The thesis deals with the issue of parents' access to school assessment. The theoretical part is focused on basic concepts such as assessment, its form and function and the possibility of objectivity; further outlines the relationship between family and school, their cooperation and the importance of evaluation in the family and in the society. The focus of this thesis is qualitative research, whose goal was to reveal through semi-structured interviews how parents perceive the school evaluation at the primary school. Emphasis is placed on the importance and the meaning that parents attach to evaluation of what they represent the due date and how school evaluation affects their relationship with their children and the school. Based on the research, it was found that the attitude of parents towards evaluation is very ambivalent, driven mainly predominant social discourse, own image of a child and satisfaction with the school and teacher. KEYWORDS assessment, family, relationship between the family and school, the child's potential, parent- child relationship

L’Accord de Cotonou, signé en juin 2000 entre l’Union européenne et les États d’Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP), se caractérise par un respect des droits de l’homme, des normes démocratiques et de l’État de droit d’une part, et la quête d’une conformité des normes aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), d’autre part. En effet, la politique de développement mise en place par l’Europe au profit des États ACP a vu le jour avec le Traité de Rome et la création du Fonds européen de développement au profit des ces pays. Pendant longtemps, le partenariat, essentiellement économique, a octroyé d’énormes avantages aux pays ACP en vue d’assurer leur développement. Depuis bientôt deux décennies que les normes politiques ont été insérées dans ce partenariat, force est de constater que quelques pays, dont le Togo, demeurent toujours réticents quant à l’instauration de réelles réformes démocratiques en vue d’assurer une véritable alternance politique. En dépit des sanctions infligées çà et là par l’Union européenne, ces pays trouvent un appui auprès de la Chine qui mène, avec les pays d’Afrique, un partenariat en toute exclusion de la société civile. / Cotonou agreement, signed in June 2000, between the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Countries, is characterized by the respect of Human Rights, Democratic standards and Rule of Law in one side, and the quest for compliance with the standards principles of World trade Organization (WTO) in the other side. Since then the development policy implemented by Europe for ACP Countries was created with the Treaty of Rome which established European Development Funds, in favor of these countries. For many years, this partnership, mainly economic, has given huge benefits to ACP countries to ensure their development. For almost two decades that the political standards rules were introduced into this partnership, no doubt to notice that some countries, including Togo, are still reluctant to introduce real democratic reforms to ensure effective political changes. Despite sanctions here and there from the European Union, these countries find support from China who treats with African countries, a specific partnership excluding any Civil Society.

The remarkable salinity difference between the upper Pacific and Atlantic Oceans is often explained through net export of water vapour across Central America. To investigate this mechanism a study of salinity signals in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean current system was made looking at responses to fresh water input from two sources (local versus remote - Atlantic Ocean) as well as a combination of the two. Statistical analyses (Empirical Orthogonal Functions, Single Value Decomposition and Wavelet analysis) were used to split the main sources of the atmospheric freshwater input into local and remote contributions and to quantify both contributions. The remote source was assumed to have been transported over Central America from the Atlantic Ocean as an atmospheric freshwater flux, whereas the local source originated in the Pacific Ocean itself. The analysis suggests that 74% of the total variance in precipitation over the tropical eastern Pacific is due to water vapour transport from the Atlantic. It also demonstrates strong influence of ENSO events, with maximum correlation at a two months time lag. During La Ni�a periods the precipitation variance is more closely related to water vapour transport across Central America (the remote source), while during El Ni�o periods it is more closely related to the water vapour transport by Southerly winds along the west coast of South America (the local source). The current and temperature fields provided by the Modular Ocean Model (version 2) were used to study the changes in the salinity field when freshwater was added to or removed from the model. ECMWF ERA-40 data taken from the ECMWF data server was used to determine the atmospheric flux of freshwater at the ocean surface, in the form of evaporation minus precipitation (E-P). The Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) computed from temperature and salinity fields determines to what depth the salinity's dilution/concentration takes place for every grid point. Each MLD was calculated from the results of the previous time step, and the water column was considered well mixed from the surface to this depth. The statistical relationships were used to reconstruct the precipitation over the tropical eastern Pacific. A numerical ocean model, which uses currents and temperature from a global ocean model and is forced by precipitation, was used to study the ocean's response to either the remote or the local source acting in isolation. Through time lag correlation analysis of the sea surface salinity anomalies produced by the variation in the reconstructed precipitation fields, it is found that the anomaly signals of salinity propagate westward along the Equator at a rate of approximately 0.25 m.s-1 (6.1 degrees per month).

