The pivotal role of Higher Education (HE) for the progression of developing countries is widely acknowledged. Higher Education contributes to, among other important aspects, the generation of human capital for later incorporation into important sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, new technologies, or tourism. Important international donor agencies already acknowledge this fact, particularly within the past decade. Since the beginning of the new millennium, Higher Education has acquired a prominent position on their agendas, and a notable increase in funding has been observed. In this framework, Capacity Building (CB) interventions have one of the preferred actions by donors since the eighties, due to the influence of the Human Capital Theory (and Endogenous Growth Models) in the development assistance domain. These interventions, in the field of Higher Education in developing countries, might adopt different approaches: individual (via scholarships to students), organizational (via consortia or networks between universities, targeting Higher Education institutions), and societal (via projects targeting some aspects of the Higher Education systems). Despite the fact that HE CB interventions in developing countries are becoming more popular little research and monitoring has been done to understand the impact of these multiple types of interventions neither by academics, donors or policymakers. By considering these gaps, the aim of this research was to propose an evaluation and monitoring framework for specific HE CB interventions that will allow to explore the human capital benefits of these types of interventions. The study approaches this aim from different angles: by strengthening the links between key concepts form different fields, providing a better understanding of the types of HE CB interventions and proposing methods to measure the impact which are, in turn, empirically tested during the research. The study adopts different methodologies according to the research aims. A combination of mixed qualitative and quantitative methods was chosen to analyse two selected case studies. The first was a HE CB programme for Latin American Deans chosen to observe its impacts for the participating individuals. Based on this case study, a new methodological tool was proposed to assess individual HE CB interventions at mid and long-term. The second case study involved a sample of worldwide HE CB programme practitioners engaged through the participatory methodology of a Delphi survey to observe their perceptions about the impact of different programmes at multiple levels: individual, organisational and societal. Through this multiple approach, the study makes a number of contributions. First, it adds to the literature combining both the Economics of Education and CB by contributing to the academic debate from the theory and specially providing new empirical evidences. Second, the study proposes new forms of measuring the impact some of which are empirically tested and validated though the positive results of this study, while others will need to be further developed and tested in future research. In summary, through all the different case studies selected, the research has contributed to provide better evidence of the impact and benefits of HE CB interventions to inspire more efficient programmes and better evidence-based policies that could contribute to the development of these countries.

JUŠKELIS, Paulius. (2007) ES Struktūrinių fondų paramos poveikio įvertinimas Lietuvos atvykstamajam turizmui. Magistro baigiamasis darbas. Kaunas: Vilniaus universiteto Kauno humanitarinis fakultetas. 65 p. SANTRAUKA RAKTINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Europos Sąjungos struktūriniai fondai, ekonominio poveikio vertinimas, atvykstamasis turizmas. 2004 m. Lietuvai tapus Europos Sąjungos nare, ji įgijo teisę gauti ES struktūrinių fondų finansinę paramą. Vienas iš remiamų ūkio sektorių – atvykstamasis turizmas. Esami duomenys rodo, kad turėdama gausius gamtinius ir kultūrinius išteklius, Lietuva galėtų geriau išnaudoti šio sektoriaus potencialą. Naujas finansinis instrumentas – galimybė šių tikslų įgyvendinimui. Siekiant pagrįsti bet kokių investicijų poreikį, būtina nuosekliai įvertinti jų poveikį ir efektyvumą. Tačiau reikia pastebėti, jog šiuo metu tiek Lietuvoje, tiek užsienyje nėra vieningos kompleksinės investicijų į atvykstamojo turizmo sektorių efektyvumo vertinimo metodikos. To pasekoje sudėtinga palyginti šių investicijų efektyvumą su investicijomis į kitus sektorius, pagrįsti jų poreikį visuomenei, patikrinti ar buvo pasiekti užsibrėžti rodikliai. Tyrimo objektas – investicijų į atvykstamojo turizmo sektorių makroekonominis poveikis. Analizuojamas ES struktūrinių fondų paramos Lietuvos atvykstamojo turizmo sektoriui poveikis šalies ekonomikai: užsienio prekybos balansui ir bendrajam vidaus produktui, darbo rinkai bei šalies biudžetui. Tiriamojo laikotarpio trukmė – 2005-2009 m. Pirmoje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / JUŠKELIS, Paulius. (2007) EU Structural Funding for Lithuanian Incoming Tourism Sector. Evaluation of Impact. MBA Graduation Paper. Kaunas: Kaunas Faculty of Humanities, Vilnius University. 