Selective molecular recognition between proteins is a fundamental event in biological processes that governs cellular growth, function, survival, and differentiation. The immune system, for example, is a complex network of cellular processes regulated by protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between cells, receptors, and secreted molecules. Generating and maintaining an appropriate immune response and regulation requires coordination across many cell types and components, while dysregulation of these interactions can lead to disease. A major obstacle in small molecule therapy development towards these PPIs is their restriction to small protein-protein interfaces and a well-defined hydrophobic pocket. Most PPIs have large contact surface areas and lack traditional binding pockets making them historically challenging for the development of potent small-molecule modulators. To address this limitation, we utilized two binding-based approaches, a unique peptidomimetic fragment library and high-throughput small-molecule microarrays to design and discover molecules that target three important immunoregulatory PPIs: the DQ8-insulin complex, the KEAP1-Nrf2 complex, and the IL-4/IL-4R receptor complex. Many autoimmune diseases involve the ternary PPI complex between immunogenic peptides presented to T cell receptors through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Inhibiting this interaction may provide a therapeutic approach for delaying or preventing disease. To target type 1 diabetes, we developed a unique library consisting of 125 fragment-sized molecules that mimic glutamic acid and tyrosine residues from the immunogenic insulin B:9-23 peptide responsible for CD4+ T cell activation. Screening of our library after generation of the MHC class II protein responsible for insulin B:9-23 presentation, DQ8, has resulted in identification of 15 lead fragment compounds to date. Application of our fragment library towards pharmaceutically validated target for inflammation and neurogenerative diseases, the Kelch like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2), resulted in a 30% hit rate. These are promising results for the further development of selective compounds to inhibit these interactions. For treating inflammatory diseases, such as asthma or cancer, we report the identification of a first-in-class small molecule inhibitor to the cytokine Interleukin-4 (IL-4). The PPI between IL-4 and its receptor complex (IL-4Rα) contains no conventional binding pockets and binding is driven through clusters of complementary residues. Through the combination of small-molecule microarrays and cell-based assays we identified the lead compound, Nico-52, with micromolar inhibitory potency and micromolar affinity. A library of 60 analogs of Nico-52 was synthesized and preliminary structure activity relationships suggest amenability of the p-fluorophenyl substituent and importance of the diol substituent to retain binding potency. These studies resulted in development of a more potent inhibitor to IL-4 with a p-aniline substituent, which could be developed into a targeting ligand to deliver additional therapeutic payloads to an IL-4 enriched microenvironment. In summary, we have developed a peptidomimetic small molecule fragment library as a toolkit for screening against challenging PPI targets with applications towards type 1 diabetes and developed a first-in-class small molecule inhibitor towards IL-4 with applications towards inflammatory diseases. / 2025-09-21T00:00:00Z

Antígenos de alta massa molecular (PI) do extrato de Ascaris suum exercem efeito supressor sobre a resposta imune a antígenos heterólogos. PI atua diretamente sobre as DCs, diminuindo a expressão das moléculas coestimuladoras, MHC de classe II e assim, a proliferação de linfócitos T. Esse efeito é independente de TLR2, TLR4 e da molécula MyD88. Nesse trabalho estudamos a participação dos receptores DC-SIGN e MR, na modulação da atividade das DCs. PI contém oligossacarídeos N-ligados com cadeias de alta manose e do tipo complexa e contém resíduos de fosforilcolina. Os componentes do PI contendo as cadeias glicosídicas N-ligadas inibem a maturação de DCs incubadas com LPS. Receptores DC-SIGN e MR estão envolvidos no reconhecimento e internalização dos componentes do PI pelas DCs. O bloqueio desses receptores foi capaz de abolir o efeito inibitório do PI sobre as DCs e a resposta proliferativa de linfócitos T in vitro. Portanto, os resultados mostram a participação do DC-SIGN e MR no reconhecimento de componentes glicosilados do PI e na sua ação imunomoduladora. / High molecular weight components (PI) of Ascaris suum extract exert suppressive effect on the immune response to OVA. PI exert direct effect on DCs, decreasing the T lymphocyte proliferation. This effect is independent of TLR2 and 4 as well as MyD88 molecule. In this work we studied the glycoconjugates in PI and the participation of DC-SIGN and MR, in the modulation of the functional activity of DCs. PI components contain high mannose- and complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides and phosphorylcholine residues. PI components containing N-linked glycans inhibited the DCs maturation induced by LPS. The previous incubation of DCs with mannan, anti-DC-SIGN and anti-MR antibodies abolished the modulatory effect of PI on the DCs maturation. It was also observed that the blockage of DC-SIGN and MR in DCs reversed the inhibitory effect of PI in the in vitro T cells proliferative response. Taking together these results show the involvement of DC-SIGN and MR in the recognition of glycosylated components of PI by DCs and in its modulatory effect.

