As espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e de nitrogênio (ERN) são essenciais na resposta imune dos artrópodes aos microrganismos. Este estudo teve como objetivo a caracterização do estresse oxidativo das células embrionárias BME26 do carrapato R. microplus em resposta à infecção por A. marginale. Mostrou-se que A. marginale invade as células BME26 durante a primeira hora. No perfil de expressão de diversos genes codificadores de proteínas que estão envolvidas na produção e destoxificação de ERO e ERN após desafios com A. marginale e R. rickettsii, foi observado que A. marginale inibiu os transcritos das enzimas oxidantes 72 horas após a infecção. Em contrapartida os genes codificadores das enzimas antioxidantes foram todos induzidos. O perfil de expressão gênica pela infecção por R. rickettsii foi diferente do obtido com A. marginale uma vez que se detectou uma maior indução dos genes oxidantes e repressão dos antioxidantes. O silenciamento de quatro genes antioxidantes por RNAi indicaram o envolvimento da resposta redox no controle da infecção por A. marginale. Com isto se demonstra que o estresse oxidativo é importante no controle da infecção pela bactéria nas células BME26 podendo afetar a capacidade vetorial do carrapato na transmissão desse patógeno. / The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen (ERN) is essential in the immune response of the arthropods. The aim of this study was the characterization of the oxidative stress of the embryonic cell line BME26 from the cattle tick R. microplus in response to A. marginale infection. It was shown that A. marginale invade BME26 cells during the first 1 hour. The expression profile of sixteen genes encoding proteins involved in either production or detoxification of ROS and RNS in response to A. marginale e R. rickettsii, was shown A. marginale caused a down-regulation of the genes encoding the oxidant enzymes in 72 hours after infection. In contrast the genes encoding the antioxidant were induced. The gene expression pattern in response to R. rickettsii was different from that triggered by A. marginale challenge, with induction of oxidant genes and down-regulation of antioxidant genes. The knockdown of four genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes by RNAi suggests that redox response play a role in the control of infection by A. marginale. Our dataset have shown the importance of the oxidative stress to control A. marginale infection by BME26 cells and might have implications on the vectorial capacity of R. microplus in transmission of this pathogen.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-19T14:08:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cecilia Maria de Souza Leao e Silva.pdf: 1235721 bytes, checksum: fa10ebf32171212966df2a23383f5075 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T14:08:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cecilia Maria de Souza Leao e Silva.pdf: 1235721 bytes, checksum: fa10ebf32171212966df2a23383f5075 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Glanders is a highly contagious disease caused by Burkholderia mallei solipeds, a Gram - negative bacterium, not motility and aerobic coccobacillus, primarily infecting horses, donkeys and mules, though humans are considered accidental hosts . The Burkholderia mallei is listed in the list of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) as an important public health disease, and due to its high potential for infection is referred to as a bioterrorism agent. According to the OIE comprises the serological diagnosis, allergy testing and bacterial isolation, and complement fixation, the official test to be performed for trade of animals. This method of diagnosis is recommended in Brazil by Normative Instruction Nº 24 Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply by its high sensitivity and specificity. Serological qPCR showed 76 (16.7%) positivity and a sensitivity of 24.7% and a specificity of 89 % when compared to the gold standard western blotting used. The results show that the use of the qPCR may be used as a complementary technique to other methods for rapid and accurate identification of Burkholderia mallei. About statistical results showed that the ELISAi showed the highest sensitivity (35.5%) and specificity (97.6 %) when compared to western blotting. The results show the importance of preparation and use of antigens that are produced with local strains, resulting in higher sensitivity and specificity of the test. / O Mormo constitui-se em uma doença altamente contagiosa dos solípedes causada pela Burkholderia mallei, uma bactéria Gram-negativa, não móvel e cocobacilo aeróbio, infectando primariamente cavalos, burros e mulas, entretanto humanos são considerados hospedeiros acidentais. A Burkholderia mallei está relacionada na lista de doenças da Organização Mundial para a Saúde Animal (OIE) como doença de importância de saúde pública, e devido ao seu alto potencial de infecção é referenciada como agente de bioterrorismo. De acordo com a OIE o diagnóstico compreende o teste sorológico, alérgico e o isolamento bacteriano, sendo a fixação do complemento, o teste oficial a ser realizado para trânsito de animais. Este método de diagnóstico está preconizado no Brasil pela Instrução Normativa Nº 24 do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento por apresentar alta sensibilidade e especificidade. A qPCR sorológica apresentou 76 (16,7%) positividade e uma sensibilidade de 24,7% e especifidade de 89% quando comparado ao western blotting padrão ouro utilizado.. Os resultados mostram que a utilização da qPCR pode ser utilizada como técnica complementar de outras metodologias para identificação rápida e precisa da Burkholderia mallei. Em relação aos testes sorológicos, os resultados estatísticos mostraram que o ELISAi apresentou a maior sensibilidade (35,5%) e especificidade (97,6%) quando comparado ao western blotting. Os resultados mostram a necessidade da preparação e utilização de antígenos que sejam produzidos com cepas locais, determinando maior sensibilidade e especificidade ao teste.