65 p SUMMARY KEYWORDS: European Union structural funding, economic impact evaluation, incoming tourism. Lithuania joined the EU in 2004 and received a right for EU structural funding. Incoming tourism is one of the subsidized sectors. Although Lithuania possesses high natural and cultural resources, incoming tourism sector is not developed enough yet. The new financial instrument is a good possibility. In order to prove effectiveness of the investment, there is a need for consecutive evaluation of an economic impact. Today no unified incoming tourism economic impact evaluation model is used. As a result it is difficult to compare investment effectiveness into different sectors, substantiate their need to the society, check if the results were reached. Object of the research – an economic impact of investment into incoming tourism. An impact on trade balance and gross national product, labor market, national budget is analyzed. Period of the research – year 2005 to year 2009. The first chapter analyses the situation of Lithuanian incoming tourism sector. The importance for the economy, possibilities and problems are analyzed. The possibilities of investment are also reviewed. The second chapter is devoted to analysis of tourism impact on economy. An impact on trade balance, gross domestic... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFRG.pdf: 1297326 bytes, checksum: 7941c8ebd293ebcb02684b239ca93022 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-17 / Practice of association is the way for the small producers, that, isolated and with small production, they do not get to participate or to influence markets more and more competitive. Thus, it becomes necessary to evaluate organization`s forms that can be presented as socio-economic inclusion ways. The dissertation has for objective to impacts` evaluate of the practice of association in the economic, technological and social conditions of the milk producers. The impact evaluation was made from a set of performance indicators that allowed to evaluate the current result of the associations. The research method adopted was the case study, with multicases. The evaluation form used allowed to identify factors of success of the associations, like this as few restrictions for the development of these associative organizations. The associations are examples of success for the improvement in the life of producers, however it is a success with restrictions, therefore that this is restricted to some of the pointers and, particularly, are economic indicators. However, the social contribution of the associations for the producers is complementary and basic to the economic profits, being that these contribute excessively for the formation of the social capital. All the associations are how efficient how much to the objective to take care of its associates. One of cases, that association was disactivated, this also one revealed efficient while it was in functioning. Thus, the evaluation measure how much to the efficiency of the associations, considering that the efficiency is bigger to the measure that if they verify the indicated situations. It is distinguished in the results of that the associations that demonstrated the best ones resulted had been formed by independent and not governmental initiatives. In these conditions, these associations had contributed of more significant form for the formation of the social capital. In conclusion the work it brings two important contributions. The first is theoretician, with the presentation of a methodology for evaluation of associations of milk producers. Second it is practical, with the results of the research. The formation of the associations fortifies the producers ahead of the difficulties found in all the productive chain, since the producers if present as the link weakkest of the chain. However, this force still is restricted to the milk production, with great distance of the final and more important link of all the chain, the consumer. The practice of association is a good form of adequacy of the producing ahead to the requirements imposed for the market, but still it has very for if making. Exactly that all the good initiatives of each one of the associations were developed by all the associations, the current situation of the milk market, without politics consumption incentives, would not be enough for a significant improvement in the current picture of the milk sector. / O associativismo é o caminho para os pequenos produtores, que, isolados e com pequena produção, não conseguem participar ou influenciar mercados cada vez mais competitivos. Assim, torna-se necessário avaliar formas organizacionais que possam se apresentar como meios de inclusão sócio-econômicos. A dissertação tem por objetivo avaliar impactos do associativismo nas condições econômicas, tecnológicas e sociais dos produtores de leite. A avaliação de impacto foi feita a partir de um conjunto de indicadores de desempenho que permitiu avaliar o resultado atual das associações. O método de pesquisa adotado foi o estudo de caso, sendo utilizados multicasos. A forma de avaliação utilizada permitiu identificar fatores de sucesso das associações, assim como diversas restrições para o desenvolvimento destas organizações associativas. As associações são exemplos de sucesso para a melhoria na vida dos produtores, porém, é um sucesso com restrições, já que este está restrito a alguns dos indicadores e, particularmente, são indicadores econômicos. Entretanto, a contribuição social das associações para os produtores é complementar e fundamental aos ganhos econômicos, sendo que estas contribuem sobremaneira para a formação do capital social. Todas as associações são eficazes quanto ao objetivo