A aprendizagem incremental requer que o mecanismo de aprendizagem seja baseado no acúmulo dinâmico da informação extraída das experiências realizadas. A aprendizagem de máquina usando adaptatividade considera a integração de técnicas de aprendizagem de máquina simbólicas com técnicas adaptativas para a solução de problemas de aprendizagem. A palavra adaptatividade sugere a capacidade de modificação do conjunto de regras aprendidas em resposta a eventos que podem ocorrer durante o processo de aprendizagem, ou então autoajustes no conjunto de parâmetros. Os dispositivos adaptativos que possuem a capacidade de reter em suas regras informações extraídas de suas entradas podem acumular informações, para que sejam utilizadas quando forem necessárias. As estratégias de interesse para a incorporação da adaptatividade incluem a utilização de métodos e técnicas de aprendizagem de máquina, em particular as que implementam aprendizado supervisionado e tomada de decisão. O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar a utilização de técnicas adaptativas no processo de aprendizado por máquina, tanto de forma exclusiva como em conjunto com outras técnicas de aprendizagem. Para atingir este objetivo, propõe-se aqui a utilização de dispositivos adaptativos para representar o conhecimento adquirido através da aprendizagem incremental. Além disso, é feito um estudo de caso que combina aprendizagem de máquina com técnicas adaptativas para implementar um esquema de aprendizagem autônoma de estratégias, com o objetivo de vencer uma particular instância do jogo que é apresentado. A aprendizagem de um jogo exige a tomada de decisão, que é um processo complexo e dinâmico. Com a finalidade de fornecer um substrato geral para a criação, manipulação e análise de regras em problemas de tomada de decisão, utilizando tabelas de decisão adaptativas, a ferramenta de software Adapt-DT foi implementada. Um exemplo ilustrativo utilizando tabelas de decisão adaptativa como meio para a representação de conhecimento é apresentado, para exercitar a utilização da ferramenta. Isto permite concluir que os dispositivos adaptativos podem ser utilizados para representar o conhecimento adequadamente, com vantagens sobre outros métodos tradicionais. / Incremental learning requires a learning mechanism based on the information extracted from dynamically accumulated experiments. Adaptivity-oriented machine-learning combines adaptive techniques with symbolic ones for solving machine-learning problems. The term adaptivity means the ability of a learning process to change its own set of rules in response to events occurred during the learning process, or, equivalently, self-tuning the set of parameters. The adaptive devices with withhold information ability inside their rules, extracted from input from their own set of rules, can accumulate information to be used whenever they are necessary. The strategies of interest to adopt adaptivity include the use of machine learning techniques and methods, particularly the ones that implement supervised learning and decision-making. This work purposes to investigate the application of adaptive techniques in machine learning process, either exclusively and in cooperation with other techniques. In order to achieve this target, the use of adaptive devices to represent the knowledge gathered through incremental learning is proposed. Additionally, a case study that combines both machine learning and adaptive techniques to implement a scheme of autonomous learning strategies is also performed with the goal of winning an instance of the simple game. Decision-making is required to learning how to play a game, which is a complex and dynamic process. So as to provide a general framework for the creation, manipulation and analysis of rules in decision-making problems using adaptive decision tables, the Adapt-DT tool was implemented. An illustrative example using adaptive decision tables as a means to represent knowledge is introduced to the tool evaluation. This supports the conclusion that adaptive devices can be used to adequately represent the knowledge, with advantages over other traditional methods.

The Front End of Innovation (FEI) is the early phase of the Product Development Process, responsible for the concept generation and an important driver of innovation success. The FEI is characterized by roles\' dynamism, ambiguity, and uncertainty. Several authors divide the FEI into other sub-phases in order to organize its activities, roles, and understand the function of each role. Despite the growing research about the FEI in recent years, there is a need for further research on the theme to better understand the dynamics and help to reduce the uncertainty in the critical concept phase. The formal processes designed for the front end are insufficient, the rules and roles are not fully described, and it is necessary to balance the interactions between the activities in the FEI to get a better-structured New Product Development - NPD - later. The main FEI models developed at the literature have discussed some key roles such marketing, engineering, customers, but they do not discussed the role of design, which is critical in creative activities which, in turn, are the nature of the new product development process. The literature also has not discussed the external integration in the FEI, that is, how the Brand Owners integrate the partners, especially the suppliers and design agencies, in this critical and uncertain phase. To tackle this issue, this research aims to examine the FEI in a dynamic industry, examining the integration of roles in an iterative process. The objective of this research is to identify the roles that play in the Front End of Innovation and the mechanisms of integration, whether internal through cross-functional teams; or external through interfirms integration. The main question that guided this research is \"What roles are involved in each FEI activity and what are the mechanism that integrate these roles in the FEI?