Web surveys in higher education are particularly important for assessing the quality of academic teaching and learning. Traditionally, mainly quantitative data is used for quality assessment. Increasingly, questions are being raised about the impact of attitudes of the individuals involved. Therefore, especially the analysis of open-ended text responses in web surveys offers the potential for impact evaluation. Despite the fact that qualitative text mining and sentiment analysis are being introduced in other research areas, these instruments are still slowly gaining access to evaluation research. On the one hand, there is a lack of methodological expertise to deal with large numbers of text responses (e.g. via semantic analysis, linguistically supported coding, etc.). On the other hand, deficiencies in interdisciplinary expertise are identified in order to be able to contextualize the results. The following contribution aims to address these issues. The presentation will contribute to the field of impact evaluation and reveals methodological implications for the development of text mining and sentiment analysis in evaluation processes.

Background: The control of malaria in pregnancy remains a large challenge in Burkina Faso, despite the adoption of control measures known to be effective. Known effective programs include individual measures, such as intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy, and the use of long lasting insecticide nets and daily supplementation of ferrous sulphate (200 mg) along with folic acid. Besides these measures, health programs that aim at enhancing the well-being of the population and improve maternal and child health have emerged, including results-based financing (in 2014), a project promoting health in 130 communities (implemented in 2015), and free health care (implemented in 2016). This thesis attempts to assess the effects of health programs on the space–time patterns of malaria (morbidity and mortality) through routinely collected data in pregnancy and explore the various prediction approaches to address challenges in routine health data reporting. Methods: We utilized a substantial range of data and applied advanced quantitative approaches while considering the specific distribution of the data. Our thesis is based on the valorization (analyses) of malaria surveillance data (aggregated by space and time units) recorded in the health information system of Burkina Faso between 2011 and 2019. These analyses also integrate environmental remote sensing data, data from periodic surveys, and data from other sources. These data were coupled into a database. After performing appropriate descriptive analyses considering the complexity of the data design, we performed spatio-temporal Bayesian modeling to determine areas with high risk and assess the effect of health programs on the space–time patterns of malaria incidence among pregnant women at the community-level; to explore an approach to estimate health facility readiness from survey data designed to be regionally representative (and then quantify the effect of this readiness on severe-malaria cases and case fatality); and to explore the prediction approaches used to address challenges in routine health data reporting, thereby supporting a malaria early warning system. Results: Our results show spatial and temporal heterogeneity and indicate that the annual incidence of malaria increased between 2013 and 2018, while the mortality rate decreased significantly. Some communities with a high malaria burden experienced a reduction in their risk through the deployment of the health programs mentioned above. The risk of a pregnant woman dying from severe malaria was 2.5 times higher in districts with low operational capacity. Finally, our thesis proposed an approach to respond to crisis situations that would affect data collection and could be used to set the target or provide early warnings for epidemics or other notifications. Conclusion: Our thesis provides useful tools for disease surveillance in developing countries to help optimize the scarce resources in malaria high burden areas. The results of our thesis could be used by the Ministry of Health to strengthen the capacity of existing surveillance tools and to develop rational strategies and/or new tools for monitoring malaria cases and associated deaths in communities. / Contexte :La lutte contre le paludisme pendant la grossesse reste un grand défi au Burkina Faso, malgré l'adoption de mesures de contrôle dont l'efficacité est reconnue. Les programmes dont l'efficacité est reconnue comprennent des mesures individuelles, telles que le traitement préventif intermittent pendant la grossesse, l'utilisation de moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide de longue durée et