In this thesis, applying an innovative postmodern equal-weight/sequential QUAN→PHEN Mixed-Methods Phenomenological Research (‘MMPR’) approach to study an Olympics’ impact within its two-cluster socio-demographic footprint forms its main contribution to knowledge. Facilitating between-methods triangulation is a novel eclectic pragmatic approach that is used to capture the richness of thematic data flowing from in-depth, open-ended interviews with most – 62 in all – senior Hoteliers spread evenly between distinct urban Metro-Vancouver and rural alpine-Whistler, whilst concurrently capitalizing on the availability of a unique BC Stats proprietary micro-municipal-level secondary data source, i.e., British Columbia’s ‘Additional Hotel Room Tax’ (‘AHRT’). Typically, traditional mono-method-positivist neo-classical economic syntheses are used to quantify an Olympic Games’ ex-ante or ex-post impact. This study’s findings confirm that such syntheses attempts, at the micro-municipal level, lead to inevitable dead-ends. At a sub-national level of micro-granularity, using available economic models is an impossible task due to the insurmountable practical problem of complete lack of, or paucity, of data. When applied to assess mega-events, such modelling is shown to lack credibility; models are insufficiently comprehensive or its users consciously engage in ‘shenanigans’ by force-fitting input/output to produce pre-ordained outcomes for political expedience and meeting agency interests. The ‘MMPR’ approach acknowledges and respects the established and ‘current-thinking’ paradigmatic epistemological and ontological perspectives. ‘Hotel Activity’, measured via ‘AHRT’, is substituted as a ‘Proxy’ for ‘Tourism’ following empirically establishing these three variables as highly correlated. Prevalent academic findings of negative impacts from Winter Olympics are not borne out. Phenomenological issues of ‘illusory correlations’ and ‘data saturation’ are addressed.

The agreement in the 2013 Stockholm negotiation (Stockholmsförhandlingen 2013) included plans to build four new metro lines. As a result to the agreement the Extended Metro Administration (Förvaltning för utbyggd tunnelbana, FUT) was formed and given the commission to carry out the project based on the framework of the 2013 Stockholm negotiation. The expansion is the largest investment for the metro in Stockholm since the 1970s. The project naturally contains many risks that can affect the work environment, environment, cost, time and quality. Risk management is therefore an essential element in FUTs daily work.The purpose of this bachelor’s thesis is to analyze and bring FUT´s attention to improvements within the organization’s risk management process. The analysis consists of an overall image of the organization’s risk management and project risk management through interviews, reviews of internal risk management routines and project documents. FUT’s risk management process is compared to and supported by the risk management framework COSO ERM, risk management standard ISO 31000 and risk management theories in projects.Based on the analysis and discussion, five improvements have been identified:• FUT’s organizational culture for risk management• Monitoring of the contractor's risk management• The structure of the risk register• Opportunity management• Experience and reflection on projectsThe report does not propose solutions for the first improvement area, but proposals for solutions are mentioned for the others.

Pause is a necessity within the rhythm of life. There are pauses everywhere around us; we pause when we breathe, we pause when we speak, and we pause when we think. Pause is a crucial part in the most beautiful pieces of music, it is in between our bites of food and sips of coffee. Pause is what makes life beautiful; without it the world around us will consist of a meaningless cacophony. Architecture, much like other things in life must also contain pauses to be enjoyable. The most memorable and appreciative architecture consist of spaces where once has an ability to pause and have an experience be it much needed rest, peace or a moment to think. There are many memorable places that create such moments and that I have experienced across places in Europe and United States. This experiences I studied and would like to bring to much needed places closer to home. I strongly believe that it is very important to have places of pause in our urban fabric. Thus, I searched and found a site which I believe would be most beneficial from a community center filled with opportunities to pause. The site location is being developed with a cacophony of commercial and residential construction with little consideration to what is needed in between in order to create a beautiful composition of a city; a pause in the urban fabric. / Master of Architecture