\". This is qualitative and exploratory research, based on multiple-cases-studies. For this study, the packaging industry was selected because of its value chain in the concept phase, which has a complex set of relationships among its parties, Brand Owner, Design Agencies and Packaging Producers. The consumers buy the product by the performance of the same and also by the packaging. Packaging is considered a second product at the point of sale and a vital buying decision factor. Brand Owners understand that they need to integrate suppliers into the FEI to assist them in identifying opportunities, ideation, and conceptualization. Five brand owners were interviewed, and the FEI has been divided into five activities: Opportunity Identifications and Analysis, Idea Generation, Idea Enrichment, Idea Selection, and Concept Development. / O Front End de Inovação (FEI) é a fase inicial do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, responsável pela geração de conceitos e um importante motor de sucesso na inovação. O FEI caracteriza-se pelo dinamismo, a ambiguidade e a incerteza dos papéis. Vários autores dividem o FEI em outras subfases, a fim de organizar suas atividades, papéis e compreender a função de cada função. Apesar da crescente pesquisa sobre o FEI nos últimos anos, há necessidade de novas pesquisas sobre o assunto para entender melhor a dinâmica e ajudar a reduzir a incerteza na fase conceitual crítica. Os processos formais projetados para o front-end são insuficientes, os papéis e as regras e não são totalmente descritos e é necessário equilibrar as interações entre as atividades no FEI para obter um melhor estruturado Desenvolvimento de Novos Produtos - NPD - depois. Os principais modelos de FEI desenvolvidos na literatura discutem alguns papéis fundamentais como marketing, engenharia, consumidores, mas não discutem o papel do design, crítico nas atividades criativas, que, por sua vez, são a natureza do processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos. A literatura também não tem discutido a integração externa no FEI, ou seja, como os clientes integram os parceiros, especialmente os fornecedores e agências de design, nesta fase crítica e incerta. Para abordar esta questão, esta pesquisa visa examinar o FEI em uma indústria dinâmica, examinando a integração de papéis em um processo iterativo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar os papéis que desempenham no Front End de Inovação e os mecanismos de integração, sejam eles internos através de equipes multifuncionais; ou externos através da integração entre firmas. A principal questão que guiou esta pesquisa é \"Quais papéis estão envolvidas em cada atividade do FEI e quais são os mecanismos que integram estes papéis no FEI?\" Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória, baseada em estudos de casos múltiplos. Para este estudo, o setor de embalagens foi selecionado por sua cadeia de valor na fase conceitual, que possui um conjunto complexo de relacionamentos entre suas partes, as Indústrias de Bens de Consumo, as Agências de Design e os Produtores de Embalagens. Os consumidores compram o produto pela performance do mesmo e também pela embalagem. A embalagem é considerada um segundo produto no ponto de venda e um fator de decisão de compra vital. As Indústrias de Bens de Consumo entendem que precisam integrar fornecedores no FEI para ajudá-las a identificar oportunidades, ideação e conceituação. Foram entrevistados cinco Indústrias de Bens de Consumo e o FEI foi dividido em cinco atividades: Identificações e Análises de Oportunidades, Geração de Ideias, Enriquecimento de Ideias, Seleção de Ideias e Desenvolvimento de Conceitos.

1. Scope of the Study<BR> ---------------------<BR> In the modern engineering world, technological advancements drive the product design process. Increasingly powerful CAD programs make more complex product designs possible, which in turn boost the demand for more complex prototypes. At the same time, fast-moving competitive markets require frequent design changes, shorter lead times, and tighter budgets. In short, prototyping must be faster, better, and less expensive.<BR> <BR> Within this context, rapid prototyping in sheet metal is highly desirable because the manufacturing of functional prototypes speeds up the time to market. While the market is well developed when it comes to rapid prototyping for plastic parts, the options for prototyping geometrically complicated sheet metal components are more limited and extremely expensive, because all the methods available require expensive tooling, machinery or manual labor.<BR> <BR> Unlike many other sheet metal forming processes, incremental forming does not require any dedicated dies or punches to form a complex shape. Instead, the process uses a standard smooth-end tool, the diameter of which is far smaller than the part being made, mounted on a three-axis CNC milling machine.<BR> <BR> The sheet metal blank is clamped around its edges using a blank-holder. During the forming process, the tool moves along a succession of contours, which follow the final geometry of the part, and deforms the sheet into its desired shape incrementally.<BR> <BR> 2. Context of the Research<BR> --------------------------<BR> The work presented in this thesis was started in October 2003 in the framework of the SeMPeR project (Sheet Metal oriented Prototyping and Rapid manufacturing). This was a four-year-long project, whose purpose was to develop a research platform that would support an in-depth analysis of the incremental forming and laser forming processes. This platform supported experimental, numerical, and analytical research activities, the interaction between which was expected to lead to the design of new and improved process variants and the identification of effective process planning and control strategies.