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-04-20T18:17:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mathusalampantevissuarez.pdf: 6798554 bytes, checksum: f6ec9a4745ad1466ae41c990548801a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T12:11:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mathusalampantevissuarez.pdf: 6798554 bytes, checksum: f6ec9a4745ad1466ae41c990548801a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T12:11:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mathusalampantevissuarez.pdf: 6798554 bytes, checksum: f6ec9a4745ad1466ae41c990548801a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-16 / O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi reconhecer como as crianças compreendem e se relacionam com o “ser estrangeiro” no encontro com outras culturas: infantil, adulta, brasileira, colombiana, etc., que convivem na escola, tudo acontece em um espaço – tempo diferenciado. Nessa convivência se reconhece nas crianças a possibilidade de criar e construir suas próprias histórias, experiências e vivências, em um diálogo de saberes e de reelaboração através de contos. São as crianças que nós levam a descobrir uma metodologia de pesquisa com crianças, onde elas são as protagonistas com sua própria voz e propõem as ferramentas usadas, as atividades que querem desenvolver e como querem que sejam desenvolvidas com a colaboração da professora da sala. Aborda-se assim, a tarefa de pesquisar com crianças e as implicações que tem entrar em uma cultura diferente à nossa do mundo adulto. Define-se a fala como elemento fundamental na relação crianças – estrangeiro e se apresenta como um eixo principal na convivência, além disso, é a fala que nos leva a criar um território simbólico, permitindo-nos um diálogo constante na fronteira, entreculturas reconhecendo as vozes de todos os atores desta pesquisa. As crianças resultam ser mais sensíveis à diferença, à escuta e a respeitar, à escuta amorosa entre nós e dispõem- se à aproximar-se à fronteira e sim, é preciso transgredir essa fronteira e tentar estar em entre voces (ês) (voces de voz em espanhol e vocês de nós em português) Tudo vai para um deslocamento do tempo e do espaço na qual o outro não precisa de uma presença física para construção de identidade/alteridade nesse território simbólico. A alteridade é uma dimensão de simultaneidade no tempo, é um ato responsivo sem herói único e onde se consegue uma polifonia entre as diferentes vozes e entre os outros (entre voces (ês)). A fala não tem como função única a comunicação senão que define o indivíduo e o reelabora, o leva ser morador do território simbólico. A fala converte-se na prova irrefutável de nossa incompletitude. / The aim of this research was recognize as children understand and relate with “be foreign” in the encounter with other culture: child, adult, Brazilian, Colombian, etc., that coexist in the school, all happened in different space and time. In these coexist is recognized in the children the possibility to create and build their own history, experiences and encounter, in a dialogue of knowledges and remake through stories. Are the children that lead us to discover the methodology for research with them. They are a protagonist that propose with their own voice and propose the tools to use, how and what activities develop with the collaboration of the teacher. It’s approached like is task of investigate with children and the implications of entering a culture different from ours, the adult world. The speech is defined like the fundamental element in relations child- foreign and it’s present how a principal axis in coexistence. Additionally, the speech leads to a symbolic territory that allows us to create a dialogue in the border, between cultures that recognizes the voices of all the actors in this research. The children are sensible to differences, to listen and respect it, to loving listening between us and they are willing to approach the border and if is necessary to transgress it, and try to be in between voces (ês) (voces of voice in Spanish and vocês of us in Portuguese). Everything refers to a displacement of time and space in which the other doesn’t need to be present for the construction of identity / otherness in thath symbolic territory. The alterity is a dimension of simultaneity in time, it is a responsive act which, doesn’t have a unique hero and where polyphony is achieved between the different voces and between others (between voces (ês)). The speech doesn’t have only function communication, it defines the individual and reelaborates it, leading him to be an inhabitant of a symbolic territory. The speech becomes the irrefutable proof of how incomplete we are.

