<p>Turbulent mixing layers have been researched for many years. Currently, research is focused on studying compressible mixing layers because of their widespread applications in high-speed flight systems. While the effect of compressibility on the shear layer growth rate is well established, there is a lack of consensus over its effect on the turbulent stresses and hence warrants additional research in this area. Computational studies on compressible shear layers could provide a deep cognizance of the dynamics of fluid structures present in these flow fields which in turn would be viable for understanding the effects of compressibility on such flows. However, performing a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of a highly compressible shear layer with experimental flow conditions is extremely expensive, especially when resolving the boundary layers that lead into the mixing section. The attractive alternative is to use Large Eddy Simulation (LES), as it possesses the potential to resolve the flow physics at a reasonable computational cost. Therefore the current work deals with developing a methodology to perform LES of a compressible mixing layer with experimental flow conditions, with resolving the boundary layers that lead into the mixing section through a wall model. The wall model approach, as opposed to a wall resolved simulation, greatly reduces the computational cost associated with the boundary layer regions, especially when using an explicit time-stepping scheme. An in house LES solver which has been used previously for performing simulations of jets, has been chosen for this purpose. The solver is first verified and validated for mixing layer flows by performing simulations of laminar and incompressible turbulent mixing layer flows and comparing the results with the literature. Following this, LES of a compressible mixing layer at a convective Mach number of 0.53 is performed. The inflow profiles for the LES are taken from a precursor RANS solution based on the k-ε and RSM turbulence models. The results of the LES present good agreement with the reference experiment for the upstream boundary layer properties, the mean velocity profile of the shear layer and the shear layer growth rate. The turbulent stresses, however, have been found to be underpredicted. The anisotropy of the normal Reynolds stresses have been found to be in good agreement with the literature. Based on the present results, suggestions for future work are also discussed.</p>

In the thesis we study incompressible turbulent flow using spectral element method (SEM). We present fundamentals of SEM which can be seen as a combination of spectral method and finite element method. Turbulent flow is described with the help of two-equation k-ω turbulence models. We give reasons for the choice of Kolmogorov's and Wilcox model and implement them in 2D into an existing SEM C++ framework, Nektar++. Analytical solutions of Navier- Stokes equation were found and used as test cases for the implementation of the models. We simulated turbulent flow in channel and compared the results with direct numerical simulation. 1

The present document is the final master thesis report written by Marc PILORGET,student at SUPAERO (home institution) and KTH (Royal Institute of Technology,Exchange University). This six months internship was done at DASSAULT AVIATION(Airframe engineering department) based in Saint-Cloud, France. It spanned from the 5thof July to the 23rd of December. The thesis work aims at developing an SPH (SmoothParticle Hydrodynamics) calculation method for ditching and implementing it in the finiteelement software ELFINI® developed by DASSAULT. Ditching corresponds to a phasewhen the aeroplane is touching the water. The problematic of ditching has always beenan area of interest for DASSAULT and the whole aeronautical industry. So far, only testsand simple analytical calculations have been performed. Most of the work was carried bythe NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) in the late 70's. However in thepast decade, a new method for fluid-structure coupling problems has been developed. Itis called SPH. The basic principle is the following: the domain is represented by means ofparticles and each particle of fluid is treated separately and submitted to the Navier-Stokes equations. The particle is influenced by the neighbouring particles with a weightfunction depending on the distance between the two particles. Particles are also placed atthe interface solid-fluid: they are called limit particles. The final purpose of this SPHmethod is to access to the structural response of an aircraft when ditching. The crucialinterest of such a method compared to methods used so far is the absence of mesh. Theanalysis of large deformation problems by the finite element method may require thecontinuous remeshing of the domain to avoid the breakdown of the calculation due toexcessive mesh distortion. When considering ditching or other large deformationsproblems, the mesh generation is a far more time-consuming task than the constructionand solution of a discrete set of equations. For DASSAULT-AVIATION, the long termobjective is to get a numerical tool able to model ditching. The SPH method is used tosolve the equations for the fluid and is coupled with a finite element method for thestructure. So far, the compressible solver for 2D geometries has been implemented.Tests are going to be performed to ensure the program’s robustness. Then theincompressible solver for 2D geometries will be studied both theoretically andnumerically.