<BR> <BR> Four research partners from three different universities were involved in the project, covering the various academic disciplines required. As project leader, the PMA Department of the Catholic University of Leuven (KUL) provided extensive background knowledge in numerically controlled sheet metal forming processes, as well as long-term experience of experimental hardware development and process planning. This department was in charge of the experimental study of the processes. The MTM Department from the same university studied the processes in detail using accurate finite element models. The MEMC Department of the Free University of Brussels (VUB) provided expertise in in-process strain and displacement measurement, and material characterization by means of inverse method techniques. Finally, the ArGEnCo Department of the University of Liège (ULg), to which the present author is affiliated, undertook the task of developing a finite element code adapted to the incremental forming process.<BR> <BR> Because of its promising outcome, the project held wide industrial interest: several companies assisted in ensuring the ultimate industrial relevance of the research and provided logistical support in terms of hardware, materials, and specific data.<BR> <BR> 3. Objective of the Thesis<BR> --------------------------<BR> Although the SeMPeR project aimed at studying two rapid prototyping processes, the present work focused only on one of those: incremental forming. The goal of the team at the University of Liège was to adapt a department-made finite element code, Lagamine, to the incremental forming process. In particular, the computation time had to be reduced as much as possible while maintaining a sufficient level of accuracy.<BR> <BR> 4. Outline of the Thesis<BR> ------------------------<BR> The body of the text is divided into three parts.<BR> <BR> The first part contains two chapters. The first of these provides a literature review in the field of incremental forming. More specifically, it introduces the process, presents an overview of its practical implementation and experimental setup requirements, and shows its benefits and limitations. Then, the chapter focuses on the latest developments in terms of finite element modeling and analytical computations.<BR> <BR> The second chapter presents the numerical tools used throughout this research. This consists mainly of the finite element code, the elements, and the constitutive laws. Then, this chapter gives an overview of the experimental setup and measuring devices used during the experimental tests performed in Leuven. The second part focuses on dynamic explicit simulations of incremental forming and contains four chapters. The first justifies the use of a dynamic explicit strategy. The second presents the new features added to the finite element code in order to be able to model incremental forming with such a strategy. The third explains the computation of the mass matrix of the shell element used throughout this part of the thesis and justifies this computation. Finally, the fourth chapter analyzes the overall performance of the dynamic explicit simulations both in terms of accuracy and computation time.<BR> <BR> The third part of this thesis contains an in-depth analysis of the incremental forming process using more classic implicit finite element simulations. This analysis is performed in two steps. In a first chapter, the influence of using a partial mesh for the simulations is evaluated in terms of accuracy and computation time. Then, in a second and final chapter, a detailed analysis of the deformation mechanism occurring during this forming process is carried out.<BR> <BR> Finally, this thesis ends with the major conclusions drawn from the research and perspectives on possible means of further improving the simulation tool.<BR> <BR> 5. Original Contributions<BR> -------------------------<BR> Through this research, several major contributions were achieved.<BR> <BR> First, a comprehensive literature review of the incremental forming process was carried out. In particular, the review focused on original articles concerning the limitations of the process and possible ways of bypassing them; on the most recent explanations for the increased formability observed during the process; and on the state of the art in finite element simulations of incremental forming. Understanding the concepts and difficulties inherent in these publications was made possible particularly by the SeMPeR project thanks to the discussions held and the monthly follow-ups on research performed by its members.<BR> <BR> Secondly, Lagamine's shell element was corrected and its mass matrix modified to enable its use with an explicit strategy. Following this, a new approach for modeling the contact between an element and the forming tool during simulations in a dynamic explicit strategy was developed and thoroughly tested. A detailed comparison of the influence of various finite element parameters on the simulations' results was performed, in particular regarding the choice between using the implicit and explicit strategies and the use of mass scaling to reduce the computation time.<BR> <BR> In addition, many simulations were validated thanks to experimental results.<BR> <BR> Moreover, the computation time required for simulations of the forming of parts with rotational symmetry was radically reduced by using a partial model with a new type of boundary conditions.<BR> <BR> Finally, the material behavior occurring during incremental forming was analyzed.