Antígenos de alta massa molecular (PI) do extrato de Ascaris suum exercem efeito supressor sobre a resposta imune a antígenos heterólogos. PI atua diretamente sobre as DCs, diminuindo a expressão das moléculas coestimuladoras, MHC de classe II e assim, a proliferação de linfócitos T. Esse efeito é independente de TLR2, TLR4 e da molécula MyD88. Nesse trabalho estudamos a participação dos receptores DC-SIGN e MR, na modulação da atividade das DCs. PI contém oligossacarídeos N-ligados com cadeias de alta manose e do tipo complexa e contém resíduos de fosforilcolina. Os componentes do PI contendo as cadeias glicosídicas N-ligadas inibem a maturação de DCs incubadas com LPS. Receptores DC-SIGN e MR estão envolvidos no reconhecimento e internalização dos componentes do PI pelas DCs. O bloqueio desses receptores foi capaz de abolir o efeito inibitório do PI sobre as DCs e a resposta proliferativa de linfócitos T in vitro. Portanto, os resultados mostram a participação do DC-SIGN e MR no reconhecimento de componentes glicosilados do PI e na sua ação imunomoduladora. / High molecular weight components (PI) of Ascaris suum extract exert suppressive effect on the immune response to OVA. PI exert direct effect on DCs, decreasing the T lymphocyte proliferation. This effect is independent of TLR2 and 4 as well as MyD88 molecule. In this work we studied the glycoconjugates in PI and the participation of DC-SIGN and MR, in the modulation of the functional activity of DCs. PI components contain high mannose- and complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides and phosphorylcholine residues. PI components containing N-linked glycans inhibited the DCs maturation induced by LPS. The previous incubation of DCs with mannan, anti-DC-SIGN and anti-MR antibodies abolished the modulatory effect of PI on the DCs maturation. It was also observed that the blockage of DC-SIGN and MR in DCs reversed the inhibitory effect of PI in the in vitro T cells proliferative response. Taking together these results show the involvement of DC-SIGN and MR in the recognition of glycosylated components of PI by DCs and in its modulatory effect.

As células tronco mesenquimais (MSC) têm capacidade imunossupressora envolvendo diferentes mecanismos. No entanto, ainda não está claro o que desencadeia as diferentes vias de imunorregulação, ou mesmo o que determina a magnitude de sua capacidade supressora. A nossa hipótese é que a intensidade da atividade supressora das MSC esteja vinculada à sua capacidade de desencadear múltiplas vias moleculares, simultaneamente. Utilizamos uma estratégia experimental na qual testamos o efeito das MSC humanas do tecido adiposo (AdMSC), derivadas de diferentes indivíduos, sobre a proliferação de PBMC estimuladas, obtidas do mesmo indivíduo, visando relacionar o efeito supressor com a ocorrência simultânea de modificações imunomoleculares (expressão de mRNA e proteínas), tanto nos linfócitos T como nas AdMSC. Foram comparadas as correlações entre as modificações de expressão gênica e proteica nos ensaios com maior (> 50% inibição de proliferação de linfócitos T) ou menor (<50% de inibição) capacidade supressora. A primeira novidade do nosso trabalho é que durante a atividade supressora das AdMSC, múltiplas moléculas são acionadas, simultaneamente, nos linfócitos T (LT) e nas próprias AdMSC, indicando a importância da ação integrada de múltiplas vias moleculares. Várias dessas modificações de expressão gênica ocorreram de forma dominante (em todos os experimentos), como o aumento da expressão de IDO, ILB e MMP2 nos LT e de diversas moléculas nas AdMSC (entre elas: IDO, HLAG, IL10, PDL1, SEMAD4, MMP9, FASL e várias quimiocinas). Ademais, relatamos diversos novos mecanismos potencialmente envolvidos na atividade supressora das AdMSC humanas, entre eles, a diminuição do número de células T efetoras ativadas, CD4 e CD8 expressando ICOS e CD8 positivas expressando OX40, além do aumento do número de uma população específica de células T reguladoras (CD4+CD25hiFOXP3+) expressando a ectoenzima CD73, importante na geração de adenosina, molécula com atividade imunorreguladora. Descrevemos também outras novas moléculas possivelmente envolvidas nos mecanismos de imunossupressão das AdMSC como SEMA4D, MMP9, CCL22 e RUNX3, cuja expressão aumentou nas AdMSC após o cocultivo e GARP, CTNNB1, IL1B e MMP2, nos LT. Mostramos, pela primeira vez, um perfil imunomolecular diferencial nos ensaios de maior capacidade supressora, com correlações positivas específicas entre os aumentos da expressão gênica, nos dois tipos celulares, envolvendo moléculas como HLAG e CCR4, IL13, IL4, TLR10, IL1B, GARP, S1PR1 e CTNNB1 (-catenina), nos linfócitos T e, nas AdMSC, CCL22 com MMP9 e HLAG com FOXP3. Assim, sugerimos que a magnitude da atividade supressora das AdMSC depende da combinação de múltiplas vias moleculares mobilizadas, simultaneamente, e relacionadas com a indução de um perfil Th2, migração e sobrevida celular, bem como com a atividade imunorreguladora. Além de apontar novas moléculas ao repertório imunomolecular da atividade supressora das AdMSC humanas, trazemos uma contribuição importante, apresentando uma visão mais ampla da rede de interações imunomoleculares envolvida na atividade supressora das MSC / Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) exhibit immunosuppressive activity operating by a variety of mechanisms. However, it is still unclear what triggers the different immunoregulatory pathways, or what determines the magnitude of their suppressive capacity. We hypothesized that the magnitude of MSC suppressive activity may be related to their capacity to activate multiple pathways, simultaneously. We used