Traditional knowledge and legal regime of access and benefitsdistributionThis work highlights interests around traditional knowledge access of local and indigenous communities stressing the need to establish institutions involved in order to give an efficient legal answer within the political, scientific and economic framework. The author critically reviews ideas developed about this issue among international, regional and local spheres formulating the thesis of application of customary law, in particular about prior informed consent and benefits-sharing. Without disregard present conflicts management and those envisaged in the near future, implications and scenarios where State and international organizations determination must face this subject are addressed. / La ponencia pone en evidencia los intereses entorno al acceso a los conocimientos tradicionales de las comunidades indígenas y locales y marca la necesidad de definir los institutos en juego para dar una respuesta legal eficiente en el marco político, científico y económico. Pasa revista, críticamente, a los conceptos que han sido desarrollados entorno de la temática en los ámbitos internacionales, regionales y locales, y desarrolla la tesis de la aplicación del derecho consuetudinario en especial en lo atinente al consentimiento fundamentado previo y la distribución de beneficios. Sin desdeñar el tratamiento de los conflictos planteados, y los que se avizoran en un inminente futuro, se abordan las implicaciones y escenarios en los que la determinación de los Estados y de los organismos internacionales han de enfrentar en la materia.

Moving between two worlds: integrating interculturality in bilingual educationprograms in Cusco, PeruMany indigenous children in Peru are disadvantaged from birth, a situation which is exacerbated by the many deficiencies in the provision of educational services to rural communities. The Ministry of Education and non-governmental organizations are working together with teachers and community members to implement programs whose goal is a truly intercultural bilingual education. This study presents theresults of a research project which compared two rural schools: one follows the state curriculum; the other, more promisingly, works at the community level with the aim of preparing the children to move with confidence between the two worlds which make up the Peru of today. The study shows promising results in the experimental school in the use both of Spanish and of Quechua by the students. / Muchos niños indígenas del Perú viven en desventaja desde su nacimiento, con notables insuficiencias en la provisión de servicios de educación para las comunidades rurales. El Ministerio de Educación y grupos no gubernamentales están trabajando con maestros y miembros de comunidades rurales para implementarprogramas que se aproximan más a la visión de una educación intercultural y bilingüe. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un proyecto de investigación que comparó dos escuelas rurales: una sigue el programa educativo estatal; la otra, más prometedora, funciona en el nivel comunitario con la meta de preparar a los niños y niñas a movilizarse con confianza entre los dos mundos que forman el Perú de hoy. El estudio muestra resultados prometedores en la escuela experimental, tanto en el manejo del castellano como del quechua de los estudiantes.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-07-02T13:06:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Agnaldo Corrêa de Souza.pdf: 1970509 bytes, checksum: b94b7ec909be6f57d3a1bbd1a705d453 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-10T18:34:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Agnaldo Corrêa de Souza.pdf: 1970509 bytes, checksum: b94b7ec909be6f57d3a1bbd1a705d453 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-10T18:38:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Agnaldo Corrêa de Souza.pdf: 1970509 bytes, checksum: b94b7ec909be6f57d3a1bbd1a705d453 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-10T18:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Agnaldo Corrêa de Souza.pdf: 1970509 bytes, checksum: b94b7ec909be6f57d3a1bbd1a705d453 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research approaches tourism in indigenous communities in Amazonas state, highlighting the theoretical concepts and practices of development in their sustainable basis. It has the objective to interpret the social, economic and cultural transformations due to the visits of the tourist to the indigenous communities. Seeks to understand, through the eyes of indigenous and distinct theories, the relationship between the social interactions in the practices of tourism and its sustainable aspects. The study extends to indigenous communities in Manaus-AM, highlighting his economic strategy and the presentation to the tourism, of their intangible heritage, including their traditions and customs. Shows the effect of contact of the communities with the tourists, and analyzes the changes in the process of production of space, highlighting the promotion of development in its economic, social, environmental and cultural dimensions. It has been used a selection of interdisciplinary literature, a qualitative approach and a descriptive