de atender seus associados. Em um dos casos, onde a associação foi desativada, esta também mostrou-se eficaz enquanto esteve em funcionamento. Assim, a avaliação mediu quanto à eficiência das associações, considerando que a eficiência é maior à medida que se verificam as situações indicadas. Destaca-se nos resultados o fato de que as associações que demonstraram os melhores resultados foram formadas por iniciativas autônomas e não governamentais. Nestas condições, estas associações contribuíram de forma mais significativa para a formação do capital social. Como conclusão o trabalho traz duas importantes contribuições. A primeira é teórica, com a apresentação de uma metodologia para avaliação de associações de produtores de leite. A segunda é empírica, com os resultados da pesquisa. A formação das associações fortalece os produtores diante das dificuldades encontradas em toda a cadeia produtiva, visto que os produtores se apresentam como o elo mais fraco da cadeia. Porém, este fortalecimento ainda está restrito à produção leiteira, com grande distância do elo final e mais importante de toda a cadeia, o consumidor. O associativismo é uma boa forma de adequação do produtor diante das exigências impostas pelo mercado, mas ainda há muito por se fazer. Mesmo que todas as boas iniciativas de cada uma das associações fossem desenvolvidas por todas as associações, a situação atual do mercado de leite, sem políticas de incentivo ao consumo, não seriam suficientes para uma melhoria significativa no quadro atual do setor leiteiro.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O PrÃmio Escola Nota Dez tem como propÃsito apoiar os municÃpios cearenses na melhoria de sua rede fundamental de ensino por meio da distribuiÃÃo de bÃnus financeiros Ãs escolas cujos alunos do 2 e 5 ano do ensino fundamental atingirem pontuaÃÃes especÃficas no Sistema Permanente de AvaliaÃÃo da EducaÃÃo BÃsica do Cearà (SPAECE). Diante disso, este trabalho tem como mote avaliar o impacto desse programa de incentivos sob o desempenho das escolas contempladas. Tendo como base as notas das avaliaÃÃes de PortuguÃs e MatemÃtica da Prova Brasil de 2007 e 2011, comparou-se o desempenho das escolas cearenses beneficiÃrias e nÃo beneficiÃrias antes e depois da premiaÃÃo por meio do modelo de diferenÃas em diferenÃas. A partir dos resultados, pode-se dizer que o PrÃmio afeta positivamente a proficiÃncia mÃdia das escolas premiadas quando comparadas Ãs nÃo premiadas. AlÃm disso, as escolas apoiadas pelo PrÃmio apresentam desempenho equivalente Ãs escolas nÃo premiadas, o que sinaliza uma melhora no desempenho, haja vista que para ser apoiada esta deve figurar entre as escolas com pior desempenho na alfabetizaÃÃo. / The Escola Nota Dez award aims to support municipalities of Cearà on improving their basic education system through the distribution of financial bonuses the schools whose students of elementary school achieve specific scores Permanent Evaluation System of Basic Education Cearà (SPAECE). Thus, this work has as its objective to evaluate the impact of incentive program in the performance of schools. Based on the ratings of Portuguese and Mathematics of the Prova Brasil 2007 and 2011 comparing the performance of beneficiary and non-beneficiary of Cearà schools before and after the award by the difference in differences model. From the results, it can be said that the Award has a positive effect on the average proficiency of the winning schools compared to non-rewarded. In addition, the schools supported by Award show equivalent performance to schools not winning, which indicates an improvement in performance, considering that to be supported schools should be among the 150 worst performing in literacy.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-05T13:43:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) tese_rcaldas.pdf: 1768887 bytes, checksum: e255530bb7c37a948996859082040aac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T13:43:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) tese_rcaldas.pdf: 1768887 bytes, checksum: e255530bb7c37a948996859082040aac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-16 / CNPQ / This dissertation evaluates three different public policies implemented in Brazil with the main objective of reducing regional inequalities and improving life conditions of the poorest region of the country, the Northeast. In the first chapter, I analyze the impact of the Constitutional Financing Program (FNE) on income and employment at municipality level. Data are from the Brazilian demographic censuses and FNE dataset, provided by the Bank of Northeast, for 2000 and 2010. There is a discussion about the inclusion of new municipalities in semi arid delimitation in Brazil. The main argument is that these municipalities would benefit from the FNE, which has better benefits for those inside semi arid area, such as smaller interest rates and longer financing terms and limits. Using difference-in-differences estimation, I analyze the relationship of microcredit program on income or employment, using the Census 2000 as the baseline and the Census 2010 as the post-treatment period. I do not find a relationship of microcredit program on income or employment, and one possible reason for this is the fact that new municipalities are not taking more funding from FNE. The second chapter evaluates the effectiveness of a public irrigation project implemented in Litoral do Camocim e Acaraú micro-region, at