Countless articles and monographs have been published which have paid attention to the various themes in Mark’s Gospel. However, to date there is no publication that attempts to understand the theme ‘unbelief’ in Mark’s Gospel. This study attempts to investigate the literary-theological functions of unbelief as a theme in Mark. This approach is based on the exegetical perspective of several passages (2:1-12; 3:1-6; 4:35-41; 6:1-6; 8:14-21; 9:14-29; 11:27-33; 15:27-32) in which the theme of unbelief appears. Given this approach, it becomes clear that, although at different points of his Gospel, Mark applies the term ‘unbelief’ used to depict Jesus’ opponents to the disciples as well, he distinguishes between the two groups. This applies also to his description of the unbelief of both the groups. The opponents’ unbelief does not mean primarily a lack of insight, but rather a conscious refusal to believe Jesus’ claims and demands. Throughout Mark’s Gospel the opponents, due to their hardened hearts, they are ever seeing and hearing but never understanding (3:5; 4:12). Similar to 1QS 3:18-21, in Mark 4:15 the fundamental source of the opponents’ rejection is the result of Satan-inspired opposition (1QS 3:18-21; Mark 4:15) Since Satan prevents the opponents from listening to Jesus’ message, they do not understand it and reject him and eventually bring about his death (3:6). Thus, to the opponents, Jesus’ salient teachings and miracles have only produced rejecting questions, rather than belief (cf. 3:6, 21, 22-29, 30-31; 6:1-6). Therefore, their obstinate rejection necessarily excludes them from obtaining forgiveness of God. However, if they repent of their sins and accept His prophetic message, they will gain God’s forgiveness as a benefit in the Kingdom (cf. 12:34). On the other hand, the disciples’ unbelief, unlike the opponents’ unbelief, does not consist in the wilful rejection of Jesus. But, the disciples’ unbelief implies their failure to believe in Jesus’ identity (4:35-41; 6:45-52; 8:14-21; 9:14-29 etc.) shown in his teachings and actions. The disciples are in danger of being the outsiders whose hearts were hardened, having eyes but not seeing, and ears but not hearing (8:17-18; cf. 3:5; 4:11-12). Although the hardness of heart, which is associated with Jesus’ opponents, is also attributed to the disciples, the use of this term is not meant to suggest that the disciples have sided with the opponent of Jesus. Rather, it is indicative of an attempt by Jesus, by bombarding them with a series of rhetorical questions, to warn his disciples who are in mortal danger of succumbing to the same unbelief that has afflicted the opponents. Thus, unlike a direct statement regarding the opponents’ hardness of heart in 3:5 and 4:12, the disciples’ hardness of heart is obliquely described through rhetorical questions in 8:17-18. The theological perspective that is presented in the theme of unbelief in Mark is that an attempt is made to emphasize faith, which stands literally in contrast to unbelief. Through speech acts concerning unbelief, Mark emphasizes the fact that those who are the true disciples must follow Jesus with faith under difficult circumstance. For this purpose, he uses specific individuals as examples (the woman with a haemorrhage, Jairus, the paralytic, and the Syrophoenician woman) who respond to Jesus’ demand with faith and spiritual insight, in order to move Christians toward faith or trust in him along with a perceptiveness of his identity. / Thesis (PhD (New Testament Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / New Testament Studies / unrestricted

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho, inserido na linha da AnÃlise do Discurso francesa, tem como objetivo estudar a refutaÃÃo sob uma perspectiva discursiva. Muitos autores, entre os quais se destacam Moeschler (1982) e Ducrot (1984), trataram-na de um ponto-de-vista essencialmente lingÃÃstico, sem considerar os aspectos discursivos nela envolvidos. AlÃm disso, nÃo foram encontrados trabalhos que a abordassem discursivamente, nos moldes aqui propostos. Por considerar de grande importÃncia a dimensÃo discursiva para a compreensÃo do funcionamento da refutaÃÃo numa dada prÃtica de linguagem (identificada a um gÃnero especÃfico, qual seja, o artigo de opiniÃo), elabora-se, na presente pesquisa, um estudo fundamentalmente discursivo acerca do assunto, tendo como hipÃtese norteadora do trabalho a idÃia de que a refutaÃÃo se sustenta na polÃmica discursiva como interincompreensÃo. Assim, esta dissertaÃÃo se baseia, principalmente, nas teorizaÃÃes apresentadas por Maingueneau em suas obras Semantique de la polemique (1983) e GÃnese dos Discursos (1984), nas quais a noÃÃo de polÃmica à concebida como a ausÃncia de compreensÃo interdiscursiva e à descrita como constitutiva dos discursos. Um importante deslocamento à feito neste trabalho, pois propÃe-se ser possÃvel que as polÃmicas apareÃam, em certos momentos, na superfÃcie discursiva. Defende-se, entÃo, ser isso o que acontece quando se tem uma ocorrÃncia refutativa. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, analisa-se a refutaÃÃo, tomando como corpus artigos de opiniÃo acerca do Estatuto da Igualdade Racial, escritos a partir de 2000, ano da proposiÃÃo do projeto de lei. Os artigos foram separados em dois subcorpus, cada um identificado com uma prÃtica discursiva, visando ao exame das relaÃÃes polÃmicas existentes entre os discursos envolvidos e que sustentam os procedimentos refutativos. Com a anÃlise do corpus, verifica-se que a refutaÃÃo se dà a partir de traduÃÃes e elaboraÃÃes de simulacros do Outro que sÃo evocados e negados, tendo em vista seu silenciamento, o que caracteriza, de fato, um procedimento fundado na interincompreensÃo. / This paper deals with Discourse Analysis, according to the French school, and it aims to understand confutation under a discursive focus. Many authors, among whom we italicize Ducrot and Moeschler, have treated this issue by an essentially linguistic point-of-view, without considering its discursive features. In fact, we could not find any other works which had already approach it this way we propose. We realize how much important is the discursive dimension when we try to understand confutation in a given language drill â related to a specific genre, that is, the estimating article. Thus along this research we elaborate a fundamentally discursive study on this matter, having as a guide hypothesis the idea that confutation supports itself upon the discursive polemics as inter-incomprehension. Therefore, this paper is based mainly in Maingueneau, in his Semantique de la polemique (1983) and Genesis of discourses (1984), in which the notion of polemics is conceived as lack of inter-discursive comprehension and it is described like as being a shaper of the discourses. An important displacement is made in this paper: we propose sometimes it is possible to see polemics emerging to discursive surface. That is what we defend that occurs when we have confutation. Throughout this research, we analyze confutation taking as a corpus some opinion articles on Racial Equality Statute, written since 2000, when the law was proposed. These articles were separated in two sub corpus, each one of them identified as a discursive practice, aiming at polemic links among the discourses involved that sustain confutative procedures. After corpus analysis, it was verified that confutation starts from translation and elaboration of simulacra of the Other, which are evocated and denied because of their hushing, what characterizes, indeed, a behavior based in inter-incomprehension.

This thesis presents an analysis of Czech language textbook for 9th class published by Fraus. The intention of this thesis is to find some linguistic phenomena that hinder comprehension of the textbook. In the theoretical part describes the author general characteristics of the textbook and its functions, deals with studying from a text and defines the characteristics of the text and students. In the following section, a style of textbooks is characterized and specifics of the Czech language textbooks are described. The analysis of the textbook consists of several steps. First didactic equipment is analyzed and then the difficulty and semantic consistency of the textbook is considered. The second step is a complex language analysis of explanatory texts in which the author of the thesis focuses primarily on a text style, syntactic, lexical and graphic aspects. The explanatory texts that contain difficult language phenomena are completed with tests that determine whether students understand the text. The author of the thesis adds questionnaires that examine the functioning of this textbook in real teaching and learning and provide a subjective evaluation of pupils and their teacher.