an approach in which we tested the effect of different human MSC derived from adipose tissue (AdMSC) over T cell proliferation, using PBMC obtained from a single donor. We determined the relationship between AdMSC suppressive activity and the simultaneous occurrence of immunomolecular changes (mRNA and protein expression) in both AdMSC and T cells, following AdMSC/PBMC interactions. Correlations of gene expression and protein modifications were compared in assays in which AdMSC displayed high (>50% of T cell proliferation inhibition) and low (<50% inhibition) immunosuppressive activity. The first novelty from our work is that multiple molecules are simultaneously activated, in both AdMSC and T cells, indicating the importance of an integrated action of several molecular pathways. Many of these gene expression modifications were dominantly (in all experiments) upregulated, namely: IDO, IL1B and MMP2 in T cells and several molecules in AdMSC such as: IDO, HLAG, IL10, PDL1, SEMAD4, MMP9, FASL, as well as many chemokines. We also report novel mechanisms potentially involved in human AdMSC suppressive activity, such as the decrease in the number of activated T cells, CD4 and CD8 cells expressing ICOS and CD8 positive cells expressing OX40. We also found an increase in the numbers of a specific Treg subpopulation (CD4+CD25hiFOXP3+) expressing the ectoenzime CD73, important in the generation of adenosine, a molecule displaying suppressive activity. Moreover, we report other novel molecules possibly involved in AdMSC suppressive activity, once their gene expression was upregulated in AdMSC (SEMA4D, MMP9, CCL22 and RUNX) and in T cells (GARP, CTNNB1, IL1B e MMP2), following AdMSC/PBMC interactions. We also show, for the first time, a differential immunomolecular profile in the assays with high suppressive activity, showing exclusive positive correlations among changes in gene expression, involving multiple molecules, such as HLAG with CCR4, IL13, IL4, TLR10, IL1B, GARP, S1PR1 and CTNNB1 (-catenin) in T cells, and CCL22 and MMP9, with HLAG and FOXP3, in AdMSC. We, therefore, suggest that the magnitude of AdMSC suppressive activity depends on a particular combination of multiple immunoregulatory pathways simultaneously activated and related with the induction of a Th2 profile, cell migration and survival, as well as with immunoregulatory activity. Besides adding new players to the scenario of MSC suppressive activity, we believe our data bring a major contribution to the field, by providing a broader view of the interactive immunoregulatory molecular networks involved in MSC immunologic activities

As células tronco mesenquimais (MSC) têm capacidade imunossupressora envolvendo diferentes mecanismos. No entanto, ainda não está claro o que desencadeia as diferentes vias de imunorregulação, ou mesmo o que determina a magnitude de sua capacidade supressora. A nossa hipótese é que a intensidade da atividade supressora das MSC esteja vinculada à sua capacidade de desencadear múltiplas vias moleculares, simultaneamente. Utilizamos uma estratégia experimental na qual testamos o efeito das MSC humanas do tecido adiposo (AdMSC), derivadas de diferentes indivíduos, sobre a proliferação de PBMC estimuladas, obtidas do mesmo indivíduo, visando relacionar o efeito supressor com a ocorrência simultânea de modificações imunomoleculares (expressão de mRNA e proteínas), tanto nos linfócitos T como nas AdMSC. Foram comparadas as correlações entre as modificações de expressão gênica e proteica nos ensaios com maior (> 50% inibição de proliferação de linfócitos T) ou menor (<50% de inibição) capacidade supressora. A primeira novidade do nosso trabalho é que durante a atividade supressora das AdMSC, múltiplas moléculas são acionadas, simultaneamente, nos linfócitos T (LT) e nas próprias AdMSC, indicando a importância da ação integrada de múltiplas vias moleculares. Várias dessas modificações de expressão gênica ocorreram de forma dominante (em todos os experimentos), como o aumento da expressão de IDO, ILB e MMP2 nos LT e de diversas moléculas nas AdMSC (entre elas: IDO, HLAG, IL10, PDL1, SEMAD4, MMP9, FASL e várias quimiocinas). Ademais, relatamos diversos novos mecanismos potencialmente envolvidos na atividade supressora das AdMSC humanas, entre eles, a diminuição do número de células T efetoras ativadas, CD4 e CD8 expressando ICOS e CD8 positivas expressando OX40, além do aumento do número de uma população específica de células T reguladoras (CD4+CD25hiFOXP3+) expressando a ectoenzima CD73, importante na geração de adenosina, molécula com atividade imunorreguladora. Descrevemos também outras novas moléculas possivelmente envolvidas nos mecanismos de imunossupressão das AdMSC como SEMA4D, MMP9, CCL22 e RUNX3, cuja expressão aumentou nas AdMSC após o cocultivo e GARP, CTNNB1, IL1B e MMP2, nos LT. Mostramos, pela primeira vez, um perfil imunomolecular diferencial nos ensaios de maior capacidade supressora, com correlações positivas específicas entre os aumentos da expressão gênica, nos dois tipos celulares, envolvendo moléculas como HLAG e CCR4, IL13, IL4, TLR10, IL1B, GARP, S1PR1 e CTNNB1 (-catenina), nos linfócitos T e, nas AdMSC, CCL22 com MMP9 e HLAG com FOXP3. Assim, sugerimos que a magnitude da atividade supressora das AdMSC depende da combinação de múltiplas vias moleculares mobilizadas, simultaneamente, e relacionadas com a indução de um perfil Th2, migração e sobrevida celular, bem como com a atividade imunorreguladora. Além de apontar novas moléculas ao repertório imunomolecular da atividade supressora das AdMSC humanas, trazemos uma contribuição importante, apresentando uma visão mais ampla da rede de interações