Ceará state, in the Northeast region of Brazil. The dataset is based on individual Censuses data of 2000 and 2010, capturing pre and post period of an irrigation project’s implementation in the region, which happened in 2001. Although the literature points to a positive relationship between irrigation and income, I find, in general, a negative and significant impact of irrigation on main wages, total wages and productivity. One of the reasons for this unexpected result is that workers may switch to agricultural sector and become family farmers, who produce for their own consumption. In this way, even though they do not have higher wages, they may be better off in terms of consumption and nutrition. When analyzing the impact on specific products produced at Baixo Acaraú irrigated area, the coefficients are positive and significant at 1%. Finally, the third and last chapter analyzes the impact of intergovernmental transfers on inter and intra-regional inequalities in Brazil. Taking advantage of the discontinuities of the Municipalities Participation Fund (FPM) – an important intergovernmental transfer – this paper uses a regression discontinuity design to identify the causal impact of FPM transfers on regional economic growth rates. I find that an increase in FPM transfer impacts positively on economic growth rate of the poorest region of the country (Northeast) and has no significant impact on the richest region (Southeast), which indicates a decrease in the inter-regional inequality. Nonetheless, I find that the improvements on growth rates achieved by the Brazilian Northeast are driven by the richest municipalities. These results suggest that even though intergovernmental transfers help poor regions catching up intra regional inequalities may increase. / Esta tese avalia três diferentes políticas públicas implementadas no Brasil com o principal objetivo de reduzir as desigualdades regionais e melhorar as condições de vida e indicadores socioeconômicos da região mais pobre do país, o Nordeste. O primeiro capítulo analisa os impactos do Fundo Constitucional de Financiamento do Nordeste (FNE) sobre renda e emprego a nível municipal. A base de dados foi obtida em parte dos Censos Demográficos, fornecidos pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, e em parte do Banco do Nordeste, para os anos de 2000 e 2010. Existe uma discussão na literatura sobre a inclusão de novos municípios na região do semiárido brasileiro, após a mudança nos seus critérios de elegibilidade. O principal argumento é que esses novos municípios do semiárido beneficiar-se-iam mais do FNE do que antes, uma vez que municípios do semiárido possuem benefícios extras como menores taxas de juros e maiores prazos de financiamentos. Utilizando o método diferença-em-diferenças, não foram encontrados efeitos do programa de microcrédito sobre renda ou emprego dos municípios tratados. Uma possível explicação para isto é o fato de os novos municípios não aproveitarem dos benefícios extras e não pegarem mais empréstimos pelo programa. O segundo capítulo avalia a eficiência dos projetos públicos de irrigação instalados pelas agências de desenvolvimento na região Nordeste desde a década de 1970. Foi utilizado o caso do Projeto Baixo Acaraú, localizados na microrregião do Litoral do Camocim e Acaraú, no estado do Ceará. A base de dados utiliza informações individuais obtidas nos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010, capturando os períodos pré e pós-tratamento, dado que o projeto de irrigação teve sua primeira etapa concluída em 2001. Embora a literatura aponte para uma relação positiva entre irrigação e renda, este artigo encontra, em geral, um impacto negativo e significante sobre o salário principal, todos os salários e a produtividade. Uma das razões para este resultado inesperado é que trabalhadores podem ter passado a trabalhar no setor agrícola após a implementação do perímetro irrigado, e terem se tornado produtores familiares, que produzem para o auto-consumo. Desta forma, embora eles não tenham tido impacto positivo sobre sua renda, eles podem estar melhores em termos de consumo e nutrição. Quando analisado o impacto sobre produtos específicos produzidos na área irrigada do Baixo Acaraú, os coeficientes são positivos e significantes a 1%. Por fim, o terceiro e último capítulo analisa o impacto das transferências intergovernamentais sobre as desigualdades inter e intra regionais no Brasil. Aproveitando-se das descontinuidades no repasse do Fundo de Participação dos Municípios (FPM), este artigo utiliza o método de regressão descontínua para identificar o impacto causal das tranferências do FPM sobre a taxa de crescimento econômico dos municípios brasileiros. Foram utilizados dados das transferências do ano de 2010 e a taxa de crescimento econômico foi calculada entre os anos 2011 e 2013, baseado em dados obtidos no Ipeadata. Dentre os resultados, identificou-se que um aumento nas transferências do FPM impacta positivamente no crescimento econômico na região mais pobre do país (Nordeste) e que não tem impacto sobre a região mais rica (Sudeste), o que sugere uma diminuição na desigualdade inter regional do Brasil, que é uma das mais elevadas do mundo. No entanto, as melhorias no crescimento econômico na região Nordeste foram guiadas pelos municípios mais ricos. Este resultado sugere que, embora as tranferências intergovernamentais ajudem as regiões pobres a crescerem, a desigualdade inter-regional deve aumentar.

