This thesis examined how the perceptions of South Africans of Indian descent as foreign, by fellow South African citizens, have changed or the extent to which they have remained the same from the time of the first arrival of indentured labourers from India in 1860 to the present. In so doing the study also revealed how those classified as ‘Indian’ in South Africa have constructed their identities in relation to, and because of, differing social, political and economic contexts. In order to achieve the aims of this research, the study was periodised based on the key political transitions over the last 150 years. As a result, the constructions and perceptions of ‘Indians’ by others were explored from the period of indenture under colonialism (1860-1910), through to the formation of Union (1910-1948), into apartheid (1948-1994) and ultimately through to democracy (1994-present). The data collection methods included documentary sources, oral histories, and semi-structured interviews. The main documentary sources collected included articles from The Mercury and Ilanga newspapers, spanning 150 years but taken from the key periods as discussed above. In addition it was deemed equally important to conduct in-depth interviews with South African families of Indian descent. The trajectories of five such families, and of the individuals within these family units, were explored, covering the period from the arrival of the first immigrant from India to South Africa, to the present day. The findings reveal that the perceptions of ‘Indians’ as foreign have endured more than it has altered in the psyche of fellow South Africans through each of the political dispensations and because the dominant racial discourse has persisted throughout the various periods albeit through varying mechanisms and diverse narratives justifying it at different times. Although democracy brought with it hope for a more inclusive South Africa with the African National Congress-dominated parliament adopting a constitution based on shared citizenship, the basis of the policies that followed however represent the antithesis of inclusion by entrenching existing notions of difference through the perpetuation of ‘race’ categories that were previously reproduced and legitimised by the repealed apartheid-era Population Registration Act. Blatant xenophobic discourse against South Africans of Indian descent are indeed still apparent, with the latest expressions centering around notions of autochthony which imply that ‘Indians’ are not indigenes of South Africa and hence should have no claim to its resources. / Ph.D. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2014.

xv, 397 p. : ill., map, ports. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT E99.C8742 W372 2001 / My dissertation, GROWING UP INDIAN: AN EMIC PERSPECTIVE describes the historical and contemporary experiences of the Coquille Indian Tribe and their close neighbors (as manifested in my oven family, in relation to their shared cultures, languages, and spiritual practices. I relate various tribal reactions to the tragedy of cultural genocide as experienced by those indigenous groups within the "Black Hole" of Southwest Oregon. My desire is to provide an "inside" (emic) perspective on the history and cultural changes of Southwest Oregon. I explain Native responses to living primarily in a non-Indian world, after the nearly total loss of aboriginal Coquelle culture and tribal identity through decimation by disease, warfare, extermination, and cultural genocide through the educational policies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Government, and over zealous Euro-Americans. After removal from their homelands, there was little opportunity for the remaining survivors to continue living in their traditional ways. Hence the adoption of living primarily by White man's standards and practices became standard for the Indians of southwest Oregon and their descendants. My resources have been, in part, the Southwest Oregon Research Project (SWORP) archives housed in Special Collections of the UO Knight Library, along with works of Harrington, Chase, Waterman, Frachtenberg, Jacobs, and others. Additional sources include some personal papers on the Coastal Land Claims work by my father, George B. Wasson Sr. (1916 to 1947), my childhood relationships with older relatives and tribal elders, and my own experience navigating both Native American and White worlds in the 20 th century. This dissertation includes both my previously published and co-authored materials, as well as previously unpublished essays. / Committee in charge: Dr. Jon M. Erlandson, Chair; Dr. C. Melvin Aikens; Dr. Madonna L. Moss; Dr. Rennard Strickland (outside member); Dr. Barre Toelken

Orientador: John Manuel Monteiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T14:28:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_EdsonHely_D.pdf: 9425639 bytes, checksum: 4831a01b584d056431eaa04ec8a51353 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este estudo procurou, a partir das memórias orais dos índios Xukuru e da pesquisa em registros escritos, discutir as conexões temporais entre as mobilizações indígenas pelas terras, nos anos 1980, e as ocorridas na década de 1950, quando os Xukuru conquistaram o reconhecimento oficial com a implantação de um Posto do Serviço de Proteção aos Índios (SPI) na Serra do Ororubá, em Pesqueira/PE. Em ambos os períodos, os índios afirmaram seus direitos baseados nas memórias de seus antepassados que receberam as terras como recompensa pela participação na Guerra do Paraguai, em um contexto de disputas pelas terras do oficialmente extinto Aldeamento de Cimbres/Ororubá em fins do século XIX. A pesquisa das memórias possibilitou perceber os elos de uma história coletiva, de um pertencimento em um conjunto de situações e