Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A toponímia, no Brasil, tem se mostrado um campo rico de pesquisa dentro dos estudos onomásticos, visto seus objetivos ultrapassarem o ato de nominar, reconstituir valores sóciohistóricos, culturais e linguísticos, e revelar episódios de momentos distintos da vivência da comunidade. O estudo acerca da Toponímia de Comunidades Indígenas do Município de Pacaraima partiu da hipótese de que os topônimos em Língua Portuguesa trazem na subjacência, no mínimo, um topônimo em língua indígena que se revela pelo estudo da etimologia e dos estratos linguísticos. A dissertação analisou traços histórico-culturais, linguísticos e etimológicos dos nomes de comunidades indígenas e procurou entender o que levou um povo a batizá-la com determinado topônimo, o que foi importante para essa denominação e se a comunidade recebera topônimos anteriores, assim como entender o que pode ter ocasionado a substituição de um topônimo por outro. O corpus constituiu-se de 27 acidentes humanos, comunidades indígenas de Pacaraima, na Terra Indígena São Marcos e na Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol. O trabalho foi norteado, principalmente, pelos parâmetros teóricos metodológicos de Dick (1990, 1992, 2000). A dissertação mostrou que a motivação toponímica volta-se principalmente para a fauna, a flora e a cultura da região, por exemplo Guariba, Bananal e Maruai, respectivamente. Enquanto a investigação da etimologia dos sintagmas toponímicos apresentou, como determinante, a fórmula simples, SN(N), Surumu, embora apareçam algumas complexas do tipo [SN (SN + Posp (+ Cóp)], wararapise (TR), organizou os topônimos em quatro grupos, considerando os seus elementos formadores: a) Topônimos em LP com correspondente em LI, b) Topônimos em LP sem correspondente em LI, c) Topônimos em LI com correspondente na LP e d) Topônimos em LI que sofreram aportuguesamento. Nesse quadro, a maior ocorrência está no item a da classificação e a menor no item b. O estudo evidenciou, na classificação taxionômica, os zootopônimos, os fitotopônimos e os ergotopônimos. Finalmente, ratificou o alcance das narrativas orais na reconstituição da memória e da história das comunidades, da mesma forma que comprovou a presença de línguas subjacentes aos atuais topônimos em Português.

Cultural festivals have become a prominent topic of research because of their socio-economic value. However, thus far, limited research has been conducted on the more profound issue of the possible contribution of festivals towards constructing a cultural identity. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the role that one particular festival, the Lamu Cultural Festival, plays in constructing cultural identity, particularly when people from different cultural backgrounds are involved. Lamu in Kenya was chosen as the study area, due to its rich and unique cultural heritage, with the main aim of investigating whether the Lamu Cultural Festival is helping to preserve the cultural heritage of this area and/or to create a new Lamu identity. An anthropological approach was used to conduct the study on cultural identity. The research was conducted on the 14th annual Cultural Festival in Lamu, where the festival has taken place since 2001, after the Island was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The best way to understand another culture is to experience it first-hand by travelling to the destination, hence the use of participant observation for data collection. The dissertation looks at various debates regarding identity construction through cultural festivals. It also investigates the development of festival literature, festival tourism and the history of festivals. Cultural practices among the Aweer, the Bajuni, the Sanye and the Orma in Lamu, and these people's sense of cultural identity before the introduction of the Lamu Cultural Festival are also assessed, in order to understand the respective senses of cultural identity of these four indigenous groups involved in the festival. The Lamu Cultural Festival itself is also discussed in detail: the planning process, stakeholders and organisers, people's motivations for participating in the festival, festival items and their composition. The research findings may assist festival organisers in achieving a better understanding of the importance of involving indigenous communities in the planning process and possibly in achieving a Lamu identity over time. / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Historical and Heritage Studies / MHCS / Unrestricted