la supplémentation quotidienne en sulfate ferreux (200 mg) ainsi qu'en acide folique. Outre ces mesures, des programmes de santé visant à accroître le bien-être de la population et à améliorer la santé maternelle et infantile ont vu le jour, notamment le financement basé sur les résultats (en 2014), le projet de promotion de la santé dans 130 communes (mis en œuvre en 2015) et la gratuité des soins de santé (mise en œuvre en 2016). Cette thèse tente d'évaluer les effets des programmes de santé sur les caractéristiques spatio-temporelles du paludisme (morbidité et mortalité) par le biais de données de routine collectées pendant la grossesse et d'explorer les différentes approches de prévision pour relever les défis de la rapportage systématique des données de santé. Méthodes :Nous avons utilisé un large éventail de données et appliqué des approches quantitatives avancées tout en tenant compte de la distribution spécifique des données. Notre thèse est basée sur la valorisation (analyses) des données de surveillance du paludisme (agrégées par unités spatiales et temporelles) enregistrées dans le système d'information sanitaire du Burkina Faso entre 2011 et 2019. Ces analyses intègrent également des données de télédétection environnementale, des données issues d'enquêtes périodiques et des données provenant d'autres sources. Ces données ont été couplées pour constituer une base de données. Après avoir effectué des analyses descriptives appropriées en tenant compte de la complexité de la conception des données, nous avons procédé à une modélisation bayésienne spatio-temporelle pour déterminer les zones à haut risque et évaluer l'effet des programmes de santé sur les tendances spatio-temporelles de l'incidence du paludisme chez les femmes enceintes au niveau communautaire ;pour explorer une approche permettant d'estimer la capacité opérationnelle des établissements de santé à partir de données d'enquête conçues pour être représentatives au niveau régional (et ensuite quantifier l'effet de cette capacité opérationnelle sur les cas de paludisme grave et la mortalité) ;et pour explorer les approches de prévision utilisées pour relever les défis relatifs au rapportaga systématique des données de santé, pouvant aussi servir à un système d'alerte précoce du paludisme. Résultats :Nos résultats montrent une hétérogénéité spatiale et temporelle et indiquent que l'incidence annuelle du paludisme a augmenté entre 2013 et 2018, tandis que le taux de mortalité a diminué de manière significative. Certaines communes où la charge du paludisme est élevée ont connu une réduction de leur risque grâce au déploiement des programmes de santé mentionnés ci-dessus. Le risque qu'une femme enceinte meure d'un paludisme grave était 2,5 fois plus élevé dans les districts ayant une faible capacité opérationnelle. Enfin, notre thèse a proposé une approche pour répondre aux situations de crise qui affecterait la collecte de données et pourrait être utilisée pour fixer l'objectif ou fournir des alertes précoces pour les épidémies ou autres notifications. Conclusion :Notre thèse fournit des outils utiles pour la surveillance des maladies dans les pays en développement afin de contribuer à optimiser les ressources limitées dans les zones à forte incidence de paludisme. Les résultats de notre thèse pourraient être utilisés par le ministère de la santé pour renforcer la capacité des outils de surveillance existants et pour développer des stratégies rationnelles et/ou de nouveaux outils de surveillance des cas de paludisme et des décès associés dans les communautés. / Doctorat en Sciences de la santé Publique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Web surveys in higher education are particularly important for evaluating the quality of academic teaching and learning. Traditionally, mainly quantitative data is used for quality assessment. Increasingly, questions are being raised about the impact of attitudes of individuals involved. Therefore, especially the analysis of open-ended text responses in web surveys offers the potential for impact evaluation. Despite the fact that qualitative text mining, sentiment analysis, and network analytics are being introduced in other research areas, these instruments are still slowly gaining access to evaluation research. On the one hand, there is a lack of methodological expertise to deal with large numbers of text responses (e.g. via semantic analysis, linguistically supported coding, etc.). On the other hand, deficiencies in interdisciplinary expertise are identified in order to be able to contextualize the results. The contribution contributes to the field of impact evaluation and reveals methodological implications for the development of text mining, sentiment analysis, and network analytics in evaluation processes.

