) cells and a colon cancer cell line (HT29 and SW620). They decreased proliferation, arrested cell cycle at various stages and force the cell to undergo apoptosis. The tested extracts or pure compounds were not toxic to normal cells. In colon cancer apoptosis took place independent of casapase-3. The results of this dissertation showed that lichen compounds merits for further investigation.
183

Synthesis of nanostructured and hierarchical materials for bio-applications

Ye, Fei January 2011 (has links)
In recent years, nanostructured materials incorporated with inorganic particles and polymers have attracted attention for simultaneous multifunctional biomedical applications. This thesis summarized three works, which are preparation of mesoporous silica coated superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4@mSiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) as magnetic resonance imaging T2 contrast agents, polymer grafted Fe3O4@mSiO2 NPs response to temperature change, synthesis and biocompatibility evaluation of high aspect ratio (AR) gold nanorods. Monodisperse Fe3O4@mSiO2 NPs have been prepared through a sol-gel process. The coating thickness and particle sizes can be precisely controlled by varying the synthesis parameters. Impact of surface coatings on magnetometric and relaxometric properties of Fe3O4 NPs is studied. The efficiency of these contrast agents, evaluated by MR relaxivities ratio (r2/r1), is much higher than that of the commercial ones. This coating-thickness dependent relaxation behavior is explained due to the effects of mSiO2 coatings on water exclusion. Multifunctional core-shell composite NPs have been developed by growing thermo-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) (P(NIPAAm-co-AAm)) on Fe3O4@mSiO2 NPs through free radical polymerization. Their phase transition behavior is studied, and their lower critical solution temperature (LCST) can be subtly tuned from ca. 34 to ca. 42 °C, suitable for further in vivo applications. A seedless surfactant-mediated protocol has been applied for synthesis of high AR gold nanorods with the additive of HNO3. A growth mechanism based on the effect of nitrate ions on surfactant micelle elongation and Ostwald ripening process is proposed. The biocompatibility of high AR nanorods was evaluated on primary human monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). Their minor effects on viability and immune regulatory markers support further development for medical applications. / QC 20110701
184

L’effet du cannabidiol sur les marqueurs inflammatoires de personnes ayant un trouble de l’usage de la cocaïne