experiências históricas que conferem uma identidade baseada em um espaço ancestral comum. Nos relatos das memórias orais dos Xukuru do Ororubá, é possível perceber outros acontecimentos que expressaram o cotidiano, os espaços e momentos de sociabilidades vivenciados na Serra do Ororubá, o significado de Cimbres como um espaço de referência da memória mítico-religiosa para a afirmação da identidade do grupo, as relações de trabalho com os fazendeiros ou como operários na indústria, em Pesqueira. E ainda nas atividades exercidas para sobrevivência por falta de terras e em razão da seca, na lavoura canavieira na Zona da Mata Sul pernambucana e Norte alagoana ou nas plantações de algodão no Sertão paraibano. São fragmentos colhidos de relatos individuais, de memórias autobiográficas, mas que fazem parte de uma história coletiva. As reflexões aqui apresentadas procuraram evidenciar como os Xukuru do Ororubá, apoiados na memória e na história que compartilham sobre o passado, fazem a releitura de acontecimentos que escolheram como importantes, para afirmar seus direitos enquanto um povo indígena, a partir do vivido, do concebido e do expressado / Abstract: This research analyzed the oral memories of Xukuru Indians as well as written records in order to understand temporal connections between their fights for land in the 1980s and those that happened in the 1950s, when the establishment of an office of the SPI in Ororubá Sierra, in Pesqueira/PE gave the Xukuru official recognition. In both periods, the Indians claimed their rights because they recalled that their ancestors had received the land as a reward for participating in the War of Paraguay, in a dispute for the land of the officially extinct Village of Cimbres / Ororubá in the end of the nineteenth century. The research brought out elements of these Indians¿ collective history as well as of a number of their shared historical experiences, which confer them an identity based on a common ancestral space. Accounts of the Xukuru of Ororubá¿s oral memories comprise moments that express their everyday life, places, and social activities created in Sierra Ororubá ¿ pointing out the significance of Cimbres as a space of reference for their mythical-religious memory, which supports the identity of the group ¿ in addition to employment relations with farmers and experiences as factory workers in Pesqueira. The Indians also report activities, performed for survival due to lack of land and drought periods, in sugar-cane plantations in Zona da Mata, in the South of Pernambuco and in the North of Alagoas, as well as in cotton plantations in Paraíba¿s Sertão. Such information emerges from fragments of individual accounts, from autobiographical memories, which are nonetheless part of their collective history. The findings presented here try to elucidate how the Xukuru of Ororubá, relying on memory and on their shared past history, reinterpret events they consider important to guarantee their rights as indigenous people, considering what they have experienced, conceived and expressed. / Doutorado / Historia Cultural / Doutor em História

Orientador: John Manuel Monteiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade EStadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T22:36:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sant'Ana_GraziellaReisde_D.pdf: 8636939 bytes, checksum: d2eb8977713a9f8982992d808bf44e8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta tese versa sobre a etnopolítica Terena no campo das suas inúmeras associações, criadas nas últimas duas décadas e nos mais diversos "espaços" - territoriais, simbólicos, entre outros. O associativismo étnico é um fenômeno bastante recente na história das mobilizações e inserções políticas indígenas, tendo despontado em meio aos processos de luta pela redemocratização do país e, especificamente, no campo do embate/aliança com o poder tutelar e a busca por cidadania. As associações indígenas, hoje, são importantes executoras ou co-gestoras de políticas antes geridas pelo Estado e realizam essas atividades através do gerenciamento de recursos sob a forma de projetos (convênios, financiamentos, acordos), desenvolvidos nas mais diversas áreas (cultura, educação, gestão ambiental) e em meio, também, a toda uma estrutura burocrática. Falar das associações Terena, dentro desse conjunto, é falar também das incorporações e ressignificações nativas a partir das especificidades dadas pela cultura, história, morfologia social, territorialidade e relações com o Estado, especificamente, será problematizar sobre as ações das associações nas Terras Indígenas e nas cidades, sobre a importância dos naati (lideranças) nas mobilizações políticas locais e nacionais, sobre a participação recente no campo dos debates das políticas etnoambientais, ou mesmo sobre os novos espaços políticos ocupados pelas mulheres. A partir desses amplos aspectos, a etnografia de algumas associações Terena permite constatar que podem existir diversas formas de associativismo realizados por um mesmo grupo indígena. Além do mais, demonstra uma parte da realidade vivida pelo associativismo indígena fora da Amazônia Legal, região de maior concentração de associações indígenas, recursos financeiros, técnicos e da produção intelectual acadêmica sobre a temática. Enfim, as associações Terena, em suas mais variadas formas, representam importantes instrumentos de reflexão/ação, que estão possibilitando novos espaços de aprendizados e conquistas. / Abstract: This thesis deals with the Terena ethnopolitics on the field of its many associations created in the last two decades and in several "spaces" - territorial, symbolic, and others. The ethnic association is a fairly recent phenomenon in the history of the mobilizations and indigenous political insertions, being raised among the processes of struggle