Impact evaluations in development interventions has been growing in recent years. The increasing demand for evidence-based outcomes has led to a debate of what methodology is best to evaluate the impact of development interventions. Accordingly, Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) has been labeled as a gold standard for impact evaluations. The RCT method functions in a unique way, as it removes the selection bias and ensure high validity of a study. The aim of this research study is to critically assess the RCT as an alternative approach for impact assessment in relation to post-conflict countries; whether this claim holds in a conflict-affected environment or that the context-specific factors of post-conflict countries challenge the implementation of an RCT. This study implements mixed method approach by using simple descriptive statistics and semi-structured interview to answer the research questions. The findings of this study indicate that context-specific factors of post-conflict environments pose challenges on the implementation of an RCT.  As a result, these challenges threaten the quality of the RCT method which lies in reliability, internal validity and external validity. The findings also indicate that feasibility of RCT which lies in ethics, logistics and security, cannot be addressed individually, as the feasibility has a direct impact on the quality of the RCT method.

L’incertitude pèse sur les ménages ruraux des pays en développement. Cette thèse vise d’une part à mieux comprendre quels sont les conséquences de cette vulnérabilité sur les comportements et d’autre part à analyser la mise en oeuvre et l’impact des stratégies de gestion de risque, qu’elles soient internes ou externes au ménage. Le premier chapitre se concentre sur l’effet de l’exposition au risque foncier sur le comportement d’épargne en Angola. Il établit que les ménages non dotés de documents de propriété ne sont pas à même de cumuler une épargne de précaution. Ce comportement d’auto-Couverture ne se manifeste que lors du cumul de plusieurs risques. Le second chapitre se focalise sur la prise de décision à l’intérieur du ménage pour le choix de stratégies de diversification. Il s’agit d’étudier l’allocation du temps de travail des femmes au Sénégal entre le travail domestique et les activités génératrices de revenus. Un modèle de type sphères séparées avec un transfert entre conjoints est validé. Le faible rôle des incitations financières et l’importance du pouvoir de négociation sont démontrés. Le dernier chapitre analyse l’impact sur la vulnérabilité des ménages d’une intervention extérieure au travers d’un programme visant à l’accès aux services énergétiques. Son impact est mesuré sur la nutrition des enfants. Les résultats démontrent un effet positif et progressif de la présence de l’infrastructure sur la nutrition de long terme. L’intensité de fonctionnement réduit la malnutrition de court terme. Un effet de diffusion est également établi. Ces trois chapitres permettent de montrer l’incapacité des ménages à mettre en place des stratégies de lutte contre la vulnérabilité de façon autonome. Elles prouvent ensuite la nécessité de développer l’accès aux marchés dans les zones rurales. Enfin, le rôle de l’intervention extérieure pour fournir des instruments de gestion aux ménages est souligné. / Uncertainty hangs over rural households in developing countries. This thesis aims first to better understand the consequences of vulnerability on behavior and also to analyze the implementationand impact of risk management strategies, internal or external to the household. The first chapter concentrates on the effect of exposure to tenure insecurity in Angola on saving behavior. It states that households without document are not able to accumulate precautionary saving. This behavior of self-Coverage only occurs with cumulated risks. The second chapter focuses on the decision-Making within the household for the choice of diversification strategies. The allocation of women working time in Senegal between domestic work and income generating activities is studied. A model of separate spheres with a transfer between spouses is validated. The low incidence of financial incentives and the importance of bargaining power are demonstrated. The last chapter analyzes the impact of external intervention on household vulnerability through a program which aims to develop access to energy services. Its impact is estimated on the nutrition of children. The results show a positive and progressive effect of the presence of the infrastructure on long- erm nutrition. The intensity of use reduces the short-Term malnutrition. A diffusion effect is also established. These three chapters allow to stress the inability of households to develop independent strategies against the vulnerability. Then they make out the need to develop market access in rural areas. Finally,the role of external intervention to provide management tools to households is underlined