Morissette, Florence 01 1900 (has links)
Problématique: Chaque année, plus de 18 millions de personnes mondialement consomment de la cocaïne. De ces consommateurs, 16% développeront un trouble de l'usage de la cocaïne (TUC). Le TUC est associé à des problèmes physiques, sociaux et psychologiques, représentant un problème majeur de santé publique. Chez les individus ayant un TUC, la consommation excessive et répétée de cocaïne induit un stress oxydatif favorisant une réponse inflammatoire systémique et une neuroinflammation. Le cannabidiol (CBD) a gagné en intérêt pour ses propriétés anti-inflammatoires dans les études précliniques ainsi que pour son profil sécuritaire et tolérable. À notre connaissance, une seule étude clinique a évalué les effets du CBD sur trois marqueurs inflammatoires spécifiques. Les propriétés anti- inflammatoires du CBD doivent être confirmées chez l’humain, et notamment chez les personnes avec un trouble lié à l'usage de substances. Objectifs: L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer si l'administration de CBD module les concentrations plasmatiques de divers marqueurs inflammatoires comparativement au placebo chez les personnes ayant un TUC. Méthodologie: Nous avons réalisé une analyse exploratoire des données provenant d’un essai clinique randomisé contrôlé unicentrique dont l’objectif primaire était de déterminer l’effet du CBD sur la rechute et les envies intenses de consommer. 78 participants âgés de 18 à 65 ans et ayant reçu un diagnostic de TUC ont été randomisés (1:1), de manière stratifiée pour le sexe et la sévérité de la dépendance à la cocaïne, au traitement CBD ou placebo. Les participants ont reçu 800 mg/jour de leur traitement attitré pendant 92 jours. Des échantillons sanguins ont été prélevés avant le début du traitement, puis au jour 8, aux semaines 4 et 12. Ces derniers ont été analysés par immunodosage multiplexé pour déterminer les concentrations de diverses cytokines et par cytométrie de flux pour déterminer les phénotypes cellulaires. Des comparaisons entre les groupes ont été effectuées en utilisant des estimations d’équation généralisées. Résultats: Les niveaux de facteur de croissance de l'endothélium vasculaire, d’interleukine-6, de monocyte intermédiaire et de cellule tueuse naturelle faiblement cytotoxique étaient significativement inférieurs chez les participants recevant du CBD que chez ceux recevant du placebo. Comparativement au groupe placebo, les lymphocytes CD25+CD4+T étaient augmentés dans le groupe CBD. Les niveaux de lymphocytes B étaient similaires dans les deux groupes. Conclusion: Le CBD démontre certaines propriétés anti-inflammatoires chez les personnes avec un TUC. D’autres études seront nécessaires pour répliquer les résultats et pour évaluer les bénéfices cliniques de la diminution des marqueurs inflammatoires par le CBD. / Issue: More than 18 million people worldwide use cocaine each year. Of these users, 16% will develop cocaine use disorder (CUD). CUD is associated with physical, social and psychological problems, representing a major public health problem. Repeated and excessive cocaine use induces oxidative stress leading to a systemic inflammatory response and neuroinflammation. Cannabidiol (CBD) has gained interest for its anti-inflammatory properties in preclinical studies as well as for its safe and tolerable profile. To our knowledge, only one clinical study has evaluated the effects of CBD on three specific inflammatory markers. The anti-inflammatory properties of CBD need to be confirmed in humans, particularly in people with substance use disorders. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine whether CBD administration modulates plasma concentrations of various inflammatory markers compared to placebo in individuals with CUD. Methodology: We conducted an exploratory analysis of data from a single-center randomized controlled trial whose primary objective was to determine the effect of CBD on relapse and intense cravings. 78 participants aged 18 to 65 years with a CUD diagnosis were randomized (1:1) to CBD treatment or placebo. Randomization was stratified for gender and severity of cocaine dependence. Participants received 800 mg per day of their assigned treatment for 92 days. Blood samples were taken before the start of treatment and then at day 8, week 4 and week 12. These blood samples were analyzed by multiplexed immunoassay for concentrations of various cytokines and by flow cytometry for cellular phenotypes. Comparisons between groups were made using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results: Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-6, intermediate monocyte, and low cytotoxic natural killer cell were significantly lower in participants receiving CBD than in those receiving placebo. Compared to the placebo group, CD25+CD4+T lymphocytes were increased in the CBD group. B-cell levels were similar in both groups. Conclusion: CBD demonstrates some anti-inflammatory properties in people with CUD. Further studies will be needed to replicate the results and to evaluate the clinical benefits of CBDmediated reduction of inflammatory markers.
185

Non-Genomic AhR-Signaling Modulates the Immune Response in Endotoxin-Activated Macrophages After Activation by the Environmental Stressor BaP

Großkopf, Henning, Walter, Katharina, Karkossa, Isabel, von Bergen, Martin, Schubert, Kristin 24 March 2023 (has links)
Emerging studies revealed that the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a receptor sensing environmental contaminants, is executing an immunomodulatory function. However, it is an open question to which extent this is achieved by its role as a transcription factor or via non-genomic signaling. We utilized a multi-post-translational modification-omics approach to examine non-genomic AhR-signaling after activation with endogenous (FICZ) or exogenous (BaP) ligand in endotoxin-activated (LPS) monocyte-derived macrophages. While AhR activation affected abundances of few proteins, regulation of ubiquitination and phosphorylation were highly pronounced. Although the number and strength of effects depended on the applied AhR-ligand, both ligands increased ubiquitination of Rac1, which participates in PI3K/AKT-pathway-dependent macrophage activation, resulting in a pro-inflammatory phenotype. In contrast, cotreatment with ligand and LPS revealed a decreased AKT activity mediating an antiinflammatory effect. Thus, our data show an immunomodulatory effect of AhR activation through a Rac1ubiquitination-dependent mechanism that attenuated AKT-signaling, resulting in a mitigated inflammatory response.
186