and interpretative study, using observation and description as a method to pick up the relationships and inter-relationships of the researched object with the enterprises, the institutions, the tourists and the communities. The study also discusses the relationship of communities with economic processes arising from tourist activities. / Esta pesquisa aborda o turismo em comunidades indígenas no estado do Amazonas, destacando os conceitos teóricos e as práticas de seu desenvolvimento em sua base sustentável. Ela tem como objetivo interpretar as transformações sociais, econômicas e culturais devido às visitas de turistas nas comunidades indígenas. Procurou-se compreender, por meio do olhar dos indígenas e de distintas teorias, as relações entre as interações sociais nas práticas do turismo e seus aspectos sustentáveis. O estudo se estende às comunidades indígenas no município de Manaus-AM, evidenciando a sua estratégia econômica e a apresentação de seu patrimônio imaterial, que inclui suas tradições e costumes ao turismo. Mostra os efeitos do contato das comunidades com os turistas, e analisa as mudanças no processo da produção do espaço, destacando a promoção do desenvolvimento em suas dimensões econômica, social, ambiental e cultural. Utilizou-se uma seleção bibliográfica interdisciplinar, uma abordagem qualitativa e um estudo descritivo e interpretativo usando a observação e a descrição como forma de captar as relações e inter-relações do objeto pesquisado com os empreendimentos, as instituições, os turistas e as comunidades. O estudo também problematiza as relações das comunidades com os processos econômicos advindos das atividades turísticas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gina Frausin.pdf: 16111303 bytes, checksum: efff5411fd2e09b5b1e678817ba478df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Sateré-Mawé is an indigenous ethnic group belonged to the linguistic trunk Tupi and inhabits the Indigenous Land Andirá-Marau, in the division of Amazonas and Pará states. As other ethnic groups from Brazil and from the world, the Sateré people go by changing on their customs and cultural identity. Researches and studies done with these groups are important to understand the relation between biological and ethnicity diversity, with the aim to register and preserve informations about eatable species, methods and use techniques of vegetable resources, whose results can generate patterns to conservation and proper use of these properties. The cultivation techniques and fruits preparation, seeds and eatable tuberous organs in two communities of the Sateré-Mawé group located in Maués city, Amazonas, were documented through semi-structured interviews and participant observations. The same way, were registered informations related to labor division and to material culture for this activities development. 81 species of alimentary plants were identified, belonging to 37 botanical families and 63 genus. The Sateré-Mawé people practice the itinerant agriculture in indigenous farming and capoeiras, cultivating predominantly manioc varieties. Other spaces used to obtain food are home yards, farms and forest areas, where in this last, they practice extractive activities. Modifications were observed on feed habits of these communities for the proximity to urban centers, where they obtain exogenous food items that do not belong to Sateré-Mawê material culture. Few researches about the Sateré-Mawé ethnobotany are found in literature, being this study an important subsidy to the knowledge of local flora uses. / Sateré-Mawé é uma etnia indígena que pertence ao tronco linguístico Tupi e habita a Terra Indígena (TI) Andirá-Marau, na divisa dos estados do Amazonas e Pará. Assim como outros grupos étnicos do Brasil e do mundo, os Sateré-Mawé passam por mudanças em seus costumes e identidade cultural. Pesquisas e estudos realizados com esses grupos são importantes para entender a relação entre a diversidade biológica e étnica, com a finalidade de registrar e preservar informações sobre os usos dos recursos vegetais, podendo gerar pautas para a conservação destes recursos. As técnicas de cultivo e preparação dos frutos, sementes e órgãos tuberosos alimentícios em duas comunidades da etnia Sateré-Mawé localizadas no município de Maués, Amazonas, foram documentadas por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação participante. Do mesmo modo, foram registradas informações referentes à divisão do trabalho e à cultura material para o desenvolvimento destas atividades. Foram identificadas 81 espécies de plantas alimentícias pertencentes a 37 famílias botânicas e 63 gêneros. Os Sateré-Mawé praticam a agricultura itinerante em roças e capoeiras, cultivando predominantemente variedades de mandioca. Outros espaços para a obtenção de alimentos são os quintais, os sítios e as áreas da floresta, sendo que nesta última realizam o extrativismo. Foram observadas modificações nos hábitos alimentares destas comunidades pela proximidade a centros urbanos, onde são adquiridos itens alimentares e elementos da cultura material industrializados. Poucas pesquisas sobre etnobotânica da etnia Sateré-Mawé são encontradas na literatura, sendo este um importante aporte ao conhecimento dos usos da flora local.