imunomoleculares envolvida na atividade supressora das MSC / Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) exhibit immunosuppressive activity operating by a variety of mechanisms. However, it is still unclear what triggers the different immunoregulatory pathways, or what determines the magnitude of their suppressive capacity. We hypothesized that the magnitude of MSC suppressive activity may be related to their capacity to activate multiple pathways, simultaneously. We used an approach in which we tested the effect of different human MSC derived from adipose tissue (AdMSC) over T cell proliferation, using PBMC obtained from a single donor. We determined the relationship between AdMSC suppressive activity and the simultaneous occurrence of immunomolecular changes (mRNA and protein expression) in both AdMSC and T cells, following AdMSC/PBMC interactions. Correlations of gene expression and protein modifications were compared in assays in which AdMSC displayed high (>50% of T cell proliferation inhibition) and low (<50% inhibition) immunosuppressive activity. The first novelty from our work is that multiple molecules are simultaneously activated, in both AdMSC and T cells, indicating the importance of an integrated action of several molecular pathways. Many of these gene expression modifications were dominantly (in all experiments) upregulated, namely: IDO, IL1B and MMP2 in T cells and several molecules in AdMSC such as: IDO, HLAG, IL10, PDL1, SEMAD4, MMP9, FASL, as well as many chemokines. We also report novel mechanisms potentially involved in human AdMSC suppressive activity, such as the decrease in the number of activated T cells, CD4 and CD8 cells expressing ICOS and CD8 positive cells expressing OX40. We also found an increase in the numbers of a specific Treg subpopulation (CD4+CD25hiFOXP3+) expressing the ectoenzime CD73, important in the generation of adenosine, a molecule displaying suppressive activity. Moreover, we report other novel molecules possibly involved in AdMSC suppressive activity, once their gene expression was upregulated in AdMSC (SEMA4D, MMP9, CCL22 and RUNX) and in T cells (GARP, CTNNB1, IL1B e MMP2), following AdMSC/PBMC interactions. We also show, for the first time, a differential immunomolecular profile in the assays with high suppressive activity, showing exclusive positive correlations among changes in gene expression, involving multiple molecules, such as HLAG with CCR4, IL13, IL4, TLR10, IL1B, GARP, S1PR1 and CTNNB1 (-catenin) in T cells, and CCL22 and MMP9, with HLAG and FOXP3, in AdMSC. We, therefore, suggest that the magnitude of AdMSC suppressive activity depends on a particular combination of multiple immunoregulatory pathways simultaneously activated and related with the induction of a Th2 profile, cell migration and survival, as well as with immunoregulatory activity. Besides adding new players to the scenario of MSC suppressive activity, we believe our data bring a major contribution to the field, by providing a broader view of the interactive immunoregulatory molecular networks involved in MSC immunologic activities

L'interféron de type I (IFN) est une famille de cytokine avec des propriétés antivirales et immunomodulatrices. Alors que les effets antiviraux de l'IFN sont bien caractérisés, leurs propriétés immunomodulatrices le sont moins. Nous avons examiné en profondeur les effets de l'IFN de type I sur le développement, l'homéostasie, et la fonction des cellules Treg. Nous avons utilisé des souris chimériques reconstituées avec une mixture de moelle osseuse de souris normale (WT) et de souris sans le récepteur de l'IFN(IFNAR)KO, et des souris femelles hétérozygotes exprimant une délétion d'IFNAR spécifiquement sur les Treg. Dans ces deux modèles, la signalisation d'IFNAR favorise le développement de la lignée Treg dans le thymus et leur survie dans la périphérie. Nous avons également généré des souris chimériques en utilisant le foie f¿tal de souris scurfy, les Treg dérivés de IFNAR KO ont été incapables de contrôler l'activation des cellules T effectrices et l'inflammation des tissus. Nous avons aussi examiné les effets pendant l'infection avec le virus chorioméningite lymphocytaire chronique (LCMV). Nous avons démontré que le pourcentage de V?5+ Treg était significativement réduit chez les souris IFNAR KO. Nous avons également examiné l'effet pendant Encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE). Suite à l'induction de l'EAE, les souris chimériques WT/IFNAR KO développent une maladie plus sévère que les souris WT/WT. Nous montrons aussi que les souris avec une délétion conditionnelle de IFNAR dans les Tregs développent une forme très grave de l'EAE. Ces résultats démontrent que la signalisation via IFNAR est nécessaire pour la fonction de suppressive des Treg dans l'EAE. / Type I Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. While the antiviral effects of IFNs are well characterized, their immunomodulatory properties are less clear. We examined the effects of type I IFN on development, homeostasis, and function of Treg cells. We used mixed bone marrow (BM) chimeras between WT and IFNαβ receptor (IFNAR) KO mice, and heterozygous female mice expressing a Treg-specific deletion of the IFNAR. IFNAR signaling promoted the development of the Treg lineage in the thymus and their survival in the periphery. IFNAR KO Treg from chimeric mice displayed a more naïve phenotype. In mixed chimeras with Scurfy fetal liver, Treg derived from IFNAR KO BM were unable to control T effector cell activation and tissue inflammation. We also examined the potential effects during Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus infection. We demonstrated that the percentage of Vβ5+ Treg was significantly reduced in IFNAR KO mice, and that the IFNAR functions in a Treg cell intrinsic manner. We also studied the effect during Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Following induction of EAE, WT / IFNAR KO chimeras develop more severe disease than the WT/WT chimeras. Mice with a conditional deletion of the IFNAR in Treg rapidly developed a very severe form of EAE. These results demonstrate that signaling via the IFNAR is required for Treg suppressor function in EAE. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that under certain condition including stress, chronic infection, and autoimmune disease, IFNAR signaling is essential to maintain Treg development, homeostasis, and function.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) represent a promising treatment option for tendon disorders and joint diseases, primarily osteoarthritis. Since MSC are highly context-sensitive to their microenvironment, their therapeutic efficacy is influenced by their tissue-specific pathologically altered targets. These include not only cellular components, such as resident cells and invading immunocompetent cells, but also components of the tissue-characteristic extracellular matrix. Although numerous in vitro models have already shown potential MSC-related mechanisms of action in tendon and joint diseases, only a limited number reflect the disease-specific microenvironment and allow conclusions about well-directed MSC-based therapies for injured tendon and joint-associated tissues. In both injured tissue types, inflammatory processes play a pivotal pathophysiological role. In this context, MSC-mediated macrophage modulation seems to be an important mode of action across these tissues. Additional target cells of MSC applied in tendon and joint disorders include tenocytes, synoviocytes as well as other invading and resident immune cells. It remains of critical importance whether the context-sensitive interplay between MSC and tissue- and disease-specific targets results in an overall promotion or inhibition of the desired therapeutic effects. This review presents the authors’ viewpoint on disease-related targets of MSC therapeutically applied in tendon and joint diseases, focusing on the equine patient as valid animal model.

Des études antérieures ont indiqué que l’IL-27 supprime le développement de l’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE), un modèle murin de la sclérose en plaques (SEP). L’expression en ARNm d’IL-27 est maximale au pic du développement de l’EAE. Cependant, sa contribution dans la pathogenèse de la SEP demeure irrésolue. Nous avons investigué si l’IL-27 contribue à moduler les réponses immunes dans le système nerveux central (SNC) de patients SEP. Nos résultats d’immunohistochimie sur échantillons post-mortem de cerveaux humains ont révélé que la production des deux sous-unités d’IL-27 (EBI-3 et p28) est plus élevée chez des patients comparés à des contrôles. De plus, les astrocytes (GFAP) et les microglies/macrophages (Iba1) représentent des sources biologiques importantes de l’IL-27 dans les lésions. Les lymphocytes T CD4 et CD8 qui infiltrent le SNC des patients expriment d’ailleurs le récepteur de l’IL-27 composé des chaînes gp130 et TCCR, supportant le concept que ces cellules pourraient répondre aux sources locales d’IL-27. Nous avons également démontré que des combinaisons de cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IFNγ, IL-1β et TNF) augmentent l’expression in vitro d’IL-27 par les astrocytes et macrophages humains, et que les microglies/macrophages de phénotype M1 produisent l’IL-27. Enfin, nous avons démontré que les astrocytes humains expriment aussi le récepteur à l’IL-27 et répondent à l’IL-27 par la phosphorylation de STAT1, mais pas de STAT3. Une telle signalisation dans ces cellules mène à l’augmentation d’expression de la molécule de co-inhibition PD-L1 et de la sécrétion de la chimiokine CXCL10. / Multiple lines of evidence support the notion that IL-27 can dampen the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Whether this cytokine contributes to the pathogenesis of the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unresolved. We investigated whether IL-27 locally contributes to modulate the immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS) of MS patients. We performed immunohistochemistry on human post-mortem brain tissue samples and observed that both IL-27 subunits (EBI-3 and p28) are elevated in MS brains compared to controls. Moreover, we identified that astrocytes (GFAP+ cells) as well as microglia/macrophages (Iba1+ cells) are important sources of IL-27 in MS brains. Infiltrating CD8 and CD4 T cells present in the CNS of MS patients express the receptor for IL-27, composed of gp130 and TCCR chains, supporting the notion that these cells can respond to the local sources of IL-27. We demonstrated that combinations of inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-1β and TNF) up-regulate in vitro IL-27 expression by human astrocytes and macrophages, and that M1 microglia/macrophages produce IL-27. Lastly, we demonstrated that human astrocytes also express IL-27R and respond to the cognate cytokine by triggering the phosphorylation of STAT1, but not STAT3. Such signaling leads to the upregulation of PD-L1 expression and CXCL10 production by astrocytes. Our data demonstrate that IL-27 and its receptor are elevated in the CNS of MS patients and that inflammatory mediators present in MS lesions contribute to up-regulate such expression. Finally, astrocytes are key mediators of the production of IL-27 but also respond to this cytokine.