<b>BIFUNCTIONAL CHEMICAL CONJUGATION STRATEGIES FOR IMMUNOMODULATION</b>

Ahad Hossain (18424803) 23 April 2024 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">Immunotherapy has revolutionized the field of oncology. While a lot of antibodies and small molecule inhibitors have been developed for this, a lot of targets remain undruggable in humans.</p><p dir="ltr">Targeted protein degradation has opened a new horizon in drug discovery where we can target these undruggable proteins. Proteolysis targeting chimeras using the ubiquitin-proteasomal system is one of the most popular TPD strategies that complement lysosomal degradation strategies to degrade intracellular proteins, typically using bifunctional small molecule degraders. Recently, large biomolecular and antibody conjugates have been developed for degrading membrane and extracellular proteins in cells, such as lysosomal targeting chimeras (LYTACs) and genetically encoded LYTACS, among several others. However, larger molecules have limitations in penetrating solid tumors. This dissertation work focused on the development of bifunctional small molecule degraders for programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), a transmembrane protein ligand for the immune checkpoint programmed cell death 1 (PD-1). PD-L1 is highly expressed on several tumors, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), non-small cell lung carcinoma, and renal cancer, and is known to suppress cancer-killing immune cells via interaction with PD-1 on T-cells. In addition, PD-L1 is also present on macrophages in the tumor microenvironments leading to further immune suppression and acquired resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy is associated with the upregulation of alternative immune checkpoints, thereby reducing anti-tumor efficacy. We have designed and synthesized bifunctional small molecules as PD-L1 degraders with different recruiters and linkers guided by computational studies with known PD-1/PD-L1 structures to show both cell surface and total protein degradation in human TNBC cells. In a separate project, we also developed small molecule conjugates to degrade an intracellular integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum with an unknown 3D structure, namely Diglyceride acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2). Recently, our lab identified DGAT2 as a new target for combating Alzheimer’s disease. Specifically, DGAT2 catalyzes triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis using diacylglycerol and fatty acyl CoA as substrates. The accumulation of TAGs, mechanistically linked to DGAT2, results in “fat” or lipid droplets (LDs) inside the cells. Our lab showed that microglial cells (resident immune cells in the brain) accumulate LDs in the postmortem brains of human patients and mouse models (5xFAD) of Alzheimer’s disease and that the LD accumulation is driven by amyloid-beta (Ab) – a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease – via DGAT2 pathway. Further, these LD-laden microglia have phagocytic defects and are spared Aβ thereby affecting plaque accumulation and clearance. Inhibiting DGAT2 reduces the amount of TAG in the brain, which in turn reduces LDs and restores microglial ability to phagocytose Ab. However, commercially available DGAT2 inhibitors were unable to reduce LD load in older 5xFAD mice. Using AlphaFold’s models of DGAT2, we designed and identified sites to synthesize bifunctional DGAT2 degraders that resulted in reduced LDs in mouse primary microglial cells and enhanced phagocytosis of Aβ plaques in vivo in aged 5xFAD mice. Our approach shows a framework to develop bifunctional small molecule degraders for membrane proteins to potentially combat immune dysregulation in chronic diseases.</p>
187

Analysis of CMV-specific T cell responses and CMV-associated changes in the ageing human immune system