The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the applicability of the exceptions of vertical (in-house) and horizontal cooperation among contracting authorities within the framework of public procurement law. For this purpose is in the thesis used descriptively analytic approach, which included the valid legislation of public procurement Czech Republic, as well as the relevant directives of European Union, although the focus of the thesis was based on the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The thesis is structured into five chapters. The first chapter discusses the legislative framework of the European Union and the Czech Republic. The second chapter focuses on the basic principles of public procurement law. The third chapter deals with basic concepts and terminology of public procurement law.. The fourth chapter is divided into two major parts. The first part focuses on various factors related to the use of the exemption of vertical cooperation between contracting authorities (participation of private capital in the person of the supplier and contracting authority; the fulfillment of the control criterion and activity criterion; various forms of this exception). The second part is concentrated on the use of exception of horizontal cooperation between contracting...

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka likheter och skillnader som finns i onoterade företags hållbarhetsredovisning mellan detaljhandels-, energi- och fastighetsbranschen. Studien ämnar även förstå dessa likheter och skillnader med hjälp av intressentteorin och institutionell teori. Studien kommer att bidra till en ökad kunskap om likheter och skillnader i onoterade företags hållbarhetsredovisning mellan detaljhandels-, energi- och fastighetsbranschen. Metod: En kvalitativ innehållsanalys genomfördes på hållbarhetsredovisningar upprättade för räkenskapsåret 2021. Urvalet bestod av 15 svenska onoterade företag fördelat på detaljhandels-, energi- och fastighetsbranschen. Den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen tillämpades deduktivt eftersom begrepp från Triple Bottom Line (TBL) låg till grund för studiens kodschema som tillämpades på studiens empiriska datamaterial. Slutsats: Denna studie visar att det finns likheter och skillnader i onoterade företags hållbarhetsredovisning mellan detaljhandels-, energi- och fastighetsbranschen. Studien finner att det finns likheter i vilka hållbarhetsområden som de onoterade företagen mellan branscherna redovisar om. Studien visar även att det finns likheter och skillnader i vilka underkategorier inom dessa hållbarhetsområden som de onoterade företagen mellan branscherna redovisar om på ett framträdande sätt. Denna studie visar att likheterna främst kan förstås av tvingande och mimetisk isomorfism, men även av den normativa inriktningen inom intressentteorin. Studien visar även att skillnaderna främst kan förstås av tvingande och mimetisk isomorfism, men även av den positiva inriktningen inom intressentteorin. Originalitet/värde: Tidigare studier som har studerat företags hållbarhetsredovisning mellan olika branscher har främst studerat börsnoterade företag. Dessutom finns det en avsaknad av studier som har undersökt likheter och skillnader mellan detaljhandels-, energi- och fastighetsbranschen. Denna studie har bidragit till en ökad kunskap om likheter och skillnader i onoterade företags hållbarhetsredovisning mellan detaljhandels-, energi- och fastighetsbranschen. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate what similarities and differences exist in unlisted companies' sustainability reporting between the retail, energy, and real estate industries. The study also intends to understand these similarities and differences with the help of stakeholder theory and institutional theory. The study will contribute to an increased knowledge of similarities and differences in unlisted companies' sustainability reporting between the retail, energy, and real estate industries.  Methodology: A qualitative content analysis was conducted on sustainability reports prepared for the fiscal year 2021. The sample consisted of 15 Swedish unlisted companies divided into the retail, energy, and real estate industries. The qualitative content analysis was applied deductively because concepts from the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) was the basis of the study's coding scheme that was applied to the study's empirical data material.  Findings: This study shows that there are similarities and differences in unlisted companies' sustainability reporting between the retail, energy, and real estate industries. The study finds that there are similarities in the sustainability areas that the unlisted companies between the industries report on. The study also shows that there are similarities and differences in which subcategories within these sustainability areas that the unlisted companies between industries report on in a prominent way. This study shows that the similarities can mainly be understood by coercive and mimetic isomorphism, but also by the normative branch within stakeholder theory. The study also shows that the differences can mainly be understood by coercive and mimetic isomorphism, but also by the positive branch within the stakeholder theory.  Originality/value: Previous studies that have studied companies' sustainability reporting between different industries have mainly studied listed companies. In addition, there is a lack of studies that have examined similarities and differences between the retail, energy, and real estate industries. This study has contributed to an increased knowledge of similarities and differences in unlisted companies' corporate sustainability reporting between the retail, energy, and real estate industries. This thesis is written in Swedish.