O diabetes mellitus tipo 1A (DM1) é uma doença crônica caracterizada pela destruição imunológica das células ? do pâncreas e pela incapacidade de seu portador produzir insulina. Nas últimas décadas foram descritos vários aspectos sobre a fisiopatologia do DM1 e identificado um aumento de sua incidência mundial. Entretanto, na literatura há lacunas a serem respondidas envolvendo a etiologia e a imunopatologia desta doença. No presente trabalho, foi analisado o impacto de duas moléculas endógenas imunoregulatórias, Antígeno Leucocitário Humano-G (HLA-G) e Galectina-1 (GAL-1), no DM1 humano e experimental. Para tanto, as formas recombinantes de HLA-G (-G5 e -G6) e seus respectivos anticorpos foram produzidos e/ou bioquimicamente caracterizados. A partir de amostras de pacientes diagnosticados com DM1 ou de indivíduos controle foi feita uma análise comparativa envolvendo o perfil de expressão do HLA-G e da GAL-1 e a identificação de microRNAs (miRNAs) associados a estas duas moléculas. Camundongos Lgals-/- ou não para o gene da GAL-1 foram tratados com estreptozotocina (STZ) para indução do DM1 experimental. As duas formas recombinantes do HLA-G foram produzidas, mas apenas o HLA-G6 foi caracterizado como uma solução polidispersa contendo um componente majoritário (99,2%) com massa molecular de 23.603,766 Da, raio hidrodinâmico de 6,0 ± 2,0 nm e imunoreatividade para diferentes anticorpos anti-HLA-G comerciais ou produzidos no laboratório. Os níveis transcricional e proteico do HLA-G e da GAL-1 não foram diferentes entre os grupos de indivíduos estudados. A análise comparativa de miRNAs mostrou que a elevada indução do miRNA modulador negativo da expressão do HLA-G (hsa-miR-16-5p) nos controles em relação aos pacientes foi a única associação robusta com a patogenia do DM1. Curiosamente, os animais selvagens apresentam maior suscetilibilidade à indução de DM1 por STZ, uma vez que os indicadores desta doença como o grau de insulite, a taxa de migração de linfócitos T CD4 e T CD8 para os linfonodos pancreáticos, o nível de redução de insulina no pâncreas e a taxa glicêmica estavam aumentados nesses animais em relação aos nocautes para GAL-1. Finalmente, este conjunto de resultados sugere que possa ocorrer uma regulação positiva da expressão de transcritos do HLA-G em pacientes com DM1 e que a presença de GAL-1 endógena pode favorecer o DM1 experimental. Estes dados abrem novas perspectivas para o melhor entendimento da imunopatologia do DM-1 / Diabetes Mellitus type 1A (DM1) is a chronic disease characterized by the immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells and by the consequent inability of its bearer to produce insulin. For the last decades, several aspects of the pathophysiology of DM1 were described and an increase on its worldwide incidence has been identified.Nevertheless, there are gaps in the literature related to aspects of its etiology and immunopathology to be filled.In the present work, the impact of two endogenous immunoregulatory molecules, Human Leukocyte Antigen-G (HLA-G) and Galectin-1 (GAL-1), was analyzed on human and experimental DM1.To do so, the recombinant forms of HLA-G (-G5 and - G6) and its respective antibodies were produced and/or biochemically characterized. A comparative analysis involving the expression profile of HLA-G and GAL-1 and the identification of microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with these two molecules was made from samples of patients diagnosed with DM1, or control subjects. Mice deficient or not for the GAL-1 gene were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) for the induction of experimental DM1.Both recombinant forms of HLA-G were produced, but only HLA-G6 was characterized as a polydisperse solution containing a major component (99.2%), with molecular mass of 23,603,766 Da, hydrodynamic radius of 6.0 ± 2.0 nm, and immunoreactivity for different commercial or lab produced anti-HLA-G antibodies HLA-G and GAL-1. The transcriptional and protein levels were not different between the groups of subjects studied. High induction of the negative modulator miRNA expression of HLA-G (hsa-miR-16-5p) in the controls compared to the patients was the only robust association found with the pathogenesis of DM1.Interestingly, wild type animals presented more susceptibility to the induction of DM1 by STZ, once the indicators of this disease such as the degree of insulin, the migration rate of CD4 T and CD8 T lymphocytes to pancreatic lymph nodes, the level of insulin reduction in the pancreas and the glycemic rate were increased in wild type mice (Lgals-1+/+) when compared to GAL-1-knock out mice (Lgals-1-/-). Finally, this set of results suggests that a positive regulation of the expression of HLA-G transcripts may occur in patients with DM1 and that the presence of endogenous GAL-1 may favor the experimental DM1. These data open new perspectives for a better understanding of the immunopathology of DM-1