Lachmann, Raskit 10 June 2013 (has links)
Die Veraenderungen des Immunsystems mit zunehmendem Alter, Immunseneszenz genannt, resultieren in erhoehter Infektanfaelligkeit. Infolge dessen leiden aeltere Menschen unter haeufigeren und schwerer verlaufenden Infekten, Autoimmunerkrankungen und vermindertem Impfschutz. Immunseneszenz entsteht nicht nur aufgrund chronologischen Alterns, sondern wird auch durch andere teils ungeklaerte Faktoren verursacht. Cytomegalievirus (CMV) ist ein Herpesvirus, dass in immunkompetenten Menschen lebenslang persistiert. Infolge chronischer Immunaktivierung traegt CMV zur beschleunigten Immunseneszenz bei. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Alters- und CMV-induzierten Veraenderungen in humanen T-Zellen analysiert. Dafuer wurden PBMC von 50 gesunden Spendern in drei verschiedenen Altersgruppen antigenspezifisch (CMV-Proteine pp65 und IE1 und protein purified derivate von Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PPD)) und polyklonal (OKT3) in vitro stimuliert. Ein 11-Farben-Panel wurde etabliert, um die simultane Expression der Differenzierungsmarker CD45RA und CD27 und der Aktivierungsmarker CD40L, IFNg, IL2 und TNF auf T-Zellen durchflusszytometrisch zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigten, dass die antigenabhaengige Differenzierung der Gedaechtnis-T-Zellen mit zunehmendem Alter und CMV-Infektion zunahm. Die Differenzierung der Gedaechtnis-T-Zellen in CMV-positiven Spendern war ausserdem mit der Antwortgroesse gegen pp65 korreliert. Die pp65-spezifische, aber nicht die IE1-spezifische polyfunktionale T-Zell-Antwort nahm mit zunehmendem Alter der Probanden zu. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass CMV einen grossen Einfluss auf das Immunsystem gesunder Individuen hat. Die Differenzierung der Gedaechtnis-T-Zellen ist nicht nur abhaengig von der Infektion mit CMV, sondern auch davon, wie das Immunsytem auf CMV reagiert. Polyfunktionale CMV-spezifische T-Zellen, die wahrscheinlich CMV kontrollieren, sind vorhanden und werden nicht von dysfunktionalen T-Zellen im Alter verdraengt. / Ageing of the immune system, also called immunosenescence, is a phenomenon that leads to increased susceptibility to infections in elderly people. Persistent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection induces strong T cell responses in humans and is thought to be one of the driving forces of immunosenescence. In this work CMV-induced alterations in the T cell compartment of human individuals were analysed in terms of frequencies and absolute numbers per ml blood. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 50 donors in three different age groups were stimulated in vitro and examined for the phenotypic markers CD45RA and CD27 and the effector molecules CD40L, IFNg, IL2 and TNF by polychromatic flow cytometry. The frequency of responding polyfunctional T cells to stimulation with OKT3 or CMV peptide pools phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) or immediate-early protein1 (IE1) increased with the age of the donor. The memory subset distribution differed between CMV-seronegative and CMV-seropositive donors and was correlated with the response size in the CMV-seropositive group. Polyfunctional T cells expressed quantitatively and qualitatively more activation marker on a per cell level than monofunctional cells and therefore appeared to be more effective. Furthermore, polyfunctional T cells expressed reduced amounts of surface CD3, CD4 and CD8 compared to monofunctional or non-responding T cells. In summary, the results indicate that CMV has a significant influence on the immune system of healthy people. The memory subset composition of the entire T cell compartment depends on how the immune system responds to CMV (large or small responses) rather than the presence or absence of infection. Irrespectively of response size or age a robust population of polyfunctional CMV-specific T cells is present and may be in control of CMV.
188

