In view that the relations of ecologic effects overflow the limits of the traditional academic training on planning, the methodological models used are not longer adequate to solve problems; then there is a need to significant changes in the professional training of future architects and planners.Systemic urban planning is called to play a more important role not only in city management but in its hinterland connection. Universities play an important role in providing an adequate training to this end. Thus, at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, National University of San Agustin, Arequipa, Perú, there is the course Urban Planning 1, where the students are being introduced to the systemic thought within the urban planning.The main objectives are to provide a conceptual basis towards a systemic planning and a sustainable urban design; to introduce the students in urban planning within a general concept of «Preventive Urban-environmental Planning», that is, urban planning with vision to the long run, based on landscaping plans, able to prevent and reduce the environmental impacts, that were able to articulate all results in a land use plan and have enough flexibility to undergo a permanent spatial analysis and allow planning oriented to sustainable development projects. / Debido a que las relaciones de los efectos de carácter ecológico sobrepasan los límites de las especialidades tradicionales de la planificación, los modelos metodológicos actuales ya no son adecuados para solucionar problemas, requiriéndose cambios sustanciales en la formación profesional del futuro arquitecto y planificador.La planificación urbana sistémica tomará un papel cada vez más activo no solo en el ordenamiento de las ciudades sino sobre todo en la articulación adecuada de estas a su entorno. Las universidades juegan un rol importante en la capacitación adecuada para tal fin. En la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa - Perú en el curso Planeamiento Urbano 1 se viene introduciendo a los estudiantes en el pensamiento sistémico dentro de la planificación urbana.Los objetivos principales son dotar de una base conceptual orientada hacia una planificación sistémica y un diseño urbano sostenibles; introducir a los estudiantes en una planificación urbana enmarcada en un concepto general de «Planificación Urbana Ambiental Preventiva»; es decir, una planificación urbana con visión a largo plazo, basada en un plan paisajista, que prevea y minimice los impactos ambientales, que sea capaz de articular todos estos resultados en un plan de usos de suelo y tenga la suficiente flexibilidad de someterse a un análisis espacial de carácter continuo así como permita una planificación orientada a proyectos concertados de desarrollo sostenible.

The colonial history of South Africa and its legacy of cultural and linguistic domination have resulted in a situation where the. literatures of the majority of South Africans were relegated to the margins of institutional, social and cultural life. Exclusion (of local writings) was the principal mode by which power was exercised within university English departments. It is within this context that this study posits lacunae and challenges for the reconstruction of the South African literature curriculum. Although various approaches have been used by English departments during this decade to include South African literature in the curriculum (pluralism, inter-disciplinary studies, alternate canon formation, canon rejection, eclecticism, elective programmes, etc.), the curriculum continues to repeat the established norms and values of colonial/apartheid society, it avoids confronting the ideological construction of traditional English literature and is a revamping or upgrading of the programmes offered during the colonial/apartheid era. The genealogical study uncovers the production, regulation, distribution, circulation and operation of statements, decentres discourse, and reveals how discourse is secondary to systems of power. Chapter Four explores both theoretical and methodological underpinnings for the reconstruction of the South African literature curriculum deriving from the critical educational approaches of Freire, Giroux and Apple, the discursive approach of Foucault and the post colonial reading strategies of Zavarzadeh and Morton. The teaching of South African literature would best be served by working within a critical paradigm, having as its objective the goals of critical educational studies. Chapter Four also includes a review of the curriculum in local practice through a curriculum impact study using empirical research based on the 1996 English literature syllabi of South African universities as well as the findings of the surveys conducted by Malan and Bosman in 1986 and Lindfors in 1992. Chapter Five posits recommendations for curriculum reconstruction with the main focus on the intervention of radical strategies that would lead to a new conflictual reading list. The objective is to put the canon under erasure by problematising the concept of literariness. Such an approach also reveals the power/ knowledge relations of culture, ideologies that dominate the discipline and the institutional arrangements of knowledge. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D.Ed. (Didactics)

Os Organismos Geneticamente Modificados (OGM) surgiram há poucos anos e estão sendo discutidos por toda a comunidade científica por ter implicações ambientais e na saúde pública. Por ser um tema vasto, foi estudado apenas a liberação para o plantio comercial dos OGM, mostrando suas vantagens e desvantagens. Neste trabalho são apresentados vários dados das plantações comerciais dos OGM no Brasil e no restante do mundo, mostrando o aumento do uso destes organismos na agricultura mundial. Esta dissertação apresenta um breve histórico da liberação para o plantio comercial dos OGM no Brasil e os seus aspectos legais. Foram pesquisados os aspectos legais para essa liberação, levando em conta a necessidade de ser feito o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), que é um instrumento de aplicação do Princípio da Precaução existente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, do qual a Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) é uma de suas ferramentas. Nesse contexto foi estudada a legislação brasileira sobre o meio ambiente e sobre os OGM. Para se decidir quais são os melhores métodos de AIA, para liberação comercial do plantio dos OGM, de acordo com as exigências legais, foi feita uma pesquisa revisando esses métodos. Foi verificado para cada Método se ele apresenta características de identificar satisfatoriamente os impactos ambientais em relação aos seus efeitos, espaço e tempo. Sabendo-se quais as exigências de avaliação de impacto necessárias para a liberação do plantio dos OGM foi possível identificar as metodologias de AIA mais indicadas para o caso. Concluiu-se que os métodos mais indicados para a liberação comercial do plantio dos OGM são a Matriz de Interação e o AMBITEC-AGRO / Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) have only recently appeared and are being discussed by all of the scientific community for having environmental and public health implications. By being a vast subject, only the release for the commercial plantation of the OGM was studied, showing its advantages and disadvantages. In the following work, data of GMO commercial plantations in both Brazil and globally are presented, showing an increase of the use of these organisms in world-wide agriculture. Also included is a brief historical account of the approval and release of GMOs for commercial plantation in Brazil. It was taking in account the necessity of conducting the Environmental Impact Study (EIA), a component of the Environmental Impact Assessment (AIA) that is an instrument of the application of the Precaution Principal in the Brazilian legal system. Additionally, Brazilian environmental regulations and regulations pertaining to GMOs was studied. An analysis of the best methods of AIA legally required for commercial authorization of planting GMOs was performed. Each method was verified if it met satisfactory characteristic identifying the environmental impacts concerning to its effect, time, and space. It was possible to determine the best AIA methodology for this case by matching the necessary requirements for evaluating the impact of authorizing the planting of GMOs. It was concluded that the Interaction Matrix and the AMBITEC-AGRO are the best methods for the commercial authorization of planting GMOs