O transplante renal é atualmente o tratamento de escolha para pacientes com doença renal crônica em estágio 5, devido aos seus melhores resultados na morbimortalidade e melhor qualidade de vida dos pacientes, quando comparado com o tratamento dialítico. No entanto, apesar desses resultados positivos, a sobrevida dos enxertos renais em longo prazo não se modificou. As principais causas de falências tardias do transplante renal são as alterações crônicas do enxerto, caracterizadas por componentes de rejeição crônica e efeitos nefrotóxicos relacionados aos inibidores da calcineurina. O desenvolvimento de estratégias visando modular o sistema imunológico, interferindo no balanço entre mecanismos efetores e reguladores, capazes de induzir a aceitação do órgão (tolerância) seria a melhor alternativa para este cenário. No entanto, os mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos no processo da imunorregulação são pouco compreendidos, o que dificulta a identificação de casos tolerantes e a definição de estratégias para a sua modulação. Dentre as possíveis moléculas envolvidas no processo de imunomodulação, destacam-se a Forkhead Box P3 (FOXp3), marcador de células reguladoras e a enzima indoleamina 2,3 dioxigenase (IDO), reconhecida recentemente como tendo função central na tolerância materno-fetal. No presente estudo, foram utilizadas técnicas de imunohistoquímica para identificar linfócitos T efetores (CD3+), FOXp3 e IDO em biópsias de aloenxerto renal e correlacionar sua expressão com a evolução clínica do enxerto 12 meses após a biópsia. A relação entre células reguladoras e efetoras foi avaliada pelas relações FOXp3/CD3 e IDO/CD3. Devido à limitação do reconhecimento e do diagnóstico de casos de tolerância, só foi possível analisar a expressão destes marcadores em 1 único caso de paciente tolerante. Por outro lado, o estudo do perfil da expressão destes marcadores em outras situações clínicas deve contribuir para a melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos. Neste contexto, no presente estudo foram analisadas 63 biópsias de enxerto renal em diferentes situações clínicas: enxerto Sem Rejeição (SemRA; n=13), Rejeição Aguda (RA; n=21) e lesões crônicas (LC; n=29) além de 1 caso de paciente com diagnóstico clínico de tolerância operacional (Tolerante; n=1). Este paciente evoluiu com disfunção do enxerto, reiniciou terapia dialítica com a descontinuação do tratamento imunossupressor e após 2 anos em programa de hemodiálise, recuperou a função do enxerto, sendo, então, submetido a biópsia do enxerto renal. As biópsias incluídas foram subdivididas de acordo com a Classificação de Banff-09. As rejeições agudas mediadas por linfócitos T foram classificadas em RA-Banff I (n=15) e RA-Banff II (n=6). Os casos com Lesões Crônicas também foram subdivididos de acordo com a Classificação de Banff-09 em Fibrose intersticial/Atrofia tubular (FIAT; n=15) e Rejeição Crônica Ativa (RCA; n=14). RESULTADOS: analisado isoladamente, o caso Tolerante apresentou um número expressivo de células CD3+ (814 cel/mm2) e FOXp3+ (100,9 cel/mm2), assim como elevada relação FOXp3/CD3 (12,4x102).No entanto, apresentou uma baixa expressão de IDO (0,41% área marcada).Nos casos do grupo RA o número de células CD3+. foi significativamente maior que em LC e SemRA (973±127 cel/mm2; 242±43 cel/mm2 e 0,7 ± 0,4 cel/mm2, respectivamente; p<0,001 vs LC e p<0,0001 vs SemRA). Células CD3+ foram detectadas em todos os compartimentos estudados: interstício, túbulos, vasos, e glomérulos no grupo RA e no grupo LC. Comparando os grupos, houve predomínio de células CD3+ no interstício (p<0,0001) do grupo RA. Na subanálise segundo a Classificação de Banff-09, não houve diferença entres os subgrupos de RA na análise de células CD3+ por compartimentos. Por outro lado, na análise do grupo LC, no subgrupo RCA foram detectadas significativamente mais células CD3+ que em FIAT no interstício (322±66 cel/mm2 vs 145±32 cel/mm2; p<0,05) e nos túbulos (30,7±10 cel/mm2 vs 6±2 cel/mm2; p<0,05). O número de células FOXp3+ foi significativamente maior nos casos do grupo RA (43±10 cel/mm2) comparado com LC e SemRA (20±4 cel/mm2 e 0,1±0,1 cel/mm2, respectivamente; p<0,05 vs LC e p<0,0001 vs SemRA). Na distribuição por compartimentos, tanto em RA quanto em LC houve a predominância de células FOXp3+ no interstício, porém não houve diferença estatística entre os 2 grupos. Na análise de células FOXp3+ por compartimentos do grupo LC segundo a Classificação de Banff-09, não houve diferença entres os subgrupos. A relação FOXp3/CD3 foi significativamente maior no grupo LC que no RA (17±5 vs 5±1; p<0,05). Na análise do grupo LC, a relação FOXp3/CD3 foi significativamente maior em FIAT que em RCA (25±8 vs 8±2; p<0,05). A análise da expressão de IDO não revelou diferença na comparação dos grupos SemRA, RA e LC. Não houve diferença também na expressão de IDO, tanto entre os grupos Banff I e Banff II, quanto entre os grupos FIAT e RCA. A relação IDO/CD3, foi significativamente maior no grupo LC do que no grupo RA (18±6 vs 3±1; p<0,05). Apesar da presença de células FOXp3+ ter sido maior nos casos com diagnóstico de rejeição aguda como descrito na literatura, não houve correlação da sua expressão com uma maior função do enxerto na análise de 12 meses após a biópsia, nem com a sobrevida do enxerto em 12 meses. Nos casos com diagnóstico de lesões crônicas, a maior relação FOXp3/CD3 se correlacionou negativamente com a função do enxerto 12 meses após a biópsia. A expressão de IDO também não se correlacionou com uma melhor função, nem com a sobrevida do enxerto na análise em 12 meses após a biópsia. A análise dos resultados apresentados sugere o envolvimento dos marcadores estudados na resposta inflamatória ocasionada pelo aloreconhecimento, uma vez que estão presentes em cenários imunológicos distintos, aparentemente, mediando o dano tecidual no microambiente do aloenxerto. No entanto, não há dados o suficiente para apontar para um papel das células FOXp3+ e da IDO no desenvolvimento de tolerância ao aloenxerto no presente estudo. Concluindo, ainda não está claro o quanto a presença de Tregs e IDO limitam os processos de rejeição/cronificação ou participam desses processos, sendo sua presença ainda controversa / Currently, kidney transplantation is choice therapy for patients with