No description available.

Cette thèse vise à comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) émergent et influencent la conservation effective des écosystèmes naturels au Cambodge. Elle contribue également à poursuivre l’opérationnalisation des cadres conceptuels institutionnalistes d’analyse des PSE dans le cadre d’un pays parmi les moins avancés de la planète. Au Cambodge, les PSE apparaissent comme le résultat de processus politiques de négociations influencés par les institutions préexistantes et dans lesquelles certains acteurs, notamment le Gouvernement et les ONG, cherchent à influencer les décisions relatives à la définition de nouvelles règles d’utilisation des ressources naturelles afin que celles-ci s’alignent sur leurs intérêts. Ceci amène, au Cambodge, au blocage de certains types de PSE. La thèse cherche également à mesurer et expliquer l’efficacitéenvironnementale d’un cas de PSE communautaire. Ce type de mécanisme peut contribuer à la conservation efficace des forêts même lorsque la pression extérieure augmente. Néanmoins, ces effets dépendent de certaines caractéristiques du contexte socio-économique local, probablement parce qu’elles influencent la capacité de gestion collective des forêts que vise à renforcer ce type de PSE. De plus, la pérennité de ces effets n’est pas assurée sur le long terme. Le programme a ainsi érodé certaines perceptions des valeurs d’usage de la conservation de la forêt qui, dans un contexte de pauvreté et de dépendance forte des populations locales aux ressources naturelles, peuvent constituer des motivations partiellement intrinsèques à conserver. / This thesis aims to understand the mechanisms through which Payments for Environmental Services (PES) emerge and influence the effective conservation of natural ecosystems in Cambodia. It also contributes to the operationalization of institutional conceptual frameworks for the analysis of PES, as it takes to the case of one of the world’s least developed countries. In Cambodia, PES appear to be the result of political processes (negotiations) influenced by pre-existing institutions and in which some stakeholders, such as the Government and NGOs,seek to influence decisions related to the definition of new rules for the use of natural resources so that they align with their interests. This explains why some types of PES schemes face political blockages at the national level. The thesis also seeks to measure and explain the environmental effectiveness of one community-PES. The case study leads to the effective conservation of forests even when the external pressure increases. However, this effect depends on some characteristics of the local socio-economic context, probably because they influence the likelihood of local collective management of forests, which the scheme aims to strengthen. In addition, the permanence of these effects is not guaranteed in the long run. The program has indeed eroded some perceptions of use values of forest conservation, which are, in a context of poverty and strong dependence of local communities on natural resources, the foundation for partially intrinsic motivation to conserve.

Despite substantial investments in biodiversity conservation interventions over the past two decades there is relatively little evidence about whether interventions work, and how they work. Whether an intervention is deemed to “work” depends upon how goals are defined and then measured, which is complex given that different stakeholders have very different expectations for any intervention (including species conservation, habitat protection, human wellbeing or participation goals), and because the process of measuring impacts can involve a simplification of more sophisticated ideals. These questions were investigated for a suite of biodiversity conservation interventions, implemented during 2005-2012 in the Northern Plains landscape of Cambodia. The interventions included the establishment of Protected Areas (PAs), village-level land-use planning, and three different types of Payments for Environmental Services (PES) instituted within the PAs. The PES programmes were (1) direct payments for species protection; (2) community-managed ecotourism linked to wildlife and habitat protection; and (3) payments to keep within land-use plans. The impact evaluation compared the results of each of the interventions with appropriate matched controls, considering both environmental and social impacts between 2005-2011. Both PAs and PES delivered additional environmental outcomes: reducing deforestation rates significantly in comparison with controls and protecting species for those cases where appropriate data was available. PAs increased security of access to land and forest resources for local households, benefiting forest resource users, but restricting households’ ability to expand and diversify their agriculture. PES impacts on household wellbeing were related to the magnitude of the payments provided: the two higher-paying PES programmes had significant positive impacts for participants, whereas a lower-paying programme that targeted biodiversity protection had no detectable effect on livelihoods, despite its