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore how risks and costs can be reduced when working with incoterms in purchasing within the Asia-Pacific region. To fulfil this purpose, the following two research questions have been developed: 1. How does the case company currently work with incoterms when purchasing within the Asia-Pacific region? 2. How can risks and costs be reduced when working with incoterms when purchasing within the Asia-Pacific region? Method - Theories relevant for the study's purpose were collected through a literature study. To apply the theoretical framework to empirical data, a case study was conducted at a company. The empirical data was gathered through interviews and document studies. Findings - Use of the standard Incoterms 2010 is considered to be a good tool for reducing risks and costs when purchasing within the Asia-Pacific region, where risk management is a necessary complement. It is required that all employees working with incoterms have the right knowledge about the incoterms in order to use them correctly. The knowledge can be disseminated through the organisation by using knowledge management. It is also considered important to understand the differences between countries, in order to reduce the risk of misunderstanding. Contributions - The result of the study facilitates for companies who do not know how to work correctly with incoterms. The study contributes to decreasing the gap in theory regarding working with incoterms in the APAC region. It also facilitates for companies who do not know how to disseminate knowledge internally. Limitations - The case study was conducted at a company based in Thailand, which limited the ability to communicate, due to linguistic differences. Future research - It would be of interest to conduct an empirical study at other case companies of different sizes within the APAC region and in other trade regions. In addition, it would be interesting to study how internal courses about working with incoterms can be implemented in different types of organisations. Keywords - Incoterms 2010, APAC, Asia-Pacific, risk management, logistics costs in purchasing, knowledge management, relationship between risks and costs.

Dix-huit communautés religieuses cohabitent au Liban. Chaque communauté a son propre droit de la famille et ses propres tribunaux religieux qui tranchent les litiges entre leurs adeptes dans ce domaine. L'insuffisance du droit actuel à gérer certains différends comme le divorce, la répudiation de la femme, la polygamie, le mariage temporaire, la capacité matrimoniale de la femme, les conflits de compétence entre les communautés mêmes, les problèmes du mariage interreligieux, ainsi que ceux qui naissent suite à un mariage civil conclu à l'étranger, tous ces problèmes du statut personnel sont des problèmes de la vie quotidienne, qui ne peuvent rester en suspens. Au Liban, où le mariage civil n'existe pas, le Libanais n'a pas d'existence en dehors de sa communauté. Reste à savoir comment les Libanais pourront continuer de fonctionner à l'intérieur de ce système tout en renforçant leur sentiment d'identité nationale aux dépens de celui d'appartenance religieuse.La question du mariage civil au Liban est une question de chirurgie d'urgence car il représente la solution à tous ceux qui ne croient pas au mariage religieux même à ceux qui y croient mais qui ne sentent pas protégés par ce droit suite au détournement de la loi et en absence de mesure de contrôle claire et stricte. Le renouvellement du droit actuel pour répondre à de nouvelles exigences à travers les religions est une obligation qui pèse sur les hommes religieux. Les Libanais sont conscients de la nécessité d'un changement et aspirent à une telle évolution. / Eighteen religious communities co-habit in Lebanon. Each one of those communities has its own set of family laws as well as its own religious courts that handle and settle all of the conflicts arising between their followers. The current set of laws adopted and applied by each community fails to resolve many of the newly arising conflicts especially those related to the personal statute of their followers. For example, we can state the problems of divorce, women's repudiation, polygamy, temporary marriage, the matrimonial qualification of women, the conflicts between the communities' judicial competences, the problems related to inter-religious marriage, as well as many other recurring problems all of which can either never tolerate being unsettled or are tired of waiting for decades to be resolved. Unfortunately, in Lebanon, where civil marriage is still not applied, the individual has no clear definition beyond the boundaries of his community. What yet still needs to be known is how such an individual will be capable of functioning properly and effectively inside a system in which the national identity is only seen through the eyes of one's religious beliefs.Civil marriage in Lebanon represents the only resort to those who never believe in religious marriage and to even those who do but still feel unsecure due to the lack of the proper, clear, strict, adequate conflict resolution measures. The rehabilitation and renewal of the currently applied laws is indeed an obligation to every religious representative and chief. The Lebanese are aware of that and longing for such an evolution.