This Thesis deals with the Immunities of State officials, which arise under International law, from foreign criminal jurisdiction. The first goal of this thesis is to determine whether, and if so, under which conditions and in which cases can one sovereign State exercise its criminal jurisdiction over an official of another sovereign State. The second goal, closely attached to the first finding, is to determine whether, and if so, under which conditions and in which cases would such officials be protected and covered by the immunity and in which cases such immunity applies. The main task of this thesis is to analyse the current state of the application of immunities of State officials within the foreign criminal jurisdiction. These immunities are with regard to their different purpose and functions recognized in two diverse types - immunity ratione personae and immunity ratione materiae. The first chapter put emphasis on the criminal jurisdiction of foreign State in general and on its extraterritorial forms in particular. The exercise of such jurisdiction in some cases enables to prosecute and punish an official of a foreign State, who happens to be a criminal. The second chapter focuses on the concept of individual criminal responsibility and possible punishment of the criminal. The third chapter...

As espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e de nitrogênio (ERN) são essenciais na resposta imune dos artrópodes aos microrganismos. Este estudo teve como objetivo a caracterização do estresse oxidativo das células embrionárias BME26 do carrapato R. microplus em resposta à infecção por A. marginale. Mostrou-se que A. marginale invade as células BME26 durante a primeira hora. No perfil de expressão de diversos genes codificadores de proteínas que estão envolvidas na produção e destoxificação de ERO e ERN após desafios com A. marginale e R. rickettsii, foi observado que A. marginale inibiu os transcritos das enzimas oxidantes 72 horas após a infecção. Em contrapartida os genes codificadores das enzimas antioxidantes foram todos induzidos. O perfil de expressão gênica pela infecção por R. rickettsii foi diferente do obtido com A. marginale uma vez que se detectou uma maior indução dos genes oxidantes e repressão dos antioxidantes. O silenciamento de quatro genes antioxidantes por RNAi indicaram o envolvimento da resposta redox no controle da infecção por A. marginale. Com isto se demonstra que o estresse oxidativo é importante no controle da infecção pela bactéria nas células BME26 podendo afetar a capacidade vetorial do carrapato na transmissão desse patógeno. / The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen (ERN) is essential in the immune response of the arthropods. The aim of this study was the characterization of the oxidative stress of the embryonic cell line BME26 from the cattle tick R. microplus in response to A. marginale infection. It was shown that A. marginale invade BME26 cells during the first 1 hour. The expression profile of sixteen genes encoding proteins involved in either production or detoxification of ROS and RNS in response to A. marginale e R. rickettsii, was shown A. marginale caused a down-regulation of the genes encoding the oxidant enzymes in 72 hours after infection. In contrast the genes encoding the antioxidant were induced. The gene expression pattern in response to R. rickettsii was different from that triggered by A. marginale challenge, with induction of oxidant genes and down-regulation of antioxidant genes. The knockdown of four genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes by RNAi suggests that redox response play a role in the control of infection by A. marginale. Our dataset have shown the importance of the oxidative stress to control A. marginale infection by BME26 cells and might have implications on the vectorial capacity of R. microplus in transmission of this pathogen.

Due to high incidence, medical and socioeconomic burden and impact on individual quality of life and productivity, allergic disorders are a crucial issue for 21st century immunology. Much still remains to be elucidated, particularly regarding the very early processes in allergy development. In order to introduce timely, effective preventive measures, novel, more reliable predictive factors of allergy risk also need to be established. Dysregulation of proper balance between the branches of immune response, particularly unwarranted dominance of Th2, is the underlying cause of allergy. After birth, new immune balance needs to be established to prepare the neonate for adequate reactivity towards newly encountered environmental stimuli. Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a central role in finely setting this balance and inducing tolerance towards harmless environmental antigens, including allergens. Interactions with external factors, most importantly microbiota, modulate this process during the early postnatal "window of opportunity." Analysis of cord blood Treg of children of allergic mothers uncovered decreased presence of function-associated surface markers and lower production of IL-10. Furthermore, decreased proportion of Helios- induced Treg was observed in children with higher risk of allergy....