positive environmental outcomes. Households that signed up to the higher-paying PES programmes, however, typically needed more capital assets and hence they were less poor and more food secure than other villagers. Therefore, whereas the impacts of PAs on household wellbeing were limited overall and varied between livelihood strategies, the PES programmes had significant positive impacts on livelihoods for those that could afford to participate. This is one of the first evaluations of the social impacts of PES that has been completed globally. The PA authorities were primarily effective at deterring external drivers of biodiversity loss, especially large-scale developments, land grabbing and in-migration, and had much more limited impact on local residents as the impact evaluation results demonstrated. The PES programmes had little or no effect on the external drivers, and instead explicitly targeted the behaviour of local residents. The three PES programmes differed in the extent to which they rewarded changes in individual or collective behaviour, and whether or not they were managed locally or externally. Household-level, conditional, payments were more effective at changing individual behaviour than collective payments; although there was evidence that both types of payments did lead to protection of forests at the village scale. Village-managed PES programmes empowered a subset of households that were then effective at enforcing regulations within the village. Externally managed PES programmes were more popular and viewed as fairer, but did not change collective behaviour. The general conclusion is that the design and institutional arrangements of PES programmes determines how participants perceive the programmes, and then the extent to which they bring about changes in behaviour.

Problem: Zambia has one of the highest maternal mortality ratios in the world. Risks of serious complications during childbirth and associated maternal morbidity and mortality can be mitigated by improving access to skilled birth attendants and emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) in facilities when complications arise. In 2012, the Saving Mothers Giving Life (SMGL) initiative was launched in Kalomo District, Zambia, to reduce maternal deaths. Methods: This study assessed the impact of SMGL in Kalomo District on rates of facility delivery, delivery with a skilled birth attendant, and facility-level changes in the provision of maternity and newborn care during the first learning phase, 2012–2013. Changes in neonatal mortality were also assessed. A mixed-methods approach utilized a quasi-experimental pre-post nonequivalent comparison group design using household data (n=21,680 women) and health facility assessments (n=77) including EmONC signal functions. Data were collected from February 2011–October 2013, before and during SMGL program implementation, in the intervention district and a comparison area. A qualitative inquiry with key informants (n=26) was then conducted in September 2014. Results: There was a 49% relative increase in the odds of facility-based birth during SMGL in Kalomo relative to comparison districts (OR 1.49, 95% CI: 1.21–1.77), controlling for covariates. There was no significant change in delivery with a skilled birth attendant. Newborn mortality in Kalomo decreased significantly (4.3% to 2.6%, p<0.01), even when controlling for covariates, with no change in comparison. EmONC signal functions increased from a mean of 2.7 to 3.9 (p=0.003) per facility in Kalomo, with no change in the comparison area. Most facility-level changes related to newborn care. Informants attributed impacts primarily to community mobilization by Safe Motherhood Action Group volunteers and clinical mentorship. Conclusion: SMGL positively influenced demand for facility deliveries. Data indicate a limited measurable change in supply-side indicators of provision of intra-partum maternity care, while improving neonatal survival. Interviews suggested that mentoring existing staff might be responsible for improved care and referrals. Phase 2 should focus on strengthening human resources to increase access to skilled delivery and strategies to improve communication and transport to facilitate timely referral of emergency cases.

Die LH München wurde 2010 mit dem Wunsch von CarSharing-Unternehmen konfrontiert, eine Ausnahmegenehmigung für das Parken in Parklizenzgebieten zu gewähren. Eine Ausnahmegenehmigung ist grundsätzlich nur dann zu rechtfertigen, wenn sie im öffentlichen Interesse ist. Das öffentliche Interesse hat die LH München dann als gegeben definiert, wenn durch die Nutzung der Carsharing-Fahrzeuge mehr Stellplätze frei gemacht würden, als sie selbst benötigen und die gefahrenen Fahrzeugkilometer in der Stadt in der Gesamtsumme nicht zunehmen würden. Der Projektbericht beschreibt Methodik und Ergebnisse einer Evaluation des Münchner Carsharing-Angebotes. Dieser lagen im Wesentlichen Daten aus drei Quellen zugrunde: Daten aus bereits zum Thema vorliegenden Studien sowie vorliegende Kennzahlen, Daten zu Nutzern und Nutzung aus den Back-End-Systemen der Carsharing-Anbieter und Daten aus eigenen Befragungen.