Leadership Development Programs (LDPs) programs are employed by firms globally in different multiple manners that are aimed at accelerating the development and growth of highly capable candidates. Among these candidates, depending on the particular LDP, may be those possess engineering skills typically afforded through engineering education as measured by completion of an engineering degree. Infrastructure reductions might be afforded corporations if multiple LDPs could be supplanted with one program such as an Engineering Leadership Development Program. In practice, however, economic constraints limited the total sample population of this category to 67 (48 with engineering degrees and 15 without). Employing SPSS Sample Power 3, based on the pilot testing for CPMs, 113 subjects per group (with and without engineering degrees - totaling 226) would be required to yield a power of 80%, and of the 350 received completed surveys received, CPMs meeting the desired criteria accounted for only 63 (18%) of the total number of rated organizational leaders. Consequently, while all testing included the CPM group, the scope was expanded to also include managers with and without PMI certifications as well as managers with and without engineering degrees. The first research hypothesis was Ho: There is no affiliation amongst Transformational Leadership (TL) and engineering education. Thus, the author’s aim is to determine the role, if any, that engineering education plays in perceived leadership style as exhibited by CPMs and non-CPMs holding engineering degrees (e.g. EE, ME, IE, etc.) versus the same without engineering degrees. A secondary goal is to determine, within the management category, which style (transformational or transactional) serves as the dominant style of leadership. With this in mind, the independent variable, CPMs with and without engineering degrees, was operationally defined consistent with this Project.

The specific problem this research studied is the relationship between principal instructional leadership behaviors and student achievement in Nigeria. Eight of the often cited principal instructional leadership behaviors were selected for study. They are: set goals; set expectation; provide resources, human/material; manage/coordinate curriculum and instruction; establish school climate; promote staff professional development; and monitor student progress. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the eight selected principal instructional leadership behaviors and student achievement in Nigeria. Using the stratified random sampling technique, a sample of 400 teachers, and 40 principals was selected from 40 secondary schools in Edo State. Two questionnaires were developed to gather data for the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and pictorial presentation. The descriptive demographic variables gender, age, experience, and education, were used to describe the data gathered. The independent and dependent variables were subjected to inferential statistics using the Pearson product – moment correlation coefficient technique. Eight null hypotheses were tested to determine the statistically significant relationship between the eight independent variables and the dependent variable. The level of significance chosen was .05. The primary findings indicated that there are no statistically significant relationship between any of the eight independent variables and the dependent variable. Therefore, it could be concluded that there are other variables that are related to student achievement in Nigeria, though the eight independent variables could enhance it. Student intrinsic motivation, discriminating synthesis of old and new values, and a return to the Nigerian tradition are variables offered as those that are related to student achievement in Nigeria. Of all these variables, student intrinsic motivation seems to be the recurring variable that is most related to it. Nine main recommendations were made to the Nigerian students, scholars, school system, and society.