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In low-income, rural, and indigenous communities, metal mining is associated with numerous negative social, political, economic, human, and environmental health impacts. A number of studies from around the world have looked at specific aspects of human and environmental health related to various contaminants from mining and the landscape alterations associated with the processes, along with the growing community resistance and opposition to mining operations. The individual impacts of each of these components are understood, but a deeper understanding of the syndemic effects of a mine operating in a community, particularly in an indigenous community, was needed, especially as the industry is expected to grow around the world. Using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach, we utilized a combination of participatory mapping, interviews, and community mapping workshops to examine the underlying patterns and perceptions of environmental risk and healthy and unhealthy spaces in the Ch'orti' communities of Olopa, Guatemala that have been impacted by the Cantera Los Manantiales antimony mine. Results suggest that, since mining operations began, residents have experienced an increase in violence and community divisions surrounding the mine, a higher incidence of a variety of diseases, and an extensive loss of crops and domesticated animals. Furthermore, participants were concerned about both water and air contamination, all of which they attributed to the mine. The results of the study will be useful for local activist leaders and allied NGOs to effectively assess and improve health in indigenous communities impacted by the Cantera Los Manantiales mine in Olopa. The approach, particularly the use of participatory mapping methods, could be implemented in future studies attempting to understand syndemics and other environmental health risks and outcomes. / Master of Science / In low-income, rural, and indigenous populations, metal mining is associated with numerous negative social, political, economic, human, and environmental health impacts. A number of studies from around the world have looked at the specific ways that human and environmental health are impacted by mining processes, along with how and why communities protest mining operations. Each effect is well understood, but a deeper understanding of how those effects of a mine operating in a community interact was needed, especially as the mining industry is predicted to grow. Involving the community throughout the study, we used interviews and maps made by members of the Ch'orti' communities of Olopa, Guatemala that are impacted by the Cantera Los Manantiales antimony mine to understand patterns and perceptions of environmental risk and healthy and unhealthy places. Results suggest that, since mining operations began, residents have experienced an increase in violence and community divisions surrounding the mine, an increase in disease and illness, and an extensive loss of crops and domesticated animals. Furthermore, participants were concerned about both water and air contamination, all of which they attributed to the mine. The results of the study will be useful for local activist leaders and allied organizations to understand and improve health in the communities impacted by the Cantera Los Manantiales mine in Olopa, and the mapping methods that were employed will be useful for future studies that are mapping interacting health threats and outcomes.

This thesis examines issues of power, culture and schooling as they apply to an indigenous community located on Saibai Island in the Torres Strait of northern Australia. The thesis combines literature research with ethnography to consider Saibaian schooling in various contexts. These include the history of schooling in the region, the relevant educational literature and the actual physical and social contexts of schooling on Saibai. Early chapters deal with methodology, history and educational literature. Later chapters deal with ethnographic material using the themes of separation, culture and collaborative decision-making to organise the data. The work of Michel Foucault informs the analytical approach to issues of power. Hence power is considered to be ubiquitous, productive and linked to issues of knowledge and culture. School principals are identified as key figures in schooling and therefore play a major role in the thesis. As the principals are all men of non-Islander (anglo) backgrounds, this thesis represents a significant break from works within the realm of indigenous education that are heavily influenced by cultural anthropology and tend to focus only on the Aboriginal or Islander participants as objects of study. The thesis considers how Saibaian people are excluded from schooling through various techniques and practices that tend to place the principal in a position of autocracy vis a vis the school. Furthermore, I show how various schooling practices that aim to include community members in schooling are shaped and transformed such that they actually serve to entrench the principal in his position of control over schooling. This applies even in the way that cultural activities are incorporated into the school illustrating that no aspect of schooling is immune to relations of power. Indeed, the notion of Saibaian Islanders belonging to a unique cultural group is used by some principals to argue that they are unsuited to roles within the school's decision-making process. Ultimately, then, this thesis is about relations between school principals and community members in the context of schooling on Saibai Island.

As the urgency of tackling climate change globally is pressed against equally urgent needs for local development, the REDD framework is gaining importance as a flexible market- based mechanism, which can potentially be instrumental for the development of local communities. However, such win-win ambitions of projects that integrate development and conservation have been tested for the past two decades, and existing research attests to their questionable outcome with respect to either the interests of local communities, or the environmental objectives, or both. Among reasons for poor performance or failure, various analysts point out the suppression of local cultural and socio-productive systems by a homogenising modernist development agenda. This research is a case study of a REDD project, which claims to have addressed this issue: the Suruí Forest Carbon Project, developed by the indigenous people of Paiter Suruí, who inhabit the Indigenous Territory Sete de Setembro in the Brazilian Amazon. Based on the stated ambition of the Suruí Carbon Project to help preserve the indigenous culture of Paiter Suruí, the inquiry of this research aims to explore the potential of the REDD framework for safeguarding cultural integrity of indigenous peoples. This case study is intended to contribute to the discussion on whether and how ontological and cultural clashes can be mitigated within the REDD framework so as to enhance its benefits on the global and local levels. The experience of the Suruí Carbon Project in integrating the agenda of cultural preservation into the REDD mechanism is analysed by means of document study, telephone interviews with the authors and propagators of the project, and discourse analysis. Additionally, theoretical frameworks of assemblage, by T.M. Li, and of the dwelling perspective, by T. Ingold are employed for interpreting the empirical material. Among the key findings of this research is a demonstration that an epistemological intervention, which developmental projects in this context usually imply, doesn’t necessarily supress local autonomy. On the other hand, the example of the SCP demonstrates that the autonomy of local communities in defining their own developmental models doesn’t by itself guarantee that they will successfully preserve their ancestral cultures. Judging by the case of Paiter, a substantial modification of cultural and socio-productive models is inevitable, and the point of debate is which cultural aspects are to be compromised and how much.