Charakterisierung der T-Zell-Antwort auf eine intestinale Nematodeninfektion

Rausch, Sebastian 09 March 2010 (has links)
Parasitische Nematoden beeinflussen gezielt die Abwehrreaktionen ihres Wirtes. Dies wird besonders während der chronischen Infektionsphase durch eine herabregulierte T-Zell-Antwort auf Parasitenantigene und andere Stimuli ersichtlich. In dieser Arbeit wurde die T-Zell-Antwort gegen einen intestinalen Nematoden untersucht. Mäuse wurden mit dem Trichostrongyliden Heligmosomoides polygyrus infiziert und in der Folge Effektor- sowie regulatorische T-Zellen (Tregs) untersucht. Subpopulationen von CD4+ T-Zellen wurden aus chronisch infizierten Mäusen isoliert und in naive Empfänger transferiert, welche nachfolgend infiziert wurden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass der Transfer von CD4+ Effektor-T-Zellen zu einer verminderten Wurmlast in den Empfängertieren führte, diese Zellen also einen partiellen Schutz gegen die Primärinfektion vermitteln. Der gleichzeitige Transfer von Tregs beeinflusste diesen Effekt nicht. Tregs allein zeigten keinerlei Einfluss auf die Wurmlast der Empfänger. Die Protektion durch Transfer von Effektor-T-Zellen kann vermutlich auf eine kleine Antigen-spezifische Population von CD4+ Zellen zurückgeführt werden. Diese Zellen wurden durch die Expression von CD40-L (CD154) nach Restimulation mit Parasitenantigen in vitro charakterisiert und enthielten einen Großteil der Zytokinproduzenten unter den CD4+ Zellen. Während diese Effektorzellen ein deutliches Th2-Zytokinprofil durch Produktion von Interleukin-4 (IL-4) und IL-13 zeigten, reagierte eine Treg-Subpopulation mit der Sekretion hoher Mengen von IL-10 auf Antigenstimulation. Diese Tregs waren durch Expression des Integrins AlphaE (CD103)Beta7 sowie CD25 und Foxp3 charakterisiert und vermittelten in vitro die stärkste Suppression anderer T-Zellen, wenn sie aus chronisch infizierten Mäusen isoliert wurden. Durch Untersuchung der zellulären Zusammensetzung von mesenterialen Lymphknoten und Milz konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Frequenz solcher regulatorischer Zellen im Verlauf der Infektion dauerhaft und überproportional zunimmt. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde am Infektionsort nur eine vorübergehende Akkumulation von Tregs (Foxp3+) während der akuten Phase der Infektion nachgewiesen. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen den Einfluss einer intestinalen Nematodeninfektion auf die Aktivität von Tregs und das Potential parasitenspezifischer CD4+ Effektor-Zellen zur Vermittlung von Schutz gegen die Infektion. Ein weiteres Projekt dieser Arbeit wahr die Verabreichung eines immunmodulatorischen Parasitenproteins, des Filariencystatins Av17, in einem Mausmodell entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen. In Mäusen wurde eine kolitisartige Entzündung durch eine Chemikalie im Trinkwasser induziert. Die regelmäßige Verabreichung von rekombinant exprimiertem Cystatin verminderte die Entzündungsreaktion signifikant. Damit konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden. dass Entzündungsreaktionen, die nicht durch den Parasiten selbst hervorgerufen werden, durch die Applikation einer einzelnen Parasitenkomponente unterdrückt werden können. / Parasitic nematodes specifically modulate the immune response of their hosts. A cellular hyperreactivity, especially during the chronic phase of infection, is a distinct finding of such infections. The T cell response against an intestinal nematode was analyzed in this work. Mice were infected with the trichostrongylid Heligmosomoides polygyrus and surveyed for changes concerning effector and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Subpopulations of CD4+ T cells were isolated from chronically infected mice and adoptively transferred to naive recipients, which were subsequently infected. The Transfer of CD4+ effector cells conferred partial protection, seen as decreased worm burdens in recipients. This effect was unimpaired by simultaneous transfer of Tregs. The transfer of purified Tregs alone showed no effect on worm burdens. The protection by transfer of effector T cells was probably due to a small parasite-specific population, which was characterized by the expression of CD40-L (CD154) after antigen-restimulation. The CD154+ population contained high frequencies of cells reacting with production of the Th2 key cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13. On the other hand, a subpopulation of Tregs secreted high amounts of IL-10 in response to the antigen. These Tregs were characterized by the expression of the integrin AlphaE (CD103)Beta7, as well as CD25 and Foxp3. They showed a peculiar strong suppressive efficacy on the proliferation of other T cells, especially when derived from chronically infected donors. Analyzing the cellular composition of mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens in response revealed a lasting and over-proportional increase in frequencies of these Tregs. In clear contrast, only a transient increase of Foxp3-expressing Tregs was detected at the site of infection during the acute phase. These results point out the changes Treg activity during an intestinal nematode infection and show the potential of CD4+ effector cells in mediating protection against infection. A second project of this work was the application of an immunomodulatory parasite protein, the filarial cystatin Av17, in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. Mice developed an inflammatory response to a chemical applied in the drinking water. The repeated application of recombinantly expressed cystatin significantly diminished the inflammatory response. Hence, this work showed the potential of a single parasite component in suppressing inflammatory processes not caused by the parasite itself.
189

Étude des fonctions immunomodulatrices des lymphocytes T « Doubles-Négatifs »