Theoretical predictions of behaviour of various parameters governing the free flow of a single, very long, denser-than-liquid carrier, cylindrical capsule in a horizontal pipeline are reported in this dissertation. The study was carried out for average flow velocities of approximately 1 to 10 ft/sec in pipes of diameters 4, 6, 12 and 24 in. with diameter ratios varying from 0.9 to 0.99. While two liquid carriers -- water and oil (µ = 10 cP and sp. gr. = 0.85) were used, the eccentricity of the capsule-pipe system was fixed at 0.999. The theoretical solution was found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

We provide an algorithm and analysis of a high order projection scheme for time integration of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations (NSE). The method is based on a projection onto the subspace of divergence-free (incompressible) functions interleaved with a Krylov-based exponential time integration (KBEI). These time integration methods provide a high order accurate, stable approach with many of the advantages of explicit methods, and can reduce the computational resources over conventional methods. The method is scalable in the sense that the computational costs grow linearly with problem size. Exponential integrators, used typically to solve systems of ODEs, utilize matrix vector products of the exponential of the Jacobian on a vector. For large systems, this product can be approximated efficiently by Krylov subspace methods. However, in contrast to explicit methods, KBEIs are not restricted by the time step. While implicit methods require a solution of a linear system with the Jacobian, KBEIs only require matrix vector products of the Jacobian. Furthermore, these methods are based on linearization, so there is no non-linear system solve at each time step. Differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) are ordinary differential equations (ODEs) subject to algebraic constraints. The discretized NSE constitute a system of DAEs, where the incompressibility condition is the algebraic constraint. Exponential integrators can be extended to DAEs with linear constraints imposed via a projection onto the constraint manifold. This results in a projected ODE that is integrated by a KBEI. In this approach, the Krylov subspace satisfies the constraint, hence the solution at the advanced time step automatically satisfies the constraint as well. For the NSE, the projection onto the constraint is typically achieved by a projection induced by the L2 inner product. We examine this L2 projection and an H1 projection induced by the H1 semi-inner product. The H1 projection has an advantage over the L2 projection in that it retains tangential Dirichlet boundary conditions for the flow. Both the H1 and L2 projections are solutions to saddle point problems that are efficiently solved by a preconditioned Uzawa algorithm. / Ph. D.

L'Interaction Fluide-Structure (IFS) décrit une classe très générale de problème physique, ce qui explique la nécessité de développer une méthode numérique capable de simuler le problème FSI. Pour cette raison, un solveur IFS est développé qui peut traiter un écoulement de fluide incompressible en interaction avec des structures différente: élastique ou rigide. Dans cet aspect, le solveur peut couvrir une large gamme d'applications.La méthode proposée est développée dans le cadre d'une formulation monolithique dans un contexte Eulérien. Cette méthode consiste à considérer un seul maillage et résoudre un seul système d'équations avec des propriétés matérielles différentes. La fonction distance permet de définir la position et l'interface de tous les objets à l'intérieur du domaine et de fournir les propriétés physiques pour chaque sous-domaine. L'adaptation de maillage anisotrope basé sur la variation de la fonction distance est ensuite appliquée pour assurer une capture précise des discontinuités à l'interface fluide-solide.La formulation monolithique est assurée par l'ajout d'un tenseur supplémentaire dans les équations de Navier-Stokes. Ce tenseur provient de la présence de la structure dans le fluide. Le système est résolu en utilisant une méthode élément fini et stabilisé suivant la formulation variationnelle multiéchelle. Cette formulation consiste à décomposer les champs de vitesse et pression en grande et petite échelles. La particularité de l'approche proposée réside dans l'enrichissement du tenseur de l'extra contraint.La première application est la simulation IFS avec un corps rigide. Le corps rigide est décrit en imposant une valeur nul du tenseur des déformations, et le mouvement est obtenu par la résolution du mouvement de corps rigide. Nous évaluons le comportement et la précision de la formulation proposée dans la simulation des exemples 2D et 3D. Les résultats sont comparés avec la littérature et montrent que la méthode développée est stable et précise.La seconde application est la simulation IFS avec un corps élastique. Dans ce cas, une équation supplémentaire est ajoutée au système précédent qui permet de résoudre le champ de déplacement. Et la contrainte de rigidité est remplacée par la loi de comportement du corps élastique. La déformation et le mouvement du corps élastique sont réalisés en résolvant l'équation de convection de la Level-Set. Nous illustrons la flexibilité de la formulation proposée par des exemples 2D. / Numerical simulations of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) are of first interest in numerous industrial problems: aeronautics, heat treatments, aerodynamic, bioengineering... Because of the high complexity of such problems, analytical study is in general not sufficient to understand and solve them. FSI simulations are then nowadays the focus of numerous investigations, and various approaches are proposed to treat them. We propose in this thesis a novel monolithic approach to deal with the interaction between an incompressible fluid flow and rigid/ elastic material. This method consists in considering a single grid and solving one set of equations with different material properties. A distance function enables to define the position and the interface of any objects with complex shapes inside the volume and to provide heterogeneous physical properties for each subdomain. Different anisotropic mesh adaptation algorithms based on the variations of the distance function or on using error estimators are used to ensure an accurate capture of the discontinuities at the fluid-solid interface. The monolithic formulation is insured by adding an extra-stress tensor in the Navier-Stokes equations coming from the presence of the structure in the fluid. The system is then solved using a finite element Variational MultiScale (VMS) method, which consists of decomposition, for both the velocity and the pressure fields, into coarse/resolved scales and fine/unresolved scales. The distinctive feature of the proposed approach resides in the efficient enrichment of the extra constraint. In the first part of the thesis, we use the proposed approach to assess its accuracy and ability to deal with fluid-rigid interaction. The rigid body is prescribed under the constraint of imposing the nullity of the strain tensor, and its movement is achieved by solving the rigid body motion. Several test case, in 2D and 3D with simple and complex geometries are presented. Results are compared with existing ones in the literature showing good stability and accuracy on unstructured and adapted meshes. In the second, we present different routes and an extension of the approach to deal with elastic body. In this case, an additional equation is added to the previous system to solve the displacement field. And the rigidity constraint is replaced with a corresponding behaviour law of the material. The elastic deformation and motion are captured using a convected level-set method. We present several 2D numerical tests, which is considered as classical benchmarks in the literature, and discuss their results.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um método numérico para simular escoamentos incompressíveis, isotérmicos, confinados ou com superfícies livres, de fuidos viscoelásticos governados pelos modelos integrais de Maxwell e K-BKZ (Kaye-Bernstein, Kearsley e Zapas). A técnica numérica apresentada é uma extensão do método GENSMAC (Tomé McKee - J. Comp. Phys., (110), pp 171--186, 1994 ) para a solução das equações de conservação, juntamente com as equações constitutivas integrais de Maxwell e K-BKZ. As equações governantes são resolvidas pelo método de diferenças finitas em uma malha deslocada. O tensor de Finger, B_t\'(t) é calculado com base nas idéias do método de campos de deformação (Peters et al. - J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. (89), de maneira que não há a necessidade de seguir a trajetória da partícula de fuido para descrever a história de deformação da partícula. Uma abordagem diferente para a discretização do instante passado é utilizada e o tensor de Finger e o tensor das tensões são calculados utilizando um método de segunda ordem. A validação do método numérico descrito nesse trabalho foi feita utilizando o escoamento em um canal bidimensional e a solução numérica obtida para a velocidade e para as componentes de tensão com o modelo de Maxwell foram comparadas com as respectivas soluções analíticas no estado estacionário, mostrando excelente concordância. Os resultados numéricos para a simulação do escoamento em uma contração planar 4 : 1 mostraram bons resultados, tanto qualitativos quanto quantitativos, quando comparados com os resultados experimentais de Quinzani et al. ( J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. (52), pp 1?36, 1994 ). Além disso, utilizando os modelos Maxwel e K-BKZ, o escoamento em uma contração planar 4 : 1 foi simulado para vários números de Weissenberg e os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com os encontrados na literatura. Resultados numéricos de escoamentos com superfícies livres modelados pelas equações integrais de Maxwell e K-BKZ são apresentados. Em particular, a simulação numérica do jato oscilante para diferentes números de Weissenberg e diferentes números de Reynolds é apresentada. / The aim of this work is to develop a numerical technique for simulating incompressible, isothermal, free surface (also con¯ned) viscoelastic flows of fuids governed by the integral models of Maxwell and K-BKZ (Kaye-Bernstein, Kearsley and Zapas). The numerical technique described herein is an extension of the GENSMAC method (Tome and McKee, J. Comput. Phys., 110, pp. 171-186, 1994) to the solution of the momentuum and mass conservation equations together with the integral constitutive Maxwell and K-BKZ equations. The governing equations are solved by the finite difference method on a staggered grid using a Marker-and-Cell approach. The fluid is represented by marker particles on the fluid surface only. This provides the visualization and location of the fluid free surface so that the free surface stress conditions can be applied. The Finger tensor Bt0(t) is computed using the ideias of the deformation fields method (Peters et al. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 89, pp. 209-228, 2001) so that it is not necessary to track a fluid particle in order to calculate its deformation history. However, in this work modifcations to the deformation fields method are introduced: the past time is discretized using a different formula, the Finger tensor Bt0(x; t) is obtained by a second order method and the stress tensor ? (x; t) is computed by a second order quadrature formula. The numerical method presented in this work is validated by simulating the flow of a Maxwell fluid in a two-dimensional channel and the numerical solutions of the velocity and the stress components are compared with the respective analytic solutions providing a good agreement. Further, the flow through a 4:1 planar contraction of a specific fuid studied experimentally by Quinzani et al. (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 52, pp. 1-36, 1994) was simulated and the numerical results were compared qualitatively and quantitatively with the experimental results and very good agreement was obtained. The Maxwell and the K-BKZ models were applied to simulate the 4:1 planar contraction problem using various Weissenberg numbers and the numerical results were in agreement with those published in the literature. Finally, numerical results of free surface flows using the Maxwell and K-BKZ integral constitutive equations are presented. In particular, the numerical simulation of jet buckling using several Weissenberg numbers and various Reynolds numbers are presented

L’objectif de cette étude est de simuler l’érosion d’un sol cohésif sous l’effet d’un écoulement incompressible. Le modèle élaboré décrit une vitesse d’érosion interfaciale qui dépend de la contrainte de cisaillement de l’écoulement. La modélisation numérique proposée est une approche eulérienne, où une méthode de pénalisation de domaines est utilisée pour résoudre les équations de Navier-Stokes autour d’un obstacle. L’interface eau/sol est décrite par une fonction Level Set couplée à une loi d’érosion à seuil.L’approximation numérique est basée sur un schéma DDFV (Discrete Duality Finite Volume) autorisant des raffinements locaux sur maillages non-conformes et non-structurés. L’approche par pénalisation a mis en évidence une couche limite d'inconsistance à l'interface fluide/solide lors du calcul de la contrainte de cisaillement. Deux approches sont proposées pour estimer précisément la contrainte de ce problème à frontière libre. La pertinence du modèle à prédire l’érosion interfaciale du sol est confirmée par la présentation de plusieurs résultats de simulation, qui offrent une meilleure évaluation et compréhension des phénomènes d'érosion / This study focuses on the numerical modelling of the interfacial erosion occurring at a cohesive soil undergoing an incompressible flow process. The model assumes that the erosion velocity is driven by a fluid shear stress at the water/soil interface. The numerical modelling is based on the eulerian approach: a penalization procedure is used to compute Navier-Stokes equations around soil obstacle, with a fictitious domain method, in order to avoid body- fitted unstructured meshes. The water/soil interface’s evolution is described by a Level Set function coupled to a threshold erosion law.Because we use adaptive mesh refinement, we develop a Discrete Duality Finite Volume scheme (DDFV), which allows non-conforming and non-structured meshes. The penalization method, used to take into account a free velocity in the soil with non-body-fitted mesh, introduces an inaccurate shear stress at the interface. We propose two approaches to compute accurately the erosion velocity of this free boundary problem. The ability of the model to predict the interfacial erosion of soils is confirmed by presenting several simulations that provide better evaluation and comprehension of erosion phenomena.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um método numérico para simular escoamentos incompressíveis, isotérmicos, confinados ou com superfícies livres, de fuidos viscoelásticos governados pelos modelos integrais de Maxwell e K-BKZ (Kaye-Bernstein, Kearsley e Zapas). A técnica numérica apresentada é uma extensão do método GENSMAC (Tomé McKee - J. Comp. Phys., (110), pp 171--186, 1994 ) para a solução das equações de conservação, juntamente com as equações constitutivas integrais de Maxwell e K-BKZ. As equações governantes são resolvidas pelo método de diferenças finitas em uma malha deslocada. O tensor de Finger, B_t\'(t) é calculado com base nas idéias do método de campos de deformação (Peters et al. - J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. (89), de maneira que não há a necessidade de seguir a trajetória da partícula de fuido para descrever a história de deformação da partícula. Uma abordagem diferente para a discretização do instante passado é utilizada e o tensor de Finger e o tensor das tensões são calculados utilizando um método de segunda ordem. A validação do método numérico descrito nesse trabalho foi feita utilizando o escoamento em um canal bidimensional e a solução numérica obtida para a velocidade e para as componentes de tensão com o modelo de Maxwell foram comparadas com as respectivas soluções analíticas no estado estacionário, mostrando excelente concordância. Os resultados numéricos para a simulação