A formulação de políticas, planos e programas governamentais tem sido conduzida desarticuladamente, sem a necessária participação social e prévia avaliação de seus impactos sobre o ambiente e saúde da população. Como as ferramentas de avaliação de impacto de políticas públicas contribuiriam para a integração dessas políticas com vistas à sustentabilidade? Partindo desse questionamento, trabalhou-se com a hipótese de trabalho de que a gestão pública para a sustentabilidade pressupõe a integração das políticas setoriais, no nível estratégico, o que vai além da avaliação de impactos da política. A gestão pública para a sustentabilidade, nesta pesquisa, refere-se ao processo de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas, em que são avaliados os seus objetivos de sustentabilidade social, ambiental e econômico, considerando o contexto cultural e institucional em que se insere, como forma de operacionalizar os princípios da precaução e da eficiência na administração pública. Os objetivos foram analisar ferramentas de avaliação de políticas, planos e programas (PPPs), como a Avaliação de Impacto à Saúde (AIS), de caráter preventivo, e discutir como essas avaliações contribuem para a integração e eficiência de políticas públicas setoriais. Desenvolvida como um estudo de caso, a pesquisa tratou da avaliação dos impactos potenciais da política florestal de Mato Grosso na saúde de grupos populacionais, utilizando a metodologia EPHIA. Como resultado, o Relatório da Avaliação de Impactos à Saúde trouxe recomendações de ordem institucional e administrativa para incremento da capacidade de gestão do Estado e melhorias no texto da lei que institui a Política Florestal, visando minimizar as desigualdades em saúde. A análise da contribuição dessa avaliação identificou a cadeia de impactos de políticas governamentais, umas sobre as outras, e pontos de desarticulação setorial. Os subsídios resultantes da AIS permitem aos tomadores de decisão avançar na definição de processos de negociação de objetivos e na integração de políticas setoriais, uma transpoliticidade, com vistas ao desenvolvimento sustentável / The formulation of governmental policies, plans and programs has been conceived quite disconnectedly, without the necessary social participation and previous assessment of its impacts on the environment and people health. How do the assessment tools for public politics impact would contribute for the integration of those policies concerning sustainability? The work started as from this question, with the hypothesis stating that the public management for the sustainability assumes the integration of each field policies, at a strategy level, which passes beyond the policy impacts assessment. The public administration regarding sustainability, in this research, is relative to the process of public policies formulation and implementation, evaluating the aims of social, environmental, and economical sustainability. It also takes into consideration the cultural and institutional context where it belongs, as a way of turning the principles of precaution and the efficiency, operational, in the public administration. The objectives were to analyze the evaluation tools for policies, plans and programs (PPPs), as well as the Health Impact Assessment (HIA), which has a preventive character, and discuss how these evaluations can contribute to the integration and efficiency of field public policies. This research has been developed as a case study, and it analyzed the potential impacts assessment of the forest policy of Mato Grosso State, in groups of people, using the EPHIA methodology. As a result, the Health Impact Assessment Report indicated some institutional and administrative recommendations to improve the State management and the Forest Policy law, trying to minimize the health inequalities. The analysis concerning this assessment contribution identified the impact network of governmental policies, one on the others, as well as some points of sector disarticulation. The subsidies arising from the HIA allowed the ones who make the decisions to go forward in the definition of objective negotiation processes and in the integration of sector policies, transpolicity, aiming at the sustainable development