Boulos, Sandra 11 1900 (has links)
La réaction du greffon contre l’hôte (GvH) est responsable d’un grand taux de morbidité et de mortalité chez les patients recevant des greffes de cellules souches (GCSH) allogéniques. Dans ce contexte, les cellules T régulatrices sont largement étudiées et semblent avoir un grand potentiel d’utilisation dans le domaine de la thérapie cellulaire de la GvH. Parmi les populations cellulaires T régulatrices, les lymphocytes T CD4-CD8- TCRαβ+ « Doubles-Négatifs » (DN), qui ne représentent que 1-3% des lymphocytes T, ont été décrits. Ces cellules ont des propriétés inhibitrices de la réponse immunitaire qui s’avèrent spécifiques aux antigènes auxquels elles ont préalablement été exposées. La répression de la réponse immunitaire par les cellules T DN régulatrices semble être un mécanisme important impliqué dans l’induction de la tolérance aux allo-antigènes. De plus, ces cellules confèrent une tolérance immunitaire dans des modèles de greffes allogéniques et xénogéniques. En effet, ces cellules ont la capacité d’inhiber la réaction contre un allo-antigène auquel elles ont été exposées, sans inhiber la réaction contre un allo-antigène inconnu. Les cellules T DN ont été isolées et caractérisées chez l’homme où elles ont la capacité d’interagir avec des cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (APCs) par un contact cellulaire, comme chez la souris. Cependant, leur capacité immunomodulatrice reste inconnue chez l’humain. Notre objectif consistait donc principalement à étudier le rôle et le mécanisme d’action des cellules T DN régulatrices humaines in vitro, en étudiant leur capacité à inhiber une réaction lymphocytaire mixte (MLR). Nous avons montré que les cellules T DN stimulées par un allo-antigène donné inhibent des cellules syngéniques effectrices dirigées contre ce même alloantigène mais n’inhibent pas des cellules syngéniques effectrices dirigées contre un autre alloantigène, démontrant ainsi la spécificité aux antigènes de ces cellules. De plus, les T DN non stimulées par un allo-antigène n’ont pas de rôle inhibiteur. Cependant, durant cette inhibition, nous n’observons pas de modulation de l’expression des marqueurs d’activation et d’induction de l’apoptose. Afin d’étudier le mécanisme d’action des cellules T DN, nous avons mesuré l’expression intracellulaire de la granzyme B. Les résultats démontrent que les cellules T DN stimulées expriment un niveau significativement plus élevé de granzyme B que les cellules T DN non-stimulées par l’allo-antigène. Ceci suggère que l’immunosuppression induite par les cellules T DN stimulées pourrait passer par la voie granzyme B. Le mécanisme utilisé par ces cellules reste à être confirmé par nos futures expériences. / Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving an allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT). Many regulatory T cell populations have been studied and shown to have immunosuppressive properties in GvHD. Among these populations, Double Negative CD4-CD8-TCRαβ+ regulatory T cells (DN T) have been described. These cells represent 1-3% of all T cell lymphocytes and are known to have antigen-specific inhibitory functions of the immune response. The suppression of an immune response by DN T cells seems to be an important mechanism involved in the induction of tolerance to allo-antigens. Moreover, these cells also confer immune tolerance in models of allogeneic and xenogenic grafts. DN T cells have the ability to suppress syngeneic T CD4+ and T CD8+ cells in an antigen-specific manner. Therefore, these DN T cells can inhibit the reaction caused by syngeneic effector cells against a specific alloantigen to which they have been previously exposed. However, they cannot inhibit a reaction directed against an unknown alloantigen. Human DN T cells have been isolated and characterized as cells that have the capacity to interact with APCs by cell-to-cell contact, just like in mice. However, their immunomodulatory properties are still unknown in humans. The goal of our project was to study the role and immunomodulatory functions of human DN T cells in Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions (MLR). The MLRs have allowed us to demonstrate that DN T cells, after having been stimulated by an allo-antigen, have an antigen-specific inhibitory function towards the syngeneic effector cells reacting against the same alloantigen that they have been exposed to. Interestingly, they do not inhibit the reaction of these effector cells against an unknown alloantigen. However, stimulated DN T cells did not modulate the expression of the activation markers expressed by the effector cells and did not give a death signal to these cells either. Moreover, we also wanted to study how DN T cells have an immunosuppressive activity. Therefore, we compared the expression of Granzyme B in stimulated versus non-stimulated cells. Our results suggest that DN T cells may use the Granzyme B pathway to immunosuppress the effector cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that DN T cells have an antigen-specific inhibitory function. The mechanism used by these DN T cells remains to be confirmed with our future experiments.
190

Imunomodulační vlastnosti mezenchymálních kmenových buněk pacientů s amyotrofickou laterální sklerózou a zdravých dárců / Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and healthy donors

Matějčková, Nicole January 2016 (has links)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) possess a multilineage differentiation potential and have the ability to regulate reactivity of the immune system. They are usually isolated and expanded from the bone marrow, adipose tissue or umbilical cord. MSC represent promising cell population for the treatment of some severe diseases, such as amyotrofic lateral sclerosis (ALS), due to the combination of regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study is to compare MSC from ALS patients and healthy donors in their phenotype, proliferative activity and mainly their immunomodulatory properties. The assessment of impact of the disease on the properties of MSC is important for their autologous use in clinical trials. In this study we used MSC isolated from bone marrow of 14 ALS patients and 15 patients undergoing mostly orthopedic surgery as control group. We also used MSC stimulated for 24 hours by poinflammatory cytokines. Cells were compared in terms of immunophenotype, differentiation in adipocytes and osteoblasts, metabolic activity, expression of selected genes for immunomodulatory molecules and for inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. Further experiments were focused on evaluation of immunomodulatory properties of MSC. The effect of MSC on peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated...

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