Complex rehabilitative care for pre-school children undergoing c urative stays is the care of which the main task is to promote the health of a child as a whole or, if impaired, to bring it back to normal. A child sanatorium is a health care facility providing long-term preventive care for child patients through its complex therapeutic and rehabilitative methods during the child{\crq}s entire curative stay. It strives for reaching the optimum health condition of a child and for the elimination of possible fallouts. Curative stays are recommended by pediatricians. Generally, curative stays are designed for children between 3 and 15 years of age. They are covered by all health insurance companies. The aim of the thesis was to find out the current possibilities of the use of curative stay offers in the Czech Republic and how the offer of such stays is used, specifically in the mountainous climatic conditions. Also, the work aimed at the factors leading to the fact that some children use the curative stays repeatedly. In order to gather the necessary data to define the aim of the thesis, the method of questionnaire was used and the technique of written questionnaire was used to collect the data. The research used parents and other relatives of the pre-school children who at least once participated in the curative stay together with their child or children. The research was conducted at the Child Sanatorium of Javorník in Šumava during the months of January and February 2007. The hypothesis based on the presumption that the opportunity to use the offer of curative stays for pre-school children is influenced mostly by socio-economic factors was not confirmed. It has been detected that the physicians play an important role in this field. The second hypothesis concerning the repetitive use of the curative stays offer as not being directly linked to the curative effect of the previous stays was also not confirmed because the reasons leading the guardian escort to the decision to send the child or children for a repetitive curative stay are directly linked to the fact that the recently undergone stay has helped the health condition of their child or children.

This thesis deals with the diplomatic and consular privileges and immunities - first theoretically and then with the application by the International Court of Justice in the "Case concerning diplomatic and consular stuff in Tehran." The thesis emphasises the importance of an observation of these privileges and immunities by the international community and its relevance within the public international law. The thesis is divided into the introduction, 5 main chapters and the conclusion. First chapter is focused on the diplomatic and consular privileges and immunities in general. It deals with basic concepts as well as with a list of diplomatic and consular privileges. The Part about immunities according to Vienna convention on Diplomatic and Consular relations is included here too. This chapter also focuses on obligations of the diplomatic and consular stuff in relation to the receiving state. Second chapter states obligations of the receiving state in relation to the diplomatic mission, consular post and their stuff and also certain rights that the receiving state is authorized to demand. Third chapter is divided into 2 main parts - a historical one, which describes modern history of Iran since the beginning of 20th century and focuses on the development of Iran - USA relations. Second part of the...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important receptor family of innate immunity. They enable fast recognition of infection through so called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In this thesis, we studied interaction of mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) with TLRs of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF cells). We observed that inhibition of TLR4 signaling abolished response of MEF cells to MPyV. This suggested that TLR4 plays a role in MEF cells recognition of MPyV. To detect response of MEF cell to MPyV, we measured IL-6 production by ELISA. Next, we investigated effect of TLR4 signalization on MPyV infection. Inhibition of TLR4 signaling with CLI-095 inhibitor did not affect number of infected cells. Presence of TLR4 antagonist, LPS-RS, led to significant decrease in quantity of infected cells 20 hours post infection. Decrease in number of infected cells was also observed in presence of LPS. Viral infection was also inhibited by TLR9 antagonist ODN 2088. We also investigated role of MAP kinases in MPyV infection. We tested, whether inhibition of selected MAP kinases would affect number of infected cells. Inhibition of kinase p38 did not affect infection. On the other hand, inhibition of MEK kinase or JNK resulted in decrease of number of cells infected by MPyV.

This thesis aims at description and analyses of the position of diplomatic immunities and human rights in international law, focusing on areas where these two sets of international rules clash. One objective of this work is an attempt to establish a hierarchy between norms granting diplomatic immunities and those protecting fundamental human rights, which could possibly resolve the collision. This solution, however, narrows down to one of most general principles of diplomatic relations, the principal of reciprocity. Mentioned are also some alternative approaches suggested for resolution of this conflict together with the obstacles, which prevent them from use. The thesis further looks at possible remedies against abuse of diplomatic immunity.

1/3 ABSTRACT STATE IMMUNITY AT THE DAWN OF THE 21ST CENTURY: TWILIGHT OR RENAISSANCE? JAROSLAV KUDRNA, ESQ., LL.M. State immunity is a foundation of public international law. Sovereign immunity is based on the fundamental principle of international law, namely the equality of states - par in parem non habet imperium. State immunity is thus a manifestation of state sovereignty and states demonstrate respect for the sovereignty of other states by according immunity to foreign states appearing before their courts. The principle of state immunity is a dynamic area of public international law. State practice is continually evolving through national laws and court rulings. The aim of this thesis is to describe the current development of state immunity and to identify possible future trends. Another objective is to draw from current developments and offer practical recommendations on state immunity for both investors and states. The 20th century can be described as a twilight of state immunity: an absolute theory of state immunity shifted towards a restrictive one. That century witnessed the decline and fragmentation of state immunity. In contrast, if the UN Convention on jurisdictional immunities of states and their property enters into force and is ratified by a large number of states, state immunity might...