FARIAS, Otávia Marques de. Refutação em perspectiva discursiva: a polêmica como interincompreensão em artigos de opinião acerca do Estatuto da Igualdade Racial. 168 f. 2008. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-27T14:30:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_Dis_OMFarias.pdf: 1047049 bytes, checksum: e4babe4b1aa64521292704100117b7bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-11-14T13:06:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_Dis_OMFarias.pdf: 1047049 bytes, checksum: e4babe4b1aa64521292704100117b7bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-14T13:06:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_Dis_OMFarias.pdf: 1047049 bytes, checksum: e4babe4b1aa64521292704100117b7bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / This paper deals with Discourse Analysis, according to the French school, and it aims to understand confutation under a discursive focus. Many authors, among whom we italicize Ducrot and Moeschler, have treated this issue by an essentially linguistic point-of-view, without considering its discursive features. In fact, we could not find any other works which had already approach it this way we propose. We realize how much important is the discursive dimension when we try to understand confutation in a given language drill – related to a specific genre, that is, the estimating article. Thus along this research we elaborate a fundamentally discursive study on this matter, having as a guide hypothesis the idea that confutation supports itself upon the discursive polemics as inter-incomprehension. Therefore, this paper is based mainly in Maingueneau, in his Semantique de la polemique (1983) and Genesis of discourses (1984), in which the notion of polemics is conceived as lack of inter-discursive comprehension and it is described like as being a shaper of the discourses. An important displacement is made in this paper: we propose sometimes it is possible to see polemics emerging to discursive surface. That is what we defend that occurs when we have confutation. Throughout this research, we analyze confutation taking as a corpus some opinion articles on Racial Equality Statute, written since 2000, when the law was proposed. These articles were separated in two sub corpus, each one of them identified as a discursive practice, aiming at polemic links among the discourses involved that sustain confutative procedures. After corpus analysis, it was verified that confutation starts from translation and elaboration of simulacra of the Other, which are evocated and denied because of their hushing, what characterizes, indeed, a behavior based in inter-incomprehension. / Este trabalho, inserido na linha da Análise do Discurso francesa, tem como objetivo estudar a refutação sob uma perspectiva discursiva. Muitos autores, entre os quais se destacam Moeschler (1982) e Ducrot (1984), trataram-na de um ponto-de-vista essencialmente lingüístico, sem considerar os aspectos discursivos nela envolvidos. Além disso, não foram encontrados trabalhos que a abordassem discursivamente, nos moldes aqui propostos. Por considerar de grande importância a dimensão discursiva para a compreensão do funcionamento da refutação numa dada prática de linguagem (identificada a um gênero específico, qual seja, o artigo de opinião), elabora-se, na presente pesquisa, um estudo fundamentalmente discursivo acerca do assunto, tendo como hipótese norteadora do trabalho a idéia de que a refutação se sustenta na polêmica discursiva como interincompreensão. Assim, esta dissertação se baseia, principalmente, nas teorizações apresentadas por Maingueneau em suas obras Semantique de la polemique (1983) e Gênese dos Discursos (1984), nas quais a noção de polêmica é concebida como a ausência de compreensão interdiscursiva e é descrita como constitutiva dos discursos. Um importante deslocamento é feito neste trabalho, pois propõe-se ser possível que as polêmicas apareçam, em certos momentos, na superfície discursiva. Defende-se, então, ser isso o que acontece quando se tem uma ocorrência refutativa. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, analisa-se a refutação, tomando como corpus artigos de opinião acerca do Estatuto da Igualdade Racial, escritos a partir de 2000, ano da proposição do projeto de lei. Os artigos foram separados em dois subcorpus, cada um identificado com uma prática discursiva, visando ao exame das relações polêmicas existentes entre os discursos envolvidos e que sustentam os procedimentos refutativos. Com a análise do corpus, verifica-se que a refutação se dá a partir de traduções e elaborações de simulacros do Outro que são evocados e negados, tendo em vista seu silenciamento, o que caracteriza, de fato, um procedimento fundado na interincompreensão.