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-08-31T12:53:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Ferreira.pdf: 6371033 bytes, checksum: 00f1be3d7490e9cbabe4dc2e22e13358 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T12:53:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Ferreira.pdf: 6371033 bytes, checksum: 00f1be3d7490e9cbabe4dc2e22e13358 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-23 / The objective of this study was to analyze the financial statements, social reports, sustainability reports and integrated reports from 2014 to 2016 of the companies surveyed, in order to verify if the information contained in these reports is presented in an effective way in relation to the aspects and concepts surveyed, Regarding the theme of environmental impact accounting. The option to restrict the research to companies in the pulp and paper sector listed on the BM&F Bovespa is due to be a reliable source of information. The privately held company International Paper for being one of the largest companies in the industry was also analyzed. The data researched and used to carry out this research were extracted from several bibliographic resources about the subject and the site of the companies object of this study. Finally, it was observed that research organizations have not yet adopted the Integrated Report between the years 2014 and 2016 and that the information on environmental liabilities is not yet clearly evidenced / O presente estudo objetivou analisar as demonstrações financeiras, balanços sociais, relatórios de sustentabilidade e relato integrado no período de 2014 a 2016 das empresas pesquisadas, de forma a verificar se as informações contidas nestes relatórios estão apresentadas de maneira efetiva em relação aos aspectos e conceitos pesquisados, no que tange o tema contabilização de impactos ambientais. A opção de se restringir a pesquisa as empresas do setor de papel e celulose listados na BM&F Bovespa é devido ser uma fonte confiável de informações. A empresa de capital fechado International Paper por ser uma das maiores empresas no setor também foi analisada. Os dados pesquisados e utilizados para a realização desta pesquisa foram extraídos de diversos recursos bibliográficos sobre o tema e do site das empresas objeto deste estudo. Por fim, observou-se que organizações pesquisa ainda não adotaram o Relato Integrado entre os anos de 2014 e 2016 e que as informações de passivos ambientais ainda não são evidenciadas de forma clara

A formulação de políticas, planos e programas governamentais tem sido conduzida desarticuladamente, sem a necessária participação social e prévia avaliação de seus impactos sobre o ambiente e saúde da população. Como as ferramentas de avaliação de impacto de políticas públicas contribuiriam para a integração dessas políticas com vistas à sustentabilidade? Partindo desse questionamento, trabalhou-se com a hipótese de trabalho de que a gestão pública para a sustentabilidade pressupõe a integração das políticas setoriais, no nível estratégico, o que vai além da avaliação de impactos da política. A gestão pública para a sustentabilidade, nesta pesquisa, refere-se ao processo de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas, em que são avaliados os seus objetivos de sustentabilidade social, ambiental e econômico, considerando o contexto cultural e institucional em que se insere, como forma de operacionalizar os princípios da precaução e da eficiência na administração pública. Os objetivos foram analisar ferramentas de avaliação de políticas, planos e programas (PPPs), como a Avaliação de Impacto à Saúde (AIS), de caráter preventivo, e discutir como essas avaliações contribuem para a integração e eficiência de políticas públicas setoriais. Desenvolvida como um estudo de caso, a pesquisa tratou da avaliação dos impactos potenciais da política florestal de Mato Grosso na saúde de grupos populacionais, utilizando a metodologia EPHIA. Como resultado, o Relatório da Avaliação de Impactos à Saúde trouxe recomendações de ordem institucional e administrativa para incremento da capacidade de gestão do Estado e melhorias no texto da lei que institui a Política Florestal, visando minimizar as desigualdades em saúde. A análise da contribuição dessa avaliação identificou a cadeia de impactos de políticas governamentais, umas sobre as outras, e pontos de desarticulação setorial. Os subsídios resultantes da AIS permitem aos tomadores de decisão avançar na definição de processos de negociação de objetivos e na integração de políticas setoriais, uma transpoliticidade, com vistas ao desenvolvimento sustentável / The formulation of governmental policies, plans and programs has been conceived quite disconnectedly, without the necessary social participation and previous assessment of its impacts on the environment and people health. How do the assessment tools for public politics impact would contribute for the integration of those policies concerning sustainability? The work started as from this question, with the hypothesis stating that the public management for the sustainability assumes the integration of each field policies, at a strategy level, which passes beyond the policy impacts assessment. The public administration regarding sustainability, in this research, is relative to the process of public policies formulation and implementation, evaluating the aims of social, environmental, and economical sustainability. It also takes into consideration the cultural and institutional context where it belongs, as a way of turning the principles of precaution and the efficiency, operational, in the public administration. The