Os Organismos Geneticamente Modificados (OGM) surgiram há poucos anos e estão sendo discutidos por toda a comunidade científica por ter implicações ambientais e na saúde pública. Por ser um tema vasto, foi estudado apenas a liberação para o plantio comercial dos OGM, mostrando suas vantagens e desvantagens. Neste trabalho são apresentados vários dados das plantações comerciais dos OGM no Brasil e no restante do mundo, mostrando o aumento do uso destes organismos na agricultura mundial. Esta dissertação apresenta um breve histórico da liberação para o plantio comercial dos OGM no Brasil e os seus aspectos legais. Foram pesquisados os aspectos legais para essa liberação, levando em conta a necessidade de ser feito o Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), que é um instrumento de aplicação do Princípio da Precaução existente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, do qual a Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) é uma de suas ferramentas. Nesse contexto foi estudada a legislação brasileira sobre o meio ambiente e sobre os OGM. Para se decidir quais são os melhores métodos de AIA, para liberação comercial do plantio dos OGM, de acordo com as exigências legais, foi feita uma pesquisa revisando esses métodos. Foi verificado para cada Método se ele apresenta características de identificar satisfatoriamente os impactos ambientais em relação aos seus efeitos, espaço e tempo. Sabendo-se quais as exigências de avaliação de impacto necessárias para a liberação do plantio dos OGM foi possível identificar as metodologias de AIA mais indicadas para o caso. Concluiu-se que os métodos mais indicados para a liberação comercial do plantio dos OGM são a Matriz de Interação e o AMBITEC-AGRO / Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) have only recently appeared and are being discussed by all of the scientific community for having environmental and public health implications. By being a vast subject, only the release for the commercial plantation of the OGM was studied, showing its advantages and disadvantages. In the following work, data of GMO commercial plantations in both Brazil and globally are presented, showing an increase of the use of these organisms in world-wide agriculture. Also included is a brief historical account of the approval and release of GMOs for commercial plantation in Brazil. It was taking in account the necessity of conducting the Environmental Impact Study (EIA), a component of the Environmental Impact Assessment (AIA) that is an instrument of the application of the Precaution Principal in the Brazilian legal system. Additionally, Brazilian environmental regulations and regulations pertaining to GMOs was studied. An analysis of the best methods of AIA legally required for commercial authorization of planting GMOs was performed. Each method was verified if it met satisfactory characteristic identifying the environmental impacts concerning to its effect, time, and space. It was possible to determine the best AIA methodology for this case by matching the necessary requirements for evaluating the impact of authorizing the planting of GMOs. It was concluded that the Interaction Matrix and the AMBITEC-AGRO are the best methods for the commercial authorization of planting GMOs

The colonial history of South Africa and its legacy of cultural and linguistic domination have resulted in a situation where the. literatures of the majority of South Africans were relegated to the margins of institutional, social and cultural life. Exclusion (of local writings) was the principal mode by which power was exercised within university English departments. It is within this context that this study posits lacunae and challenges for the reconstruction of the South African literature curriculum. Although various approaches have been used by English departments during this decade to include South African literature in the curriculum (pluralism, inter-disciplinary studies, alternate canon formation, canon rejection, eclecticism, elective programmes, etc.), the curriculum continues to repeat the established norms and values of colonial/apartheid society, it avoids confronting the ideological construction of traditional English literature and is a revamping or upgrading of the programmes offered during the colonial/apartheid era. The genealogical study uncovers the production, regulation, distribution, circulation and operation of statements, decentres discourse, and reveals how discourse is secondary to systems of power. Chapter Four explores both theoretical and methodological underpinnings for the reconstruction of the South African literature curriculum deriving from the critical educational approaches of Freire, Giroux and Apple, the discursive approach of Foucault and the post colonial reading strategies of Zavarzadeh and Morton. The teaching of South African literature would best be served by working within a critical paradigm, having as its objective the goals of critical educational studies. Chapter Four also includes a review of the curriculum in local practice through a curriculum impact study using empirical research based on the 1996 English literature syllabi of South African universities as well as the findings of the surveys conducted by Malan and Bosman in 1986 and Lindfors in 1992. Chapter Five posits recommendations for curriculum reconstruction with the main focus on the intervention of radical strategies that would lead to a new conflictual reading list. The objective is to put the canon under erasure by problematising the concept of literariness. Such an approach also reveals the power/ knowledge relations of culture, ideologies that dominate the discipline and the institutional arrangements of knowledge. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D.Ed. (Didactics)