Parmi les réalisateurs, producteurs et acteurs de Bombay, Raj Kapoor (1924-1988) est certainement l’un des plus célèbres et des plus originaux, qu’il s’agisse de son œuvre ou de sa personnalité. Sa vaste filmographie qui rassemble quelques-uns des plus beaux mélodrames du cinéma populaire hindi reste méconnue en France. Proches du peuple, ces mélodrames révèlent un phénomène présent dans différentes situations et sous différents aspects : le sentiment d’incompréhension.Ce travail de recherche, inspiré par la lecture de Peter Brooks et Stanley Cavell sur le mélodrame, se donne pour but de montrer que les mélodrames de Kapoor sont porteurs d’un concept particulier qui les unit et les définit comme un genre cinématographique propre que nous appellerons « mélodrame de l’incompréhension ». Le sentiment de ne pas comprendre ou d’être « mal compris » qui hante ces mélodrames se cristallise non seulement à partir des enjeux esthétiques, historiques, politiques et culturels mais aussi des événements personnels.S’appuyant sur l’esthétique du mélodrame, Kapoor multiplie la présence métaphorique du héros aveugle qui pointe la difficulté ou l’impossibilité de communiquer et fait grief à la société de ne pas le comprendre. Inscrivant sa souffrance dans un contexte plus large, le mélodrame kapoorien dépasse les frontières du drame intimiste pour s’élever au niveau du peuple, voire de la nation, selon certains auteurs. Pour amplifier le phénomène d’incompréhension, le mélodrame utilise le malentendu, la méprise, l’ignorance, la confusion, l’illusion, etc. au point que ces difficultés de communication paraissent très clairement représenter des éléments structurels marqués par la réflexion de Kapoor sur l’incompréhension, teintée de mélancolie et de tristesse. / Among Bombay’s directors, producers and actors, Raj Kapoor (1924-1988) is certainly one of the best known and most original both for his work and for his personality. His vast filmography which constitutes a collection of some of the most beautiful melodramas of Hindi popular cinema remains virtually unknown in France. Close to the people, these melodramas reveal a theme which is universally present, illustrated in a variety of situations and different lights. It is the phenomenon of incomprehension.The present work, inspired by a reading of Peter Brooks and Stanley Cavell on the subject of melodrama, aims to show that Kapoor’s melodramas treat this specific theme which unites them and allows them to be defined as a distinct cinematic genre here termed "melodrama of incomprehension." The feeling of inability to understand or of being misunderstood which haunts these melodramas is gleaned not only from aesthetic, historical, political and cultural subjects but also from personal experience.Drawing on the aesthetics of melodrama, Kapoor multiplies the metaphorical presence of the blind hero illustrating the overwhelming difficulty of communication, and blames society for a lack of understanding. Extending the resulting suffering to a wider context, Kapoor’s melodrama transcends the bounds of individual drama, reaching out to the level of the people as a whole, indeed to the entire nation according to some authors. To amplify the phenomenon of incomprehension, his melodrama uses misunderstanding, scorn, ignorance, confusion, illusion, and more. Kapoor does this to a point at which these difficulties of communication clearly represent identifiable structural elements in his portrayal of incomprehension imbued with melancholy and sadness.