objectives were to analyze the evaluation tools for policies, plans and programs (PPPs), as well as the Health Impact Assessment (HIA), which has a preventive character, and discuss how these evaluations can contribute to the integration and efficiency of field public policies. This research has been developed as a case study, and it analyzed the potential impacts assessment of the forest policy of Mato Grosso State, in groups of people, using the EPHIA methodology. As a result, the Health Impact Assessment Report indicated some institutional and administrative recommendations to improve the State management and the Forest Policy law, trying to minimize the health inequalities. The analysis concerning this assessment contribution identified the impact network of governmental policies, one on the others, as well as some points of sector disarticulation. The subsidies arising from the HIA allowed the ones who make the decisions to go forward in the definition of objective negotiation processes and in the integration of sector policies, transpolicity, aiming at the sustainable development

There is a growing range of IP-based data and voice applications using mobile devices (e.g. 3rd , 4th generation mobile phones and PDAs) and new access technologies (e.g. Bluetooth, 802.11, GPRS, ADSL). This growth is driving a desire to support mobility at the IP level � in other words, allowing an IP host to keep on communicating with other hosts while roaming between different IP subnetworks. Mobile IPv6 allows hosts to move their physical and topological attachment points around an IPv6 network while retaining connectivity through a single, well-known Home Address. Although Mobile IPv6 has been the subject of simulation studies, the real-world dynamic behavior of Mobile IPv6 is only gradually being experimentally characterised and analysed. This thesis reviews the use of Mobile IPv6 to support mobility between independent 802.11b-attached IPv6 subnets, and experimentally measures and critically evaluates how long an end to end IP path is disrupted when a Mobile IPv6 node shifts from one subnetwork to another (handoff time). The thesis describes the development of an experimental testbed suitable for gathering real-world Mobile IPv6 handoff data using publicly available, standards compliant implementations of Mobile IPv6. (An open-source Mobile IPv6 stack (the KAME release under FreeBSD) was deployed). The component of handoff time due to 802.11b link layer handoff is measured separately to assess its impact on the overall Mobile IPv6 handoff time. Using Mobile IPv6 handoff results, the likely performance impact of Mobile IPv6 handoff on a common webcam application and a bulk TCP data transfer is also evaluated. The impact of handoff on these applications clearly shows that a default Mobile IPv6 environment would be highly disruptive to real-time and interactive applications during handoff events, even if the underlying link-layer handoff was instantaneous.

Policy makers in education and international development have lately gravitated toward the randomized controlled trial (RCT)—an evaluation design that randomly assigns a sample of people or households into an intervention group and a control group in order to measure the differential effect of the intervention—as a means to determine program impact. As part of federal regulations, the U.S. Department of Education and the U.S. Agency for International development explicitly declared a preference for the RCT. When advocating for adopting the RCT model as the preferred evaluation tool, policy makers point to the success story of medical trials and how they revolutionized medicine from Medieval charlatanry to a modern life-saving discipline. By presenting a more nuanced account of the role of the RCT in medical history, however, this study finds that landmark RCTs were accompanied with challenges, Evidence-Based Medicine had rightful critics, and opportunistic biases in drug trials apply equally to education policy and international development. This study also examines the recent privileged role of the RCT in education and international development, concluding that its initial promise was not entirely born out when put into practice, as the national Reading First Initiative exemplifies. From a comparative perspective, the RCT movements also encountered major RCT critics, whose voices were not initially heard. These voices, however, seem to have contributed to a swing of the pendulum away from RCT primacy back towards greater methodological pluralism. A major conclusion of this study is that policy makers should exercise great caution when using RCTs as a policy evaluation tool. This conclusion is arrived at via considering RCT biases, challenges, and limited generalizability; understanding its interpretive-qualitative components; and broadening the overall methodological repertoire to better enable evaluations of macro-policy interventions. / text