With the rapid growth of the global ecotourism industry, the sector has had difficulty attaining its intended goals of environmental responsibility and local development. In recent years, there has been a recognized need for greater incorporation of local communities into tourism operations. This thesis explores the challenges facing ecotourism, while arguing for the potential found in ecotourism enterprises owned and operated by indigenous communities in Ecuador. An analysis of two distinct Ecuadorian cases demonstrates the potential for multi-faceted environmental and social impact in diverse contexts. Finally, by understanding the processes that build impact embedded in the business models, this study reveals key components and strategies applicable to community-based ecotourism around the world.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4615127 bytes, checksum: a2c1b11f4d20ffc516661b39d34b203e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aimed to analyze the scenario of indigenous communities, verifying the interaction between the mechanisms of stability and change trigerred in the current development process. The main empirical basis of the Surui indigenous community is located between the Brazilian states of Rondônia and Mato Grosso. This group stands out in the current scenario for its ability to articulate with various groups in society, such as their engagement in new environmental projects , and in partnerships with several NGOs, including foreign, large organizations and universities. Having a past marked by the wood exploration and by the intrusion of settlers installed near their territory, Terra Indígena Sete de Setembro, due to the Integrated Program for Colonization, the current indigenous reality of the Suruí conjugates trajectories and temporalities that combine and descombine from increased relationship with non-Indians. The methodology chosen was the case study, and the following data collection instruments were used: (a) Notes taking during the course "Economic Activities in Indigenous Lands" and on the reality in the villages of Suruí and (b) interviews with participants of the course, with the Surui, with political actors as well as academics involved in the issue of Rondônia development. The results indicate that there is a polarization between the political actors, the role of academia and the role of Indians in relation to the development process in Rondônia, so that the Suruí emerge as subjects of political action. It was possible to map different ethnic groups which are the Tenharim and the Jiahui of Amazon, the Acre Yawanauá, the Cinta Larga, the Tupari and Suruí of Rondônia, which provided a kind of mapping of indigenous issues in the Amazon, emphasizing the economic processes. This paper also discusses the different forms of economic integration experienced by the indigenous group the Paiter Suruí of Rondônia; points to the current process in which the monetization of social life is engaging, but, above all, it indicates that the rationality of the market is not unidirectional. The rationality of the market, besides living with traditional activities such as crafts, interacts with the indigenous logic, whose basis is the cultural fair where the mixing occurs between the sociability of the Paiter and reproduction of markets within the Indian villages .This paper points out the Suruí preexisting experience of reciprocity through the practice of donation, prior to contact of the indigenous with non-indigenous. Finally, this work joins an argumentative perspective that considers identity as dynamic and susceptible to transformation through relationships, interests or contexts. From the social dramas experienced by Suruí, we identified the transition between structure and anti-structure in its path. The structure is related to the social organization predetermined with the contact or before the beginning of it. The anti-structure was caused by internal conflicts in relation to wood exploration and its consequences in the daily life in the villages, which do not constitute a lack of structure, but an alternative model of social organization that emerges in the cracks of society, which are expressed by the projects and the enhancement of environmental education in indigenous communities. / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o cenário das comunidades indígenas, sobretudo verificando a interação entre os mecanismos de estabilidade e mudança acionados diante do atual processo de desenvolvimento. A principal base empírica se constitui na comunidade indígena Suruí cujo território se localiza entre os estados de Rondônia e Mato Grosso. Este grupo se destaca no atual cenário pela sua capacidade de articulação com diversos grupos da sociedade, refletida pelos novos projetos de cunho ambiental e pelas parcerias com diversas ONGs, inclusive estrangeiras, grandes organizações e universidades. Tendo um passado marcado pela exploração madeireira e invasões dos colonos instalados no entorno da Terra Indígena Sete de Setembro em decorrência do Programa Integrado de Colonização, a realidade hodierna dos Suruí conjuga trajetórias e temporalidades que se combinam e se descombinam a partir da intensificação relacional com os não índios. A metodologia escolhida foi o estudo de caso, e foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos de coleta: (a) Observação do curso Atividades Econômicas em Terras Indígenas e da realidade das aldeias dos Suruí e (b) entrevistas realizadas com participantes do curso, com os Suruí, com os atores políticos e também acadêmicos envolvidos na questão do desenvolvimento em Rondônia. Os resultados indicam que existe uma polarização entre os atores políticos, o papel da academia e a atuação dos índios no que tange ao processo de desenvolvimento em Rondônia, de modo que os Suruí emergem como sujeitos da ação política. No que se refere às atividades econômicas em terras indígenas, foi possível realizar entrevistas com atores sociais de diferentes etnias quais sejam Tenharim e Jiahui do Amazonas, Yawanauá do Acre, Cinta Larga, Tupari e Suruí de Rondônia, o que propiciou uma espécie de mapeamento da questão indígena na Amazônia, destacando os processos econômicos. Este trabalho também discute as diferentes formas de integração econômica vivenciadas pelo grupo indígena Paiter Suruí de Rondônia. Aponta para o atual processo no qual a monetarização da vida social é envolvente, mas, sobretudo indica que a racionalidade do mercado não é unidirecional. A racionalidade do mercado, além de conviver com atividades tradicionais, como a do artesanato, interage com a lógica indígena, cujo bojo é a feira cultural, local onde se dá a mescla entre a sociabilidade dos Paiter e a reprodução dos mercados no interior das aldeias indígenas. Evidencia na realidade Suruí a preexistência da vivência da reciprocidade por meio da prática da dádiva, anterior ao contato dos indígenas com os não indígenas. Finalmente, este trabalho se filia a uma perspectiva argumentativa que considera a identidade como dinâmica e passível de transformações através de relações, interesses ou contextos. A partir dos dramas sociais vivenciados pelos Suruí, foi identificada a transição entre estrutura e antiestrutura na sua trajetória. A estrutura se relaciona com a organização social pré-estabelecida antes do contato ou no início dele. A antiestrutura foi propiciada pelos conflitos internos em relação à exploração madeireira e suas consequências na vida cotidiana das aldeias, o que não configura necessariamente a ausência de estrutura, mas um modelo alternativo de organização social que emerge nas fendas da sociedade, que se expressam pelos projetos ambientais e a valorização da educação nas comunidades indígenas.