<p><strong>Bakgrund: </strong>Smärta vid svårläkta ben- och fotsår är ett vanligt förekommande problem som ofta är underbehandlad. Smärta påverkar sårläkningen negativt och är ett komplext hälsoproblem. Smärta kan ses utifrån olika dimensioner vilka påverkar personen på olika sätt. <strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet var att beskriva hur personer upplever smärta vid svårläkta ben- och fotsår. <strong>Metod:</strong> En allmän litteraturstudie baserad på kvalitativa empiriska studier. <strong>Resultat:</strong> De olika upplevelserna av smärta delades in i tre huvudkategorier; upplevelser av konstant smärta, upplevelser av oförståelse samt upplevelser av själslig smärta. Det framkom att personer med svårläkta ben- och fotsår upplever konstant smärta och hur den konstanta smärtan påverkade vardagen. Oförståelse från närstående och vårdpersonal ledde till frustration och påverkade självkänslan negativt. Själslig smärta framträdde i form av hopplöshet, ångest, skuld och skam samt ett förändrat socialt liv. <strong>Slutsats: </strong>Sjuksköterskan bör identifiera de olika dimensionerna av smärta som skapar en ond cirkel vid svårläkta ben- och fotsår. Sjuksköterskan bör ha en helhetssyn och försöka bryta den onda cirkeln av konstant smärta, hopplöshet och oförståelse.</p> / <p><strong>Background: </strong>Pain in hard-to-heal leg- and foot ulcers is a problem of frequent occurrence and is often under-treated. Pain affects the wound healing negatively and is a complex health problem. There are different dimensions of pain which affects the person in various ways. <strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of the study was to describe the personal experience of pain in hard-to-heal leg- and foot ulcers. <strong>Method:</strong> A literature review based on qualitative empirical studies. <strong>Results: </strong>The different experiences of pain were divided into three head categories; experiences of constant pain, experiences of incomprehension and experiences of emotional pain. The result showed that persons with hard-to-heal leg- and foot ulcers experienced constant pain and how it influenced the every-day-living. Incomprehension was experienced from relatives and health professionals and led to experiences of frustration. Incomprehension had a negative impact on the self-esteem. Emotional pain was illustrated by experiences of hopelessness, guilt and shame, anxiety and changed social life. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The nurse should identify the different dimensions of pain that creates a vicious circle of pain with hard-to-heal leg- and foot ulcers. The nurse should have a holistic view and try to break the vicious circle of constant pain, hopelessness and incomprehension.</p>

Bakgrund: Smärta vid svårläkta ben- och fotsår är ett vanligt förekommande problem som ofta är underbehandlad. Smärta påverkar sårläkningen negativt och är ett komplext hälsoproblem. Smärta kan ses utifrån olika dimensioner vilka påverkar personen på olika sätt. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur personer upplever smärta vid svårläkta ben- och fotsår. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie baserad på kvalitativa empiriska studier. Resultat: De olika upplevelserna av smärta delades in i tre huvudkategorier; upplevelser av konstant smärta, upplevelser av oförståelse samt upplevelser av själslig smärta. Det framkom att personer med svårläkta ben- och fotsår upplever konstant smärta och hur den konstanta smärtan påverkade vardagen. Oförståelse från närstående och vårdpersonal ledde till frustration och påverkade självkänslan negativt. Själslig smärta framträdde i form av hopplöshet, ångest, skuld och skam samt ett förändrat socialt liv. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskan bör identifiera de olika dimensionerna av smärta som skapar en ond cirkel vid svårläkta ben- och fotsår. Sjuksköterskan bör ha en helhetssyn och försöka bryta den onda cirkeln av konstant smärta, hopplöshet och oförståelse. / Background: Pain in hard-to-heal leg- and foot ulcers is a problem of frequent occurrence and is often under-treated. Pain affects the wound healing negatively and is a complex health problem. There are different dimensions of pain which affects the person in various ways. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the personal experience of pain in hard-to-heal leg- and foot ulcers. Method: A literature review based on qualitative empirical studies. Results: The different experiences of pain were divided into three head categories; experiences of constant pain, experiences of incomprehension and experiences of emotional pain. The result showed that persons with hard-to-heal leg- and foot ulcers experienced constant pain and how it influenced the every-day-living. Incomprehension was experienced from relatives and health professionals and led to experiences of frustration. Incomprehension had a negative impact on the self-esteem. Emotional pain was illustrated by experiences of hopelessness, guilt and shame, anxiety and changed social life. Conclusions: The nurse should identify the different dimensions of pain that creates a vicious circle of pain with hard-to-heal leg- and foot ulcers. The nurse should have a holistic view and try to break the vicious circle of constant pain, hopelessness and incomprehension.