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to do a brand survey of Metro in Karlstad. The study will originate from the terms ”brand identity” and ”brand associations”, where the brand identity is the organization’s desired view of the brand, and the brand associations define the associations held by the consumers. Issues: What is Metro’s brand identity? What are the brand associsations of Metro in Karlstad? How well do the brand identity and the brand associations correspond? Theoretical framework: The study is done from the perspective of media and communication studies, where the theoretical terms are defined from literature regarding brands. Method: The study is carried out using a qualitative document analysis, interviews, and a quantitative survey. The document analysis was made on Metro’s own documents regarding values and target audience. The interviews were carried out with three interviewees from the organization of Metro. The survey was made as a group survey with 200 respondents where eight were removed as they did not qualify for the target audience. Results: The qualitative studies showed that the brand identity towards Metro’s readers is simple. Metro’s desire is that the the newspaper is seen as free, accessible, and that it summarizes the news. The survey showed that the readers of Metro in Karlstad choose Metro because it is free and accessible. They also gave Metro a good grade regarding summarizing of news. Conclusions: Metro keeps their brand identity towards readers simple, as the brand awareness is high and thereby don’t need a complex brand identity. The readers choose Metro because it’s free and accessible, and also think that Metro summarizes the news well. This is exactly what Metro wants to accomplish, and do so by keeping the brand identity simple. The correspondence between brand identity and brand associations is strong, and thereby contributes to a strong brand for Metro. Keywords: Metro, free newspaper, brand survey, brand identity, brand associations, brand, customer perceived value, brand positioning, brand equity, brand awareness. / Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att göra en varumärkesundersökning på gratistidningen Metro i Karlstad. Undersökningen sker utifrån profil och image, där profilen är ledningens syn på hur varumärket ska se ut och imagen hur publiken uppfattar varumärket. Frågeställningar: Hur ser profilen ut för Metro? Hur ser imagen ut för Metro i Karlstad? Hur väl stämmer profil och image överens? Teoretiskt ramverk: Undersökningen genomförs ur ett medie- och kommunikationsvetenskapligt perspektiv, där begreppen profil och image definieras utifrån litteratur om varumärken. Metod: Undersökningen har genomförts genom en kvalitativ dokumentanalys, samtalsintervjuer samt en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Dokumentanalysen gjordes på Metros egna dokument rörande värderingar och målgrupp. Intervjuerna skedde med tre respondenter från Metros organisation. Enkätundersökningen genomfördes som en typ av gruppenkät med 200 respondenter där åtta plockades bort på grund av att de inte tillhörde målgruppen. Resultat: De kvalitativa undersökningarna visade att Metro har en enkel profil mot sina läsare. De vill att tidningen ska ses som gratis, lättillgänglig och nyhetssammanfattande. Enkätundersökningen visade att Metros läsare i Karlstad väljer tidningen för att den är gratis och lättillgänglig. Läsarna gav också ett bra betyg gällande nyhetssammanfattandet. Slutsatser: Metro håller profilen mot läsare enkel, då de har en hög varumärkeskännedom och inte behöver någon komplex profil. Läsarna väljer Metro för att den är just gratis och lättillgänglig och tycker även att tidningen sammanfattar nyheter bra. Detta är just det Metro vill åstadkomma och gör det genom att hålla profilen enkel. Överensstämmelsen mellan profil och image är därför stark och bidrar till ett starkt varumärke för Metro. Nyckelord: Metro, gratistidning, varumärkesundersökning, profil, image, varumärke, customer perceived value, positionering, brand equity, varumärkeskännedom.

1 Abstract This thesis discusses rapid transit system proposals from competition of Elektrické podniky company in 1931 that had been announced due to worsening traffic situation in the metropolitan area. The first part of this thesis serves as a framework for the second part - it introduces the history of Prague and railway transport in it until the first Czechoslovak republic and thus enables easier orientation in context of this issue. The second part itself consists of review of all competitive designs and then analyzes them through research questions, which are based on particular social aspects. To each of the following aspects, there is a specific subchapter devoted: inhabitation and economically significant areas in Prague, problems with public transport, selected functions of stations, trainsets and their capacitive sufficiency and comfort, planned changes in built-up areas in Prague. These then serve as tools for comparation and final evaluation of technical solutions from historical sociological perspective. For the research analysis in second part, archive materials of Dopravní podnik hlavního města Prahy are being used as a source, supplemented by thematically relevant literature in the first part. Key words: historical sociology, history of commuting, public transportation, social functions of...

The aim of the thesis is to describe the development of the Prague metro's appearance and to study the application of a uniform visual style in its current environment. The theoretical section describes the history of the Prague metro and investigates the topic of visual communication and unified visual styles with a focus on information and wayfinding systems applied in public transport environments. The key topic examined in this work is the development of the visual style in Prague's metro from its opening to the present day. Preparatory studies of the metro's information and wayfinding systems and the finally applied systems are both described. This section includes a description of individual visual elements and important information about the authors of these systems, Jiří Rathouský and Rostislav Vaňek. The current visual communication style seen in Prague's metro is also described in this section. Planned and tested variants of new systems are also examined. The empirical section of the thesis investigates the currently applied visual style in Prague's metro. Elements from the graphic manual are described and adherence to a uniform visual style is analysed, including how certain elements have been applied at selected Prague metro stations.