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-06T14:21:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA DE ANDRADE DOLORES CARNEIRO NÓBREGA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2016..pdf: 2770347 bytes, checksum: 8ae5f9e2adb84ae0d301b70b2e4a2b13 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T14:21:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA DE ANDRADE DOLORES CARNEIRO NÓBREGA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2016..pdf: 2770347 bytes, checksum: 8ae5f9e2adb84ae0d301b70b2e4a2b13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-03 / A Bacia Incremental do Rio Piancó está inserida na Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Piancó Piranhas Açú. Seu curso d’água principal, o rio Piancó, tem importância estratégica para o desenvolvimento regional pois é um manancial vital para o desenvolvimento de várias atividades socioeconômicas realizadas ao longo do seu curso. O trecho possui sistemas de adutora que abastece dezoito localidades. Este trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar e discutir o domínio das águas do rio Piancó, no trecho com a vazão regularizada até sua foz, partindo do estudo mais geral da bacia do rio Piancó, nos aspectos Fisiográficos, pedológico, capacidade de uso do solo, formas de uso e ocupação do solo e características e informações hidrológicas. De forma específica, sobre o trecho do rio regularizado, nos aspectos da dominialidade, disponibilidade e a qualidade da água decorrentes dos diversos usos, considerando a variabilidade climática ocorrida ao longo do tempo, com a consequente variação do volume armazenado no sistema de reservatórios e sua influência nas diferentes forma de uso da água ao logo do rio regularizado. Pode-se concluir que a qualidade de água com relação aos parâmetros analizados não houver alteração na temperatura no interior da bacia ,Condutividade eletrica ocorrem um pequeno aumento nos seus valores, porem dentro da faixa preconizada pela legislação,Turbidez houve um leve aumento apenas nos periodo chuvoso mantendo-se dentro das faixa aceitavel no restante do tempo,Oxigênio Dissolvido de modo geral ocorreu um pequeno aumento em periodo de estiagem ocasionado pela alevação no nível de altrofização com intensa atividade de fotosintese.Também foi possível concluir que o domínio das águas parte da bacia é de domínio estadual que tem como orgão gestor AESAA ocorrência de vazões máximas (cheias) está condicionada a vazão de sancria dos sistemas de reservatorio, em menor proporção da formação de cheias na BHIRP associada a ocorrencia de chuvas intensas na area da bacia.Entretanto a maior variação até 400 anos de periodo de recorrencia com vazões cheias atingindo 900m3 /sAs vazões mínimas estão condicionadas a vazão de regularização na maior parte do tempo principalmente no periódo de estiagem ficando as vazões de referência Q7/10 e Q 90 com valores de 1,087 e 3,689 respectivamente. / The Piancó River Incremental Basin is inserted in the Piancó Piranhas Açú River Basin. Its main watercourse, the Piancó River, has strategic importance for regional development since it is a vital source for the development of various socioeconomic activities carried out along its course. Its main watercourse, the Piancó River, has strategic importance for regional development since it is a vital source for the development of various socioeconomic activities carried out along its course. The section has systems of adductor that caters eighteen localities. The objective of this work was to present and discuss the domain of the Piancó river waters, in the section with the regularized flow up to its mouth, starting from the more general study of the Piancó river basin, in the Physiographic, pedological, Of soil use and occupation and hydrological characteristics and information. Specifically, on the part of the regularized river, in terms of the dominance, availability and quality of the water resulting from the various uses, considering the climatic variability occurred over time, with the consequent variation of the volume stored in the reservoir system and its Influence on the different forms of water use to the regularized river logo. It can be concluded that the water quality in relation to the analyzed parameters does not change the temperature inside the basin, Electrical conductivity occurs a small increase in its values, however within the range recommended by the legislation, Turbidity there was a slight increase only in the period Rainy season keeping within acceptable range for the rest of the time, Dissolved Oxygen in general occurred a small increase in drought period caused by the elevation in the level of altrophization with intense photosynthesis activity. It was also possible to conclude that the domain of the water part of the basin is of state domain that has as its managing organ AESAA occurrence of maximum flows (floods) is conditioned to the flow of sancria of the reservoir systems, to a lesser proportion of the flood formation in the associated BHIRP The occurrence of intense rains in the area of the basin. However, the greatest variation up to 400 years of recurrence period with full flow rates reaching 900m3 / s. The minimum flows are conditioned to the flow of regularization most of the time mainly in the dry season, leaving the flows of Reference Q7 / 10 and Q90 with values of 1.087 and 3.689 respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T13:55:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 10.pdf: 5847510 bytes, checksum: 02605c560b1254f0a54a86b7e9c1963b (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / No início dos anos 90, a questão das patentes farmacêuticas tornou-se um assunto polêmico na sociedade brasileira, uma vez que os países signatários da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) deveriam se alinhar às condições estabelecidas pelo agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), que demandava a obrigatoriedade da não discriminação de campos tecnológicos para patenteamento, e assim forçava seus membros a aceitar as patentes no campo farmacêutico. A promulgação da Lei nº 9.279/96 visou nacionalizar esses e outros critérios do acordo TRIPS. Após os impactos negativos decorrentes da nova legislação patentária, o setor farmacêutico foi inserido como atividade-chave para o desenvolvimento do país e passou a ser alvo de formulação de políticas e ações verticais, na tentativa de induzir maior competitividade, sustentabilidade e estimular a inovação farmacêutica nacional. O presente trabalho analisa os esforços e as estratégias que a indústria farmacêutica nacional vem adotando na geração de inovação utilizando a propriedade industrial, especificamente patente de invenção, como indicador de inovação, em um cenário de quase 