This thesis answers the research question: What role do institutions play in the adoption and non-adoption of Information Systems (IS) innovations? In exploring this question, institutional theory is used to develop an interpretation of behaviour by Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE) related to the adoption and non-adoption of IS innovation within the Taxco Silver Handicraft Sector. The research categorised the emergent data into established Mexican institutions, which allowed for the analysis of institutionalised responses to the introduction of new social structures. There is a need to understand behaviour related to adopting IS innovations through the beliefs of local agents. Interpretivist literature was used to explore how the adoption of IS innovations is influenced by the local context. This research developed a theoretical framework that combines Scott’s (2008) three-pillars of institutions (regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive); with the Seo and Creed (2002) framework for exploring the institutionalisation of IS innovations. This theoretical framework allowed for the exploration of the contestation between institutional entrepreneurs (agents advocating the adoption of new social structures) and those resilient to institutional change. This research makes a number of key contributions to the field of study. The development of a new theoretical framework is designed to assist future researchers in exploring the institutionalisation process. The methodological contribution emerges from the demonstrating the value of ethnographic case studies within handicraft sectors in developing economies. The practical contribution of this research lies in increasing our understanding of how and why new social structures are developed.

Although water covers 70% of the earth's surface, less than 1% of it is freshwater that can be used for drinking. Even in Canada, where there is an abundance of freshwater in groundwater and in rivers and lakes, there are many indigenous communities that lack a sustainable source of drinking water. Such is the case for the Six Nations of the Grand River, the largest indigenous Reserve in Canada, located within an hour drive from major urban centers in southern Ontario and where less than 9% of the residents have access to safe, treated potable water. The major tributaries that drain the Six Nations reserve are part of the McKenzie Creek Watershed, which has been characterized as having the highest loading of sediments and nutrients to the lower Grand River, which eventually drains into the eastern basin of Lake Erie. This research project was initiated by the Six Nations community, who wanted an update on the prevalence of fecal contamination in their drinking water sources (wells, cisterns). Secondly, the community wanted to know the ecosystem health status of tributaries flowing through the Six Nations Reserve (McKenzie and Boston Creeks), and to determine if land uses in the watershed were negatively affecting the health of these streams. A study conducted in the summer of 2018 confirmed that 29% of the tap water tested in 75 households were contaminated with E. coli; 40% of the wells and 15% of the cisterns were contaminated and these were distributed throughout the Reserve with no apparent pattern. A study conducted in the summer of 2019 found that the McKenzie Creek was highly polluted with total phosphorus (P), total suspended solids, turbidity and total-ammonia nitrogen (N), while Boston Creek was highly polluted with soluble reactive P and E. coli as well as total-nitrate N. Nitrogen concentrations at 14 stations were highly and significantly related to percentage of agricultural land in catchments. Elevated levels of pollutants have been observed in the two creeks for three decades, indicating that conditions will not improve without remedial actions. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24766号 / 地環博第238号 / 新制||地環||46(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 広英, 准教授 落合 知帆, 准教授 深町 加津枝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