do escoamento em uma contração planar 4 : 1 mostraram bons resultados, tanto qualitativos quanto quantitativos, quando comparados com os resultados experimentais de Quinzani et al. ( J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. (52), pp 1?36, 1994 ). Além disso, utilizando os modelos Maxwel e K-BKZ, o escoamento em uma contração planar 4 : 1 foi simulado para vários números de Weissenberg e os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com os encontrados na literatura. Resultados numéricos de escoamentos com superfícies livres modelados pelas equações integrais de Maxwell e K-BKZ são apresentados. Em particular, a simulação numérica do jato oscilante para diferentes números de Weissenberg e diferentes números de Reynolds é apresentada. / The aim of this work is to develop a numerical technique for simulating incompressible, isothermal, free surface (also con¯ned) viscoelastic flows of fuids governed by the integral models of Maxwell and K-BKZ (Kaye-Bernstein, Kearsley and Zapas). The numerical technique described herein is an extension of the GENSMAC method (Tome and McKee, J. Comput. Phys., 110, pp. 171-186, 1994) to the solution of the momentuum and mass conservation equations together with the integral constitutive Maxwell and K-BKZ equations. The governing equations are solved by the finite difference method on a staggered grid using a Marker-and-Cell approach. The fluid is represented by marker particles on the fluid surface only. This provides the visualization and location of the fluid free surface so that the free surface stress conditions can be applied. The Finger tensor Bt0(t) is computed using the ideias of the deformation fields method (Peters et al. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 89, pp. 209-228, 2001) so that it is not necessary to track a fluid particle in order to calculate its deformation history. However, in this work modifcations to the deformation fields method are introduced: the past time is discretized using a different formula, the Finger tensor Bt0(x; t) is obtained by a second order method and the stress tensor ? (x; t) is computed by a second order quadrature formula. The numerical method presented in this work is validated by simulating the flow of a Maxwell fluid in a two-dimensional channel and the numerical solutions of the velocity and the stress components are compared with the respective analytic solutions providing a good agreement. Further, the flow through a 4:1 planar contraction of a specific fuid studied experimentally by Quinzani et al. (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 52, pp. 1-36, 1994) was simulated and the numerical results were compared qualitatively and quantitatively with the experimental results and very good agreement was obtained. The Maxwell and the K-BKZ models were applied to simulate the 4:1 planar contraction problem using various Weissenberg numbers and the numerical results were in agreement with those published in the literature. Finally, numerical results of free surface flows using the Maxwell and K-BKZ integral constitutive equations are presented. In particular, the numerical simulation of jet buckling using several Weissenberg numbers and various Reynolds numbers are presented

Lattice Boltzmann Method has been quite successful for incompressible flows. Its extension for compressible (especially supersonic and hypersonic) flows has attracted lot of attention in recent time. There have been some successful attempts but nearly all of them have either resulted in complex or expensive equilibrium function distributions or in extra energy levels. Thus, an efficient Lattice Boltzmann Method for compressible fluid flows is still a research idea worth pursuing for. In this thesis, a new Lattice Boltzmann Method has been developed for compressible flows, by using the concept of a relaxation system, which is traditionally used as semilinear alternative for non-linear hypebolic systems in CFD. In the relaxation system originally introduced by Jin and Xin (1995), the non-linear flux in a hyperbolic conservation law is replaced by a new variable, together with a relaxation equation for this new variable augmented by a relaxation term in which it relaxes to the original nonlinear flux, in the limit of a vanishing relaxation parameter. The advantage is that instead of one non-linear hyperbolic equation, two linear hyperbolic equations need to be solved, together with a non-linear relaxation term. Based on the interpretation of Natalini (1998) of a relaxation system as a discrete velocity Boltzmann equation, with a new isotropic relaxation system as the basic building block, a Lattice Boltzmann Method is introduced for solving the equations of inviscid compressible flows. Since the associated equilibrium distribution functions of the relaxation system are not based on a low Mach number expansion, this method is not restricted to the incompressible limit. Free slip boundary condition is introduced with this new relaxation system based Lattice Boltzmann method framework. The same scheme is then extended for curved boundaries using the ghost cell method. This new Lattice Boltzmann Relaxation Scheme is successfully tested on various bench-mark test cases for solving the equations of compressible flows such as shock tube problem in 1-D and in 2-D the test cases involving supersonic flow over a forward-facing step, supersonic oblique shock reflection from a flat plate, supersonic and hypersonic flows past half-cylinder.