La thèse porte sur l'existence de conflits lorsqu'il s'agit d'adapter la norme internationale relative aux drogues au sein de l'ordre juridique interne de l’État colombien. En effet, la loi internationale inscrite dans les Conventions Internationales de Contrôle de Stupéfiant considère uniquement les usages de la médecine et de la science comme des usages autorisés et par conséquence toute déviance est fortement réprimée. Certaines communautés indigènes colombiennes ont une conception différente sur les usages licites de la feuille de coca. Elles vont se mobiliser afin de légaliser la commercialisation des produits dérivés de la feuille. Par conséquent, l'adoption de cette conventions s'avère être source de conflit au sein de la nation colombienne. En effet, l'État est face à un dilemme : d'un côté, il se doit de respecter les droits des peuples indigènes et de l'autre, il doit suivre ses obligations internationales de contrôle de stupéfiants. Ce conflit non-résolu entre deux groupes de normes qui s'opposent se trouve au cœur de notre étude. / The thesis deals with the conflicts that appears with the adoption of international drug treaties in the Colombian national law system. In fact, the international law treaties establish that the only legal uses for substances that have been placed under drug surveillance are for the medical or the scientific purposes and consequently any deviance is strongly repressed. Some Colombian indigenous communities have a different conception about the uses of coca leaf. They will mobilize to legalize the commercialization of coca leaf products. Consequently, the adoption of these conventions proves to be a source of conflict within the Colombian nation. With the increased participation of this social group in Colombian politics, the Colombian State faces a dilemma : atone side it has the international law duties and on the other side the respect of native communities rights. From this study case two fields of analyze can be treated : the first one is how international norms becomes interiorized within the states, and finally how are managed potentially conflicting norms.

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