20 anos após a promulgação da Lei nº 9.279/96. A partir da seleção das mais proeminentes indústrias farmacêuticas nacionais e da análise de seus pedidos de patentes, foram geradas informações relevantes quanto aos depósitos ao longo do tempo, as parcerias estabelecidas entre as indústrias farmacêuticas e outras organizações, os campos tecnológicos das reivindicações, os principais tipos de reivindicações, as classes terapêuticas relacionadas, o status dos pedidos de patente e o perfil do patenteamento realizado pelas empresas nos principais escritórios internacionais. Os resultados obtidos mostram as articulações entre a indústria e demais instituições, sobretudo públicas, a relevância das inovações incrementais para o atual estágio da P&D no setor, a importância do sistema de patentes para garantir a exclusão de concorrentes do mercado, as patentes concedidas junto ao escritório de patentes nacional e principais escritórios estrangeiros. Os resultados fazem um apanhado geral que permite chegar a conclusões acerca da geração de inovação no setor e, com isso, avaliar o resultado dos esforços governamentais para fomentar a inovação farmacêutica nacional. / In the early 90s, the issue of pharmaceutical patents had became a controversial issue in Brazilian society, since the signatory countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) should be aligned with conditions established by agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which required the obligation of non-discrimination of technological fields to patenting, and thus forced its members to accept patents in the pharmaceutical field. The enactment of Law nº 9,279/96 aimed to nationalize these and other criteria of the TRIPS agreement. After the negative impacts of the new patent law, the pharmaceutical industry was inserted as a key activity for the development of the country and has become the subject formulation of vertical policies and actions in an attempt to induce greater competitiveness, sustainability and stimulate national pharmaceutical innovation. This work analyzes the efforts and strategies that the national pharmaceutical industry has adopted in generating innovation using industrial property, in particular patent, as an indicator of innovation, in a nearly 20 year scenario after the enactment of Law nº 9,279/96. From the selection of the most prominent national pharmaceutical industries and the analysis of their patent applications, relevant information have been generated about the deposits over time, the partnerships between pharmaceutical companies and other organizations, the technological fields of the claims, the main types of claims, related therapeutic classes, the status of patent applications and the patenting profile held by companies in major international offices. The results show the links between industry and other institutions, particularly public institutions, the relevance of incremental innovations to the current state of R&D in the sector, the importance of the patent system to ensure exclusion of competitors on the market, the patents granted by the national patent office and main foreign offices. The results are an overview allowing to reach conclusions about the innovation generation in the sector and thereby assess the result of government efforts to promote national pharmaceutical innovation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lenise.pdf: 896604 bytes, checksum: ed6dc8456789694dd0332aad347e316a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The heart rate variability (VFC) decreases gradually during progressive exercise, which tends to stabilization in intermediate loads. Initially, the possibility of identification of a threshold of this variable (LiVFC1), assumed as demarcating of the transition of the vagal withdrawal for the predominance of the sympathetic activity in the control of the FC was demonstrated. Later, a possibility of a second point of transition was presented (LiVFC2). The objective of this research was to obtein more evidences of validity of the determination of this LiVFC, verifying the influence of the protocol of test in the diverse employed methods. Twenty one healthy subjects (24,8 ± 5,2 years; 76,7 ± 11,4 kg; 178,8 ± 7,8 cm) were submitted randomly to three experimental tests in an ergometer cycle: PAi5w/i ; PB30w/1 and PC45w/3 . The VFC - SD1 index of the Poincaré plots - (Polar® S810i) and blood lactate concentrations was measured (YSI@1500 Sport). Determination of LiVFC1 was considered by these methods: 1°) LiVFCLIM - SD1 minor the 3 ms; 2°) LiVFCTUL - difference between the SD1 of two consecutive stages < 1 ms; of LiVFC2: 1°) LiVFC2LIM - subdivision of curve of VFC in two straight lines, from the LiVFCLIM. The lactate thresholds was identified from the following method for LL1 : 1°) LLINADIR - smaller value equivalent of [La] /load; 2°) LL1FIXO - 2 mmol.1-1 for LL2: 1°) LL2THO - previous load to two consecutive increases, higher or equal the1 mmol.1-¹ ; 2°) LL2FIXO - 4 mmol-1-1. In analysis intra-protocol for the first threshold of transition (LT1), it was verified that the referring load to the LiVFCLIM method was similar between the protocols; whereas, in the LiVFCTUL the values of PC45w/3 was greater and different of the PA15w/1 (p&#8804; 0,05). Moreover, it was verified, that as much under effect of the increment and/or duration of stage, the LiVFC1 followed the alterations in the LL1. The distinct methods of LT1, it was observed that are in comparable levels in the PA15w/&#305; (r = 0,45 - 0,47; p&#8804; 0,05) and in the PB30w/1. On the other hand, the second threshold of transition (LT2), the load in the LjVFC2LIM presented higher values in the PB30w/1 compared with PA15w/&#305; (p &#8804; 0,05). To testing it influences the distinct protocols, the LiVFC2 LIM varied contrary direction the alterations in the LL2. The diverse methods of the LT2 differ in the three protocols, but they present moderate degree of association (r = 0,43 - 0,72). These data show that, the spite of the evidences of that the LiVFCLIM