The characterization of the Markan disciples has been and continues to be the object of much scholarly reflection and speculation. For many, the Markan author's presentation of Jesus' disciples holds a key, if not the key, to unlocking the purpose and function of the gospel as a whole. Commentators differ as to whether the Markan disciples ultimately serve a pedagogical or polemical function, yet they are generally agreed that the disciples in Mark come off rather badly, especially when compared to their literary counterparts in Matthew, Luke, and John. This narrative-critical study considers the characterization of the Markan disciples within the Sea Crossing movement (Mark 4:1-8:30). While commentators have, on the whole, interpreted the disciples' negative characterization in this movement in terms of lack of faith and/or incomprehension, neither of these, nor a combination of the two, fully accounts for the severity of language leveled against the disciples by the narrator (6:52) and Jesus (8:17-18). Taking as its starting point an argument by Jeffrey B. Gibson (1986) that the harshness of Jesus' rebuke in Mark 8:14-21 is occasioned not by the disciples' lack of faith or incomprehension but by their active resistance to his Gentile mission, this investigation uncovers additional examples of the disciples' resistance to Gentile mission, offering a better account of their negative portrayal within the Sea Crossing movement and helping explain many of their other failures. In short, this study argues that in Mark 4:1-8:26, the disciples are characterized as resistant to Jesus' Gentile mission and to their participation in that mission, the chief consequence being that they are rendered incapable of recognizing Jesus' vocational identity as Israel's Messiah (Thesis A). This leads to a secondary thesis, namely, that in Mark 8:27-30, Peter's recognition of Jesus' messianic identity indicates that the disciples have finally come to accept Jesus' Gentile mission and their participation in it (Thesis B). Chapter One: Introduction: offers a selective review of scholarly treatments of the Markan disciples, which shows that few scholars attribute resistance, let alone purposeful resistance, to the disciples. Chapter Two: The Rhetoric of Repetition: introduces the methodological tools, concepts, and perspectives employed in the study. It includes a section on narrative criticism, which focuses upon the story-as-discoursed and the implied author and reader, and a section on Construction Grammar, a branch of cognitive linguistics founded by Charles Fillmore and further developed by Paul Danove, which focuses upon semantic and narrative frames and case frame analysis. Chapter Three: The Sea Crossing Movement, Mark 4:1-8:30: addresses the question of Markan structure and argues that Mark 4:1-8:30 comprises a single, unified, narrative movement, whose action and plot is oriented to the Sea of Galilee and whose most distinctive feature is the network of sea crossings that transport Jesus and his disciples back and forth between Jewish and Gentile geopolitical spaces. Following William Freedman, Chapter Four: The Literary Motif: introduces two criteria (frequency and avoidability) for determining objectively what constitutes a literary motif and provides the methodological basis and starting point for the analyses performed in chapters five and six. Chapter Five: The Sea Crossing Motif: establishes and then carries out a lengthy narrative analysis of the Sea Crossing motif, which is oriented around Mark's use of ‎θάλασσα (thalassa) and πλοῖον (ploion), and Chapter Six: The Loaves Motif: does the same for The Loaves motif, oriented around Mark's use of ἄρτος (artos). Finally, Chapter Seven: The Narrative Logic of the Disciples (In)comprehension: draws together all narrative, linguistic, and exegetical insights of the previous chapters and offers a single coherent reading of the Sea Crossing movement that establishes Theses A and B.