chronic kidney disease in stage 5, due to their good results in morbidity and improved quality of life compared with dialysis treatment. However, despite these positive results, renal grafts survival in the long term has not changed. The major cause of failures in long-term in kidney transplant are chronic graft changes, characterized by chronic rejection and components related to the nephrotoxic effects of calcineurin inhibitors. The development of strategies to modulate the immune system interfering with the balance between regulatory and effector mechanisms, capable of inducing organ acceptance (tolerance), would be the excellent alternative in this scenario. However, the immunological mechanisms involved in the immunoregulation are poorly understood, hindering to identify cases tolerant as well as developing strategies for their modulation. Within the possible molecules involved in immunomodulation, stand out the Forkhead Box P3 (FOXp3), a marker of regulatory cells, and the enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), recently recognized by their role in maternal-fetal tolerance. In this present study, we used immunohistochemical techniques to identify T lymphocytes (CD3+), FOXp3 and IDO in renal allograft biopsies and to correlate its expression with graft function 12 months after the biopsy procedure. The relationship between regulatory and effector cells was analysed by FOXp3/CD3 and IDO/CD3 ratios. Due to limited recognition and diagnosis of tolerance cases, only was possible to analyze the expression of these markers in one single case of tolerant patient. On the other hand, the study of the expression of these markers in other clinical situations, should contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved. In this context, the present study analyzed 63 renal allograft biopsies in different clinical situations: no graft rejection (NR, n = 13), acute rejection (AR, n = 21) and chronic injury (CI, n = 29). In addition, one patient with clinical operational tolerance diagnosis (tolerant, n = 1) was analyzed. This patient developed graft dysfunction, restarted dialysis discontinuation of immunosuppressive treatment. After 2 years on dialysis therapy, recovered graft function and then was submitted to renal allograft biopsy. The biopsies included in this study were subdivided according to the Banff-09 classification. The acute rejection mediated by T lymphocytes was classified in Banff I (n = 15) and Banff II (n = 6). Cases that showed chronic injury were also subdivided according to the Banff-09 classification in Interstitial Fibrosis/Tubular Atrophy (IFTA, n = 15) and Chronic Rejection (CR, n = 14). Results: Analyzed separately, the tolerant case showed an expressive number of CD3+ cells (814 cells/mm2) and FOXp3+ cells (100.9 cells/mm2). Also, expressive FOXp3/CD3+ ratio (12,4x102) and low IDO expression (0.41% area).In AR group the number of CD3+ cells was significantly higher compared with CI and NR groups (973 ± 127 cells/mm2; 242 ± 43 cells/mm2 and 0.7 ± 0.4, cells/mm2, respectively; p<0.001 vs CI and p <0.0001 vs NR). In AR and CI groups CD3+ cells were detected in all compartments studied: interstitium, tubules, vessels and glomeruli. Comparing the groups, there was a predominance of CD3+ cells in the interstitium (p<0.0001) of AR group. No difference was observed between Banff I and Banff II subgroups analysis of CD3+ in the compartments. On the other hand, in the CR subgroup analysis was detected in significantly higher of CD3+ cells in the interstitium compared with IFTA (322 ± 66 cells/mm2 vs. 145 ± 32 cells/mm2, p<0.05) and in tubules (30,7±10 cells/mm2 vs. 6±2 cells/mm2, respectively; p<0.05). The number of FOXp3+ cells was significantly higher in the AR group (43±10 cells/mm2) compared with CI and NR (20±4 cells/mm2 and 0.1±0.1 cells/mm2, respectively; p<0,05 vs CI and p<0,0001 vs NR). The distribution of compartments, both AR and in CI predominated FOXp3+ cells in the interstitium, but there was no statistical difference between the 2 groups. In the FOXp3+ cells analysis, CI do not showed difference between subgroups in the compartments. The relationship FOXp3/CD3 was significantly higher in AR group compared in the CI group (17 ± 5 vs. 5 ± 1; p<0.05). In the CI group analysis, FOXp3/CD3 ratio was significantly higher in IFTA compared with CR (25±8 vs 8±2; p<0.05). IDO expression analysis shows no difference when compared NR, AR and CI groups. No difference in IDO expression analysis in Banff I compared with Banff II, and IFTA compared with CR was observed. The relationship of IDO/CD3, was significantly higher in the CI group when compared with AR group (18±6 vs 3±1, p<0.05). Despite the presence of FOXp3+ cells was higher in cases with a diagnosis of acute rejection as described in the literature, there was no correlation of its expression with improved graft function in the 12 months analysis after the biopsy procedure, as well as with graft survival in 12 months. In cases with a diagnosis of chronic injuries, FOXp3/CD3 ratio was negatively correlated with graft function 12 months after the biopsy procedure. The analysis of these results led us to speculate about the involvement of these markers in the inflammatory response, mediating the tissue damage in the microenvironment of the graft, once it is immunological distinct scenarios, however, in this study, there is no enough data to point to a role in development of tolerance. In conclusion, it is unclear how the presence of Tregs and IDO limit the allograft rejection/chronicity or participate in this process, and their presence is still controversial