is not dependent protocol, is necessary caution in the use of this as an indicator of aerobic fitness, which had low the association to the LL1 . On the other hand, the LiVFC2LIM suffers modifications because the alteration in the amplitude and duration of the protocols, however, shows enough discriminatory power of the aerobic fitness, that exactly situated in distinct intensity of the LL2. / A variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC) diminui gradativamente durante exercício progressivo, com tendência a uma estabilização em cargas intermediárias. Inicialmente, foi demonstrada a possibilidade de identificação de um primeiro limiar desta variável (LiVFC1), assumido como demarcador da transição da retirada vagal para a predominância da atividade simpática no controle da FC. Posteriormente, foi apresentada a possibilidade de um segundo ponto de transição (LiVFC2). O objetivo deste estudo foi obter evidências adicionais de validade na determinação destes LiVFC, verificando a influência do protocolo de teste nos diversos critérios empregados. Vinte e um sujeitos saudáveis (24,8 ± 5,2 anos; 76,7 ± 11,4 kg; 178,8 + 7,8 cm) foram submetidos aleatoriamente a três testes experimentais em cicloergômetro: PA15w/1 ; PB30w/1 ; e PC45w/3 . Foram medidas a VFC índice SD1 da plotagem de Poincaré (Polar® S810i) e concentrações sangüíneas de lactato (YSI@1500 Sport). Para determinação do LiVFC1 considerou-se os métodos: 1°) LiVFCLIM SD 1 inferior a 3 ms; 2°) LiVFCTUL diferença entre o SD1 de dois estágios consecutivos for menor que 1 ms; e para o LiVFC2: 1°) LiVFC2LIM subdivisão da curva de VFC em duas retas, a partir do LiVFCLIM . Os limiares de lactato foram identificados a partir dos seguintes critérios para LL1: 1°) LLINADIR - menor valor equivalente de [La]/carga; 2°) LL1FIXO - 2 mmol.1-¹; e para LL: 1°) LL2THO carga que precede dois aumentos consecutivos, superiores ou iguais a 1 mmol.1-¹ ; 2°) LL2FIXO 4 mmol.1-¹. Na análise intra-protocolo para o primeiro limiar de transição (LT1), verificou-se que a carga referente ao método LiVFCLIM foi similar entre os protocolos; enquanto que, no LiVFCTUL os valores do PC45w/3 foram superiores e diferentes do PA15w/1 (p&#8804; 0,05). Além disso, verificou-se, que tanto sob efeito da amplitude quanto da duração do estágio, os LiVFC1 acompanharam as alterações nos LL1. Para os distintos critérios de LT1, observou-se que estão em intensidades semelhantes no PA15w/&#305; (r = 0,45 0,47; p&#8804; 0,05) e no PB30w/1 . Por outro lado, para o segundo limiar de transição (LT2), a carga no LiVFC2LIM apresentou valores maiores no PB30w/1 comparada aos do PA15w/1 (p&#8804; 0,05). Ao se testar a influência dos distintos protocolos, o LiVFC2 LIM variou em magnitude e direção contrária as alterações no LL2. Os diversos métodos do LT2 diferem nos três protocolos, mas apresentam moderado grau de associação (r = 0,43 a 0,72). Desse modo, pode-se concluir que a despeito das evidências de que o LiVFCLIM não é protocolo-dependente, é necessário cautela na utilização deste como variável indicadora da aptidão aeróbia devido à baixa associação aos LL1. Contudo, o LiVFC2 LIM sofre modificações com as alterações na amplitude e duração dos protocolos, no entanto, apresenta razoável poder discriminatório da aptidão aeróbia, mesmo que situado em intensidade distinta dos LL2.

Submitted by JULIANA APARECIDA CERQUEIRA null (julianacerqueira.vet@gmail.com) on 2017-08-16T14:34:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação PDF.pdf: 1523644 bytes, checksum: 34b73cfc23737b94845062cc56505e49 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-22T20:39:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cerqueira_ja_me_jabo.pdf: 1523644 bytes, checksum: 34b73cfc23737b94845062cc56505e49 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-22T20:39:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cerqueira_ja_me_jabo.pdf: 1523644 bytes, checksum: 34b73cfc23737b94845062cc56505e49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / As principais alterações fisiológicas ou patológicas induzidas pelo exercício que ocorrem na musculatura esquelética ou cardíaca podem ser identificadas por meio de biomarcadores séricos. Consolidados em atletas da espécie humana e equina, são praticamente inexistentes em cães estudos sobre a dinâmica destes biomarcadores relacionados com a prática de exercício máximo e treinamento. Objetivou-se determinar a cinética dos biomarcadores séricos musculares creatina quinase (CK), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), mioglobina; e cardíacos, troponina cardíaca I (cTnI) e creatina quinase isoenzima MB (CK-MB) de cães submetidos a esforço intenso e condicionamento aeróbio. A ação da venopunção sobre os biomarcadores também foi avaliada. Foram utilizados 18 cães hígidos da raça Beagle distribuídos em três grupos: sedentário (S), não treinado (NT) e treinado (T). Os cães foram submetidos a dois testes de esforço incremental (TEI-1 e TEI-2) para obtenção da curva lactato-velocidade (CLV). Verificou-se se a CLV teve modelo exponencial. O programa de treinamento foi realizado em esteira por 8 semanas na velocidade relacionada a 70-80 % do limiar de lactato (VLL). Determinou-se a velocidade correspondente a frequência cardíaca no momento da fadiga (VFCFadiga). Os biomarcadores séricos foram quantificados nos momentos basal, antes e 1, 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72 h após os TEIs. Aplicou-se análise de variância de dois fatores para amostras repetidas no tempo seguida por teste de Tukey e correlação de Pearson (P≤0,05). Elevação (P≤0,05) das velocidades correspondentes a VLL e VFCFadiga evidenciou melhora da aptidão aeróbia do grupo T. Observou-se aumento (P≤0,05) na atividade sérica de CK e AST, com valores máximos após 6 h em ambos os TEIs, com retorno aos valores basais após 12-24 h. Em conjunto, a avaliação do comportamento dos biomarcadores musculares revelou recuperação do tecido muscular após os TEIs. A cTnI e a mioglobina não se alteraram. A CK-MB apresentou pico de elevação (P≤0,05) após 1 h e retorno aos valores basais após 12 h em ambos os TEIs, apontando ausência de lesões musculares cardíacas. Observou-se forte correlação entre CK-AST (P=0,849) e correlação moderada entre CK-CK-MB (0,493) e AST-CK-MB (0,501). Parece que as atividades séricas da CK e AST podem sofrer interferência da venopunção jugular. Conclui-se que o exercício intenso provocou aumento fisiológico das atividades séricas das enzimas musculares e cardíacas com rápida recuperação, sem indicativo de lesões. O protocolo de condicionamento físico melhorou o rendimento dos cães, mas não influenciou a atividade sérica das enzimas musculares e cardíacas. Para o monitoramento desportivo em cães a CK-MB foi o biomarcador mais confiável. / The main physiological or pathological alterations induced by exercise on skeletal or cardiac musculature can be identified using serum biomarkers. While studies on the dynamics of such biomarkers are consolidated in humans and horses, they are virtually inexistent on maximum exercise and training among dogs. This study aimed to determine the kinetics of the muscle serum biomarkers creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and myoglobin and of cardiac biomarkers cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) of dogs subjected to intense effort and aerobic conditioning. The effect of venipuncture on the biomarkers was also assessed. Eighteen healthy Beagle dogs were assigned to three groups: sedentary (S), untrained (U), and trained (T). The dogs were subjected to two incremental effort tests (IET-1 and IET-2) so that their lactate vs. velocity curve (LVC) could be obtained. It was verified whether LVC followed an exponential model. The eight-week training program was carried out on a treadmill with speed set to 70-80% of the velocity at lactate threshold (VLT). The velocity corresponding to the heart rate at the moment of fatigue (VHRFatigue) was determined. Serum biomarkers were quantified at the baseline, before, and 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after the IETs. Two-factor analysis of variance was applied for samples repeated over time followed by Tukey’s test and Pearson correlation (P≤0.05). The increase (P≤0.05) in the velocyties corresponding to VLT and VHRFatigue indicated an improvement in aerobic fitness of group T. Serum activity of CK and AST increased (P≤0.05), reached maximum values after 6 h in both IETs, and returned to baseline levels after 12-24 h. As a whole, the assessment of the behavior of muscle biomarkers showed recovery of muscle tissues after the IETs. Levels of cTnI and myoglobin were unaltered. Peak CK-MB (P≤0.05) was observed 1 h into the IETs and returned to baseline levels 12 h after they finished, indicating no cardiac muscle lesions. A strong correlation between CK and AST (P=0.849) and moderate correlations between CK and CK-MB (0.493) and AST and CK-MB were observed. Apparently, serum activities of CK and AST may be impacted by jugular venipuncture. It is concluded that intense exercise led to a physiological increase in serum activities of muscle and cardiac enzymes with rapid recovery and no apparent lesions. The physical conditioning protocol improved the performance of the dogs, but did not impact the serum activity of muscle and cardiac enzymes. CK-MB was the most reliable sports monitoring biomarker in dogs. / CNPq: 132811/2016-2

Submitted by ISABELA MAIA DA CRUZ FERNANDES null (isabelamaia.cf@gmail.com) on 2017-09-06T19:07:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Defesa_Isabela_final_com certificado.pdf: 1267984 bytes, checksum: ad309a61c522002d4498d84f2bb8f0fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-11T19:23:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_imc_me_prud.pdf: 1267984 bytes, checksum: ad309a61c522002d4498d84f2bb8f0fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-11T19:23:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_imc_me_prud.pdf: 1267984 bytes, checksum: ad309a61c522002d4498d84f2bb8f0fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Introduction: The non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) is the most commonly found in clinical practice as well as being one of the most discussed problems in the world. Individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) have a lower level of physical activity when compared with individuals without NSCLBP, and therefore a decrease in aerobic power (V̇O2max). The guidelines of NSCLBP recommend as treatment the practice of physical exercise, as they claim to be effective in reducing the intensity of pain and functional disability. However, studies that use exercise as a treatment for LBP fail to prescribe exercise in a specific way. Objective: Evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different treadmill protocols for aerobic fitness determination in individuals with and without NSCLBP. Materials and Methods: Twenty individuals (10 with NSCLBP and 10 without NSCLBP) underwent two tests (modified Bruce and incremental) on treadmill. The following were collected during the tests: oxygen consumption (V̇O2), heart rate (HR), rate perceived exertion (RPE 6-20), blood lactate concentration ([Lac]), respiratory quotient (RQ) and pain intensity. Independent t-test was used to evaluate the difference between groups. Differences in physiological responses within groups (with and without NSCLBP) and between groups (Group vs. Test Interaction) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: When the groups were compared, no differences were observed on age (p-value = 0.839) or HRrest (p-value = 0.730), however the group with NSCLBP was overweight (p-value = 0.031). Only for the respiratory quotient (RQ) variable was observed a main effect of the test (p-value = 0.015) with higher RQ values in the modified Bruce test than in the incremental test. Conclusion: Both tests are good methods for assessing aerobic fitness. However, it can be speculated that using incremental test is a better method for prescribing treatment for this population.