for the democratization of the country and specifically in the field of collision/alliance with the supervisory powers and the quest for citizenship. The indigenous associations today are major executors or co-managers of policy that were run by the Government and carry out these activities through the management of resources in the form of projects (concordat, financial support, agreements) developed in several areas (culture, education, environmental management), and also in the middle of the bureaucratic structure. To speak about Terena associations within this set, is also to talk of the incorporations and native resignifications from the specificity given by the culture, history, social morphology, territoriality and relations with the Government, specifically, it will problemize actions of organizations on indigenous lands and in cities, about the importance of naati (leaderships) in the local and national political mobilization, on recent participation in the field of the political ethnoenvironmental debates, or even on the new political spaces occupied by women. From these broad aspects, the ethnographies of some Terena associations permit us to conclude that there may be various forms of associations performed by the same indigenous group. In addition, shows a part of the reality lived by the indigenous associations outside the Legal Amazon, region of highest concentration of indigenous associations, financial resources, technical and academic intellectual production on the subject. Finally, the Terena associations, in its various forms, represent important tools for reflection/action, which are providing new spaces for learning and achievement. / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Orientadores: Robin Michel Wright, Osvaldo Zorzato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T20:28:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moura_NoemiadosSantosPereira_D.pdf: 33408678 bytes, checksum: f04c87cd52c7ae8627db32543977e3b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A pluralidade religiosa cristã entre os Terena constitui-se em um recurso de empowerment político-religioso. Os Terena que têm a necessidade de ser reconhecidos enquanto seres sociais "civilizados" e, ao mesmo tempo, como indivíduos, procuram se destacar sócio-politicamente interna e externamente às suas áreas. Para que se possa ser um líder político partidário ou político administrativo, é preciso ser escolhido pelos seus patrícios e projetar-se nos diversos cenários. Geralmente, esses indivíduos "emergentes" pertencem às famílias mais influentes - os "troncos" - e são educados desde a infância para liderar. A religião cristã proporciona um ambiente peculiar para tal empreendimento, no qual o Terena aspirante à liderança possa exercitar sua aprendizagem. Dada a organização da Missão Indígena UNIEDAS (MIU), reconhecida aqui como uma das alavancas para o poder, vários líderes se destacaram, porém os "seus espaços" não acomodaram a todas as lideranças concebidas no âmbito da Missão Indígena. Assim, novos espaços foram constituídos para acomodá-los no campo religioso sul-mato-grossense. As Igrejas pentecostais funcionaram como instrumentos apaziguadores internos dos ânimos e via de convivialidade nos espaços indígenas e não-indígenas. As novas denominações, que buscavam inserção em áreas indígenas, a conquistaram entre os Terena, uma vez que os indígenas também necessitavam do apoio daquelas. Nossa hipótese central é que essas novas denominações galvanizaram os dissidentes da UNIEDAS, ampliando os recursos de comunicação e locomoção internos e externos, agregando mais prestígio às novas lideranças, sua família e, consequentemente, para a etnia. Portanto, destacamos a religião cristã como uma via de empowerment Terena, embora consideremos que existam outras como a educação, as associações de moradores, o conselho tribal, as funções públicas de saúde e os Conselhos municipais, estaduais e federais da saúde e da educação, dentre outros. / Abstract: The Christian religious plurality among the Terena's is considered a source of political-religious "empowerment". The Terena's have the need to be recognized as "civilized social beings" and at the same time as individuals who wish to emerge socio-politically in and out of their boundaries. To be a political leader within a party or political administrator one must be chosen by those of their own and project oneself in different scenarios. Usually these emerging leaders belong to influent families -"the stem families" are educated since childhood to lead. The Christian religion provides a peculiar environment for such a venture, where the future Terena leader can exercise what they have learned. The UNIEDAS - Indian Mission (MIU) organization is recognized here as the springboard to power; many leaders have come into sight, but "its spaces" were not sufficient to accommodate all the leaders that were conceived in the Indian mission. So, new spaced were open in the religious field of Mato Grosso do Sul. The Pentecostal churches worked as internal peacemakers of temper and relationships in the indigenous and non-indigenous areas. The new denominations that wished to enter the Indian areas conquered these spaces because the Indians also needed their support. Our central hypothesis is that the new denominations galvanized the UNIEDAS dissidents, broadening the communication resources and internal and external locomotion giving a higher prestige to the new leaders their families and consequently their ethos. Thus we highlight the Christian religion as an empowerment avenue for the Terena'; although we also consider education, community centers, tribal council, county, State and Federal health and education councils among others as ways to reach it / Doutorado / Etnologia Indigena / Doutor em Ciências Sociais