The extraction of lithium, a crucial mineral for the production of batteries in the rapidlyexpanding electric vehicle and renewable energy sectors, has gained significant attention due toits environmental and social implications. This thesis provides a comprehensive literature reviewon the environmental and social challenges associated with lithium extraction from the LithiumTriangle countries, namely Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, through the lens of political ecology.Drawing upon a wide range of scholarly articles, reports, and case studies, this research examinesthe complex interplay between ecological dynamics and sociopolitical factors in the context oflithium extraction. The literature review explores key themes including land use conflicts, waterscarcity and pollution, indigenous rights and participation, governance and regulation, and globalmarket dynamics. The literature review reveals that lithium extraction in the Lithium Trianglecountries presents various environmental challenges. These include the large-scale use of waterresources, potential water contamination from mining activities, and the disruption of fragileecosystems. From a political ecology perspective, the review highlights the power dynamics andpolitical-economic structures that shape the governance of lithium extraction. It criticallyanalyzes the role of multinational corporations, government policies, and international marketforces in influencing the environmental and social outcomes of lithium mining operations.Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of recognizing and incorporating theperspectives and rights of local communities and indigenous groups in decision-makingprocesses. By adopting a political ecology perspective, it underscores the need for sustainable andsocially just approaches to lithium mining that prioritize environmental conservation, communityengagement, and equitable distribution of benefits. The findings of this literature review caninform future research, policy development, and advocacy efforts aimed at promoting responsibleand inclusive practices in the lithium industry. / Lithium utvinning, en nyckelkomponent i elbils- och förnybar energisektorns framväxt, haruppmärksammats för dess påverkan på miljö och samhälle. Denna avhandling utför enomfattande litteraturgenomgång om miljö- och samhällsutmaningar vid litiumutvinning i LitiumTriangel-länderna: Argentina, Bolivia och Chile. Genom att analysera en bred samlingvetenskapliga artiklar, rapporter och fallstudier utforskar studien det komplexa samspelet mellanekologi och sociopolitisk vid litiumutvinning. Litteraturgenomgången utforskar centrala ämnensom markkonflikter, vattenbrist och föroreningar, ursprungsbefolkningars rättigheter ochdeltagande, styrning och globala marknadskrafter. Resultaten avslöjar miljöutmaningar vidlitiumutvinning i Triangel-länderna, inklusive vattenanvändning, förorening ochekosystemstörningar. Genom ett politiskt ekologiskt perspektiv belyser översikten maktstruktureroch påverkan från multinationella företag, regeringspolitik och internationella marknadskrafter.Översikten understryker även vikten av att inkludera lokalbefolkningens ochursprungsbefolkningars perspektiv och rättigheter i beslutsprocesser. Studien främjar hållbara ochrättvisa tillvägagångssätt för litiumutvinning och visar att resultaten kan påverka framtidaforskning, policyutveckling och påverkansarbete för ansvarsfulla och inkluderande metoder inomlitiumindustrin.

Southwestern Alaska is a critically understudied region of Beringia, highlighted by the lack of paleoenvironmental reconstructions of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YK Delta). This sub-arctic region is a joint deltaic coastal lowland environment, home to 50 Yup’ik and Cup’ik communities. Anthropogenic climate change dramatically impacts the landscape. Increases in the intensity and occurrence of coastal flooding, the thaw of permafrost and tundra wildfire events have directly affected community resilience and their subsistence way of life. The YK Delta also contributes to the global atmospheric carbon budget as the region’s discontinuous permafrost thaws releasing stored carbon. These issues necessitate the filling of the regional paleoenvironmental knowledge to properly inform native populations and predict future changes to the landscape. Working with two communities on the outer YK Delta, namely, Kongiganak and Mekoryuk, this thesis presents initial paleoenvironmental studies which contribute to our understanding of the impacts of climate change on this region. The first effort documents the development of a loess plateau on the YK Delta during the Last Glacial Period (115,000 – 11,700 years ago), specifically during Marine Isotope Stage III (60,000 – 25,000 years ago), described in Chapter 2. This topic was developed from exposures at Kongiganak and Mekoryuk, and helps to refine the relative sea level history and aeolian processes of the YK Delta. Other efforts on Nunivak Island consist of preliminary results from the first late Holocene lacustrine reconstruction and the first attempt to provide context to coastal dune geomorphology, highlighted in Chapter 3. These efforts help to establish regional paleoenvironmental conditions in the late Holocene, methodology for future sampling, and provide important estimates of long-term coastal erosion.