The taxonomical identification of freshwater green microalgae is highly relevant problem in Phycology. In particular, the taxonomical identification of samples from the Selenastraceae family of algae is considered particularly problematic with many known inconsistencies. Biologists manually inspect and analyze microscope images of alga strains, and typically carry out several complex and time-consuming procedures that demand considerable expert knowledge. Such practical limitations motivated this investigation on the applicability of image processing, pattern recognition and visual data mining techniques to support the biologists in tasks of species identification. This thesis describes methodologies for the classification of green alga images, considering both traditional automated classification processes and also a user-assisted incremental classification process supported by Neighbor Joining tree visualizations. In this process, users can interact with the visualizations to introduce their knowledge into the classification process, e.g. by selecting suitable training sets and evaluate the results, thus steering the classification process. In order for visualization and classification to be feasible, accurate features must be obtained from the images capable of distinguishing between the different species of algae. As morphological shape properties are a fundamental property in identifying species, suitable segmentation and shape feature extraction strategies have been developed. This was particularly challenging, as different alga species share common morphological characteristics. Two segmentation methodologies are introduced, in which one relies on the level set method and the other is based on the region growing principle. Although the contour-based approach is capable of handling the uneven conditions of green alga images, its computation is time-consuming and not suitable for real time applications. A specialized formulation of the region-based methodology is proposed that considers the specific characteristics of the green alga images handled. This second formulation was shown to be more efficient than the level set approach and generates highly accurate segmentations. Once accurate alga segmentation is achieved, two descriptors are proposed that capture alga shape properties, and also an effective general shape descriptor that computes quantitative measures from two signatures associated to the shape properties. Experimental results are described that indicate that the proposed solutions can be useful to biologists conducting alga identification tasks once it reduces their effort and attains satisfactory discrimination among species. / A identificação taxonômica de algas verdes de água doce é um problema de extrema relevância na Ficologia. Identificar espécies de algas da família Selenastraceae é uma tarefa complexa devido às inconsistências existentes em sua taxonomia, reconhecida como problemática. Os biólogos analisam manualmente imagens de microscópio de cepas de algas e realizam diversos procedimentos demorados que necessitamde conhecimento sólido. Tais limitaçõesmotivaramo estudo da aplicabilidade de técnicas de processamento de imagens, reconhecimento de padrões e mineração visual de dados para apoiar os biólogos em tarefas de identificação de espécies de algas. Esta tese descreve metodologias computacionais para a classificação de imagens de algas verdes, nas abordagens tradicional e baseada em classificação visual incremental com participação do usuário. Nesta última, os usuários interagem com visualizações baseadas em árvores filogenéticas para utilizar seu conhecimento no processo de classificação, como por exemplo, na seleção de instâncias relevantes para o conjunto de treinamento de um classificador, como também na avaliação dos resultados. De forma a viabilizar o uso de classificadores e técnicas de visualização, vetores de características devem ser obtidos das imagens de algas verdes. Neste trabalho, utiliza-se extração de características de forma, uma vez que a taxonomia da família Selenastraceae considera primordialmente as características morfológicas na identificação das espécies. No entanto, a obtenção de características representativas requer que as algas sejam precisamente segmentadas das imagens. Esta é, de fato, uma tarefa altamente desafiadora considerando a baixa qualidade das imagens e a maneira pelas quais as algas se organizam nas imagens. Duas metodologias de segmentação foram introduzidas: uma baseada no método Level Set e outra baseada no algoritmo de crescimento de regiões. A primeira se mostrou robusta e consegue identificar com alta precisão as algas nas imagens, mas seu tempo de execução é alto. A outra apresenta maior precisão e é mais rápida, uma vez que as técnicas de pré-processamento são especializadas para as imagens de algas verdes. Uma vez segmentadas as algas, dois descritores para caracterizar as imagens foram propostos: um baseado em características geométricas básicas e outro que utiliza medidas quantitativas calculadas a partir das assinaturas de forma. Resultados experimentais indicaram que as soluções propostas têm um bom potencial para serem utilizadas em tarefas de identificação taxonômica de algas verdes, uma vez que reduz o esforço nos procedimentos manuais e obtém-se classificações satisfatórias.

James Mahoney & Kathleen Thelen (2010) desenvolveram um modelo teórico que permite observar e classificar os padrões de mudança institucional gradual e comparar os casos empíricos observados. A teoria liga modelos particulares de mudança institucional incremental a características do contexto político e às propriedades das instituições, que permitem estabelecer tipos específicos de agentes e de estratégias de mudança. De acordo com os autores, a mudança institucional gradual frequentemente ocorre quando há problemas de interpretação e execução de regras, criando a lacuna necessária para os atores interpretarem as normas existentes e implementarem a política pública de novas maneiras. Esta dissertação pretende demonstrar, de acordo com Mahoney & Thelen (2010), o processo de conversão institucional em curso nas Guardas Municipais brasileiras após a indução promovida pelo Governo Federal, na esteira de reformas da Política Nacional de Segurança Pública, iniciada nos anos 2000. A relevância do trabalho reside na tentativa de entender a evidência trazida pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), na pesquisa do Perfil dos Municípios Brasileiros realizada em 2006 (MUNIC 2006), de que as Guardas Municipais extrapolam suas funções na medida em que exercem atividades típicas de polícia ostensiva, em desacordo com o Artigo 144 da Constituição Federal, que estrutura a política de Segurança Pública brasileira. / James Mahoney & Kathleen Thelen (2010) developed a theoretical model that allows us to observe and classify the patterns of gradual institutional change and compare the observed empirical cases. The theory conect particular models of incremental institutional change to political context characteristics and properties of institutions that allow the establishing of specific types of agents and strategies of change. According to the authors, the gradual institutional change often occurs when there are problems of interpretation and enforcement of rules, creating the necessary gap for the actors to understand the existing standards and implement public policy in new ways. This thesis intends to demonstrate, according to Mahoney & Thelen (2010), the process of \"institutional conversion\" taking place in Brazilian Municipal Guards after the induction promoted by the Federal Government in the row of reforms of the National Public Security, which began in the years 2000. The relevance of the work lies in trying to understand the evidence brought by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - in the research profile of Brazilian counties held in 2006 (MUNIC 2006) that the Municipal Guards go beyond their duties when they perform typical ostensible police activities, in discordance with Article 144 of the Constitution, which structures the Brazilian Public Security Policy.