The Philippines is considered one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate disasters due to a combination of its geospatial, political, economic, and social attributes. The nation gets hit with an average of 20 annual tropical cyclones, also known as typhoons, and through the process of climate change, these events are only growing in both frequency and magnitude. In the coastal capital city of Metro Manila, climate change coupled with rapid and unplanned urbanization has led to increased vulnerabilities of populations, infrastructures, and increased inequalities.  This thesis aims to assess the current disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) frameworks present within the nation and National Capital Region (NCR), through a case study approach of the 2020 typhoons: Quinta, Rolly, and Ulysses. It presents findings through four thematic pillars of disaster prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response and early- recovery, and recovery and rehabilitation. It uses the perspectives of three key informants from the Office of Civil Defense (OCD), the Philippine Disaster Resilience Foundation (PDRF), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), as well as additional diversified perspectives.  Findings suggest that DRRM has evolved since the implementation of the Republic Act No 10121 (RA 10121), or the Philippine Disaster Reduction and Management Act of 2010, however, can still be improved to tackle root causes of vulnerabilities. I use Roberts and Pelling’s (2020) transformation as liberation model as a theoretical framework to generate recommendations to policymakers that can help address vulnerabilities to typhoons. These recommendations include increasing participation and inclusivity within policy and decision making, creating a formal mechanism to measure vulnerabilities and inform future DRRM policies, and finally to reframe climate change and disaster risks as a socio-ecological issue rather than just an environmental one. / Filippinerna anses vara ett av de mest sårbara länderna i världen för klimatkatastrofer på grund av en kombination av dess geospatiala, politiska, ekonomiska och sociala egenskaper. Nationen drabbas av i genomsnitt 20 årliga tropiska cykloner, även kända som tyfoner, och genom klimatförändringsprocessen växer dessa händelser bara i både frekvens och omfattning. I kusthuvudstaden Metro Manila har klimatförändringar i kombination med snabb och oplanerad urbanisering lett till ökad sårbarhet hos befolkningar, infrastrukturer och ökade ojämlikheter.  Denna avhandling syftar till att bedöma de nuvarande ramverken för katastrofriskminskning och -hantering (DRRM) som finns i landet och i National Capital Region (NCR), i fallet med tyfonerna 2020: Quinta, Rolly och Ulysses. Avhandlingen illustrerar resultaten genom fyra tematiska pelare: förebyggande och begränsning av katastrofer, beredskap, insatser och tidig återhämtning samt återhämtning och rehabilitering. Detta görs utifrån tre nyckelinformanters perspektiv, från Office of Civil Defense (OCD), Philippine Disaster Resilience Foundation (PDRF) och Asian Development Bank (ADB).  Resultaten tyder på att nuvarande DRRM-policyer vidmakthåller orättvisa mönster i nationen och det borde tillämpas en förändring som befrielsemodell, baserad på Roberts och Pelling (2020), för att främja en mer rättvis och hållbar hantering av tyfoner i landet. Därför rekommenderas det att DRRM-policyer ökar deltagande och inkludering inom policy- och beslutsfattande, skapa en formell mekanism för att mäta sårbarheter och informera framtida DRRM-policyer, och slutligen att omformulera klimatförändringar och katastrofrisker som socioekologiska frågor snarare än bara miljömässiga sådana.