O objeto geral desta pesquisa é o devir histórico-geográfico de largo espectro das sociedades mesoamericanas. Através dele se problematiza os fundamentos que animaram seu movimento de reprodução e formaram as condições objetivas de existência dos indígenas de Chiapas (México), onde o EZLN (Exército Zapatista de Libertação Nacional) tem por excelência seu campo de atuação. A investigação se concentra sobre a tendência integrativa do trabalho social em escalas progressivamente mais amplas, correpondendo a diferentes metabolismos geográficos em que as comunidades ameríndias eram configuradas ou mesmo descaracterizadas enquanto tais sob o imperativo de relações societárias supra-comunitárias, hierarquizadas e regionais. Este processo, em sua face colonial, desmontou e reestruturou radicalmente as territorialidades das sociedades ameríndias, atomizando e reduzindo sua organização territorial em comunidades locais de pequeno porte, ao passo que as articulava sob a ordem colonial da superexploração do trabalho a nível intercontinental. Esta integração-fragmentadora da formação territorial do México colonial engendrou elaborações étnico-identitárias, tanto singulares (grupos étnicos), quanto gerais (indígena), que se constituíram mediante tal geografia política colonial, muitas vezes radicando sua condição campesina, comunitária e autóctone como fundamento de sua própria etnicidade. A questão que se apresenta é a interrogação sobre o desenvolvimento histórico-geográfico das sociedades ameríndias na sua importância quanto ao entendimento do atual embate político em que os grupos e as comunidades estão inseridos em toda América Latina. A emergência e a atuação do movimento zapatista aparece como um ator insurgente, que permitiu um amplo processo de recuperação de terras indígenas mediante o levante armado de 1994, mas desde então tem sofrido uma feroz e sofisticada campanha de contra-insurgência protagonizada pelo Estado mexicano e seus apoiadores privados (nacionais e internacionais). O modo de vida indígena-comunitário passa a ser resignificado no âmbito de uma valorização étnico-cultural de sua ancestralidade, mas ao mesmo tempo é atravessado por processos fragmentadores que tensionam as bases e os laços da vida social comunitária. O metabolismo geográfico do capital monopolista transnacional reinsere os territórios indígenas sob uma geografia política altamente complexa, em que as configurações territoriais assumem um papel imperativo na normatização e no controle das práticas sociais e políticas. Por consequência da estrutura do metabolismo contemporâneo, a racionalização global-regional das geografias locais resulta em um grave problema cognitivo à elaboração da luta pelos atores locais, seja no campo ou na cidade, implicando dramaticamente sobre as possibilidades estratégicas do agir político. Este objeto específico é investigado em função do desenvolvimento das práticas políticas do EZLN, sobretudo, nos termos possíveis da ação regional e supra-comunitária. / The general object of this research is the broad historical and geographical becoming of Mesoamerican indigenous communities. Through it we discuss the fundamentals that inspired its playback movement and the formation of the objective conditions of existence of Chiapas\'s indigenous people (Mexico), where the EZLN (Zapatista Army of National Liberation) has quintessential their actuation\'s field. The investigation focuses on the integrative tendency of social work progressively in larger scales, the different geographical metabolisms in the Native American communities, largely were necessarily integrated. This process, in its colonial face, dismounted and seriously restructured the territoriality of Mesoamerican societies, atomizing and reducing its territorial organization in small local communities, while they were articulated under the colonial order of the overexploitation of labor in a inter-continental level. This fragmentary integration of the territorial formation of colonial Mexico engendered ethnic-identitarian elaborations, both singular (ethnic groups) and general (indigenous), which were constituted by such colonial political geography, often rooted in its peasant, communitarian and autochthonous condition as a foundation of their own ethnicity. The question that arises is the inquiry about the historical-geographic development of Amerindian societies in their importance in understanding the current political clash in which groups and communities are inserted throughout Latin America. The emergence and performance of the Zapatista movement appears later in this scenario as an insurgent actor, who allowed a broad process of recovery of indigenous lands by the armed uprising of 1994, but since has undergone a fierce and sophisticated campaign of counterinsurgency led by the Mexican State and its private backers (national and international). The Indian-communal way of life becomes reframed within an ethno-cultural appreciation of their ancestry, but at the same time is crossed by fragmenting processes tensioning the foundations and ties of community social life. The geographical metabolism of transnational monopolist capital reinserts indigenous territories in a highly complex political geography, where territorial settings play an imperative role in the regulation and control of social and political practices. As a result of the structure of contemporary metabolism, global-regional rationalization of local geographies results in a serious \"cognitive problem\" to the subjects in general, generating dramatic implications for strategic possibilities of political action. This particular object is investigated with the development of the EZLN\'s political practices, particularly on the possible terms of regional and supra-community action.