Ingeniero Civil Mecánico / El presente trabajo de título tiene como objetivo estudiar el comportamiento térmico y el diseño de un intercambiador de calor plano dispuestos en estructuras termo-activas en el contexto de túneles, específicamente en el túnel de la Línea 4 del Metro de Santiago. Es decir, estudiar el comportamiento de tubos por el que circula un refrigerante, los cuales se introducen en la estructura de concreto (estructura termo-activa) que sostiene el túnel en el momento de su construcción. La gran ventaja de este sistema es que no se tienen costos de perforación o construcción de la estructura termo-activa ya que los tubos se instalan antes de que sea vertido el concreto y luego es el mismo concreto el que le da soporte a los tubos. Y al mismo tiempo la estructura de concreto, que está rodeada de alguna fuente de calor, transmite esa energía al fluido refrigerante que circula por el tubo. En el caso del presente estudio se modela un serpentín de tubos en zig-zag embebido en la estructura de concreto que le da soporte al túnel de la línea 4 del Metro de Santiago, específicamente en el tramo comprendido entre la estación Tobalaba y la estación Grecia. Por lo tanto el modelo tiene las dimensiones de dicho túnel, considera las condiciones ambientales dentro del túnel y las características propias del suelo donde se encuentra ubicado. El estudio considera solo absorción de calor, por lo que solo sirve para calefacción. Esto debido a que la temperatura promedio del aire al interior del túnel es de 20°C en invierno y 30°C en verano. Por lo tanto el líquido refrigerante que circula por los tubos embebidos, en este caso agua, absorbe calor desde dos fuentes, el suelo que rodea la estructura de concreto por el exterior y la otra fuente es el aire caliente que circula dentro del túnel. Al analizar los resultados obtenidos de la modelaciones se puede observar la importancia de la separación con que se instalan los tubos y la velocidad de flujo del refrigerante. La separación de tubos incide directamente con la cantidad de metros de tubo instalado y por consiguiente la cantidad de área de transferencia. Para velocidades altas de flujo de refrigerante aumenta la transferencia por convección debido a dos cosas, el aumento de flujo másico y el aumento de la turbulencia. Como resultado final se obtiene que con 10 metros de túnel, en invierno se puede llegar a absorber 6.900 [W] y en verano 10.300 [W], de los cuales en promedio el 75% provienen del aire caliente del túnel. Además se obtiene que en un kilómetro de túnel se puede llegar a reducir la temperatura del aire 5°C en invierno y 8°C en verano.

It was the goal of this study to examine teacher perceptions of the effectiveness of the English to Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) Sheltered program model for 9th to 12th grade students as it relates to passing scores on the Assessing Comprehension and Communication in English State-to-State (ACCESS) for English Language Learners Test. This study also measured teacher perceptions of the ESOL Sheltered Program as it relates to academic improvement. The research focused on the possible relationships that may exist between ACCESS scores and ESOL teacher demographics, ESOL teacher training, ESOL teacher attitudes, ESOL teacher challenges, ESOL teacher efficacy in the use of general strategies, and ESOL teacher efficacy in the use of specific verbal and nonverbal strategies. The research design required the use of the correlation, ANOVA, and regression statistical models to test the research questions. The Cronbach Alpha statistical model was used to test the survey for reliability while item-to-scale correlations were used to the test the survey for construct validity. The researcher found that there was a significant relationship between student performance as measured by ACCESS scores and the independent variable, School Culture for ESOL students. The dependent variable—effectiveness—revealed significant relationships with teacher attitudes, school culture for ESOL students, and teachers’ self-efficacy with the use of specific verbal strategies literacy, vocabulary, and questioning. Recommendations were suggested for policy makers, district educational leaders, school educational leaders, ESOL teachers, and future researchers.

[pt] A PPP (Parcerias Públicos-Privados) tem por objetivo viabilizar projetos de infraestrutura através da concessão de algum tipo de apoio governamental com garantias ou aportes de recursos, visando mitigar o risco do projeto tornando-o mais atrativo para o setor privado. Este estudo utiliza a metodologia de opções reais para modelar o impacto dos incentivos do governo no contrato de concessão sobre o valor do projeto. A análise de projeto sob esta ótica considera as flexibilidades especificas do projeto em estudo, tornando o projeto viável que antes poderia não ser atrativo ao investidor privado, em função das grandes incertezas existentes sobre a demanda prevista. Será realizado um estudo de caso baseado na Manifestação de Interesse da Iniciativa Privada – MIP 03/2012, que tem por objetivo o início da licitação de concessão ou PPP para a implantação, manutenção, e operação do serviço de transporte metroviário da LINHA 3 do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, entre os Municípios de Niterói e São Gonçalo. / [en] The PPP (Public-Private Partnership) aims to facilitate infrastructure projects by granting some form of government support with guarantees or capital injections, to mitigate project risk by making it more attractive to the private sector. In this study, we will use the methodology of Real Options to model the impact of government incentives in the contract of concession on the value of the project. The analysis of the project by this point of view considers the specific flexibilities of the project being studied, making the project feasible which previously might not be attractive to the private investor, according to the major uncertainties about the expected demand. It will be done a study case based in the Expression of Interest from Private Initiative - MIP 03/2012 that has as objective the start of the bidding for concession or PPP for deployment, maintenance and operation of the Subway Systems service from Line 3 of Rio de Janeiro State, between the cities of Niterói and São Gonçalo.