Les formes du temps chez Albert Cohen ont montré qu'il existe une interaction entre le temps chronologique romanesque et l'histoire écrite en filigrane l'ensemble des œuvres. Les différentes formes et modes d'expression du temps chez Cohen constituent le socle d'une écriture plurielle en contradiction avec son temps. L'œuvre de Cohen dépasse tous les clivages de la temporalité poétique, romanesque, lyrique, théâtrale, autobiographique, profane et sacrée pour atteindre une dimension universelle d'une construction du temps fondé sur la différence. Le récit a précisément pour rôle de permettre le décryptage du temps par l'homme à travers une expérience intime dont les différentes manifestations les plus fréquentes dans les romans cohéniens sont l'attente, la solitude, l'ennui et la mélancolie. Le moment intime est non seulement illimité mais il reste ouvert à plusieurs horizons ce qui permet d'ailleurs la cohabitation de multiples séquences spatio-temporelles. Avec l'Histoire, le temps admet deux réalités parallèles : une première, terrestre, à partir de laquelle l'homme commence à évaluer le temps chronologique et linéaire ; une seconde, mythique regroupant la première en lui donnant un ancrage dans le temps d'antan que l'écrivain régénère avec l'avènement d'un nouvel Adam.

The conventional approach for testing RF circuits is specification-based testing, which involves verifying sequentially all specification requirements that are promised in the data sheet. This approach is a long-time effective testapproach but nowadays suffers from significant drawbacks.First, it requires generation and capture of test signals at the DUT operating frequency. As the operational frequencies of DUT are increasing, it becomes difficult to manage signal generation and capture using ATE. As a consequence, there is a need of expensive and specialized equipment. In addition,as conventional tests target several parameters, there is a need of several data captures and multiple test configurations. As a consequence, by adding settling time between each test and test application time, the whole test time becomes very long, and the test board very complex.Another challenge regarding RF circuit testing is wafer-level testing. Indeed, the implementation of specification-based tests at wafer level is extremely difficult due to probing issues and high parasitic effects on the test interface.Moreover, multi-site testing is usually not an option due to the small count of available RF test resources, which decreases test throughput. Hence, the current practice is often to verify the device specifications only after packaging.The problem with this solution is that defective dies are identified late in the manufacturing flow, which leads to packaging loss and decreases the global yield of the process.In order to reduce production costs, there is therefore a need to develop test solutions applicable at wafer level, so that faulty circuits can be removed very early in the production flow. This is particularly important for dies designed to be integrated in Systems-In-Package (SIP).In this context, a promising solution is to develop indirect test methods. Basically, it consists in using DUT signatures to non-conventional stimuli to predict the result of conventional tests. The underlying idea is to learn during an initial phase the unknown dependency between simple measurements and conventional tests. This dependency can then be modeled through regression functions. During the testing phase, only the indirect measurements are performed and specifications are predicted using the regression model built in the learning phase.Our work has been focused on two main directions. First, we have explored the implementation of the alternate test method based on DC measurements for RF circuits and we have proposed a methodology to select the most appropriateset of DC parameters. Results from two test vehicles (a LNA using electrical simulations and a PA using real production data) indicate that the proposed methodology allows precise estimation of the DUT performances while minimizing the number of DC measurements to be carried out.Second, we have proposed a novel implementation of the alternate test strategy in order to improve confidence in alternate test predictions and to overcome the effect of limited training set sizes. The idea is to exploit model redundancy in order to identify, during the production testing phase, devices with suspect predictions; these devices are then are removed from the alternate test tierand directed to a second tier where further testing may apply.

Conventional waste water treatment processes are not completely effective in removing highly stable organic compounds. Photocatalytic degradation on titanium dioxide is a possible alternative technique for many classes of these compounds. Several studies have been done by other researchers to study mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation, which occurs either through direct oxidation by holes or via indirect oxidation by radical messengers. Titanium dioxide can oxidize substrates directly through hole oxidation mechanisms or indirectly through free radical mechanisms. Substrates must bind onto the catalyst surface to undergo direct oxidation by holes. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on four different classes of compounds; iodinated contrast agents (iohexol and diatrizoate), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (perylene and pyrene), the antibacterial agent triclosan and the pesticide atrazine, to investigate which of the compounds are adsorbed on the surface of titanium dioxide to undergo direct oxidation through electron holes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was conducted on triclosan and atrazine to determine if the desorption reaction is endothermic or exothermic. Powder X-ray diffraction was performed on all four classes of compounds to observe diffraction pattern of these compounds.

This thesis examined the delivery of medical bad news as a situational dilemma. When physicians have to convey distressing information, they must apparently choose between two negative communicative alternatives: To convey the diagnosis directly may distress and harm the patient, but to deny the diagnosis, in order to protect the patient and preserve hope, would risk compromising informed decision-making. Following Bavelas’ (1983) and Bavelas, Black, Chovil, and Mullet’s (1990) theory of situational dilemmas, the author predicted that experienced physicians would solve this dilemma by communicating the bad news indirectly (i.e., using honest but mitigated, softened, or hedged language). The experimental test of this prediction compared the language that physicians used when they communicated a diagnosis of metastasized cancer (the bad news condition) vs. a diagnosis of benign hemangiomas (the good news condition). In a within-subjects design, eight physicians with experience in palliative medicine conveyed these two diagnoses to 16 different volunteers who role-played the patients. The physicians and volunteers each had a schematic scenario with the medical background, but they otherwise improvised their interview, which was videotaped in split screen. Microanalysis of the physicians’ language focused on the sections where the physicians presented the good or the bad news for the first time. This analysis reliably assessed whether the physicians used direct or indirect terms in their naming of the diagnosis and in their evaluation of the news; whether they expressed certainty about the diagnosis; how they referred to the receiver of the diagnosis; and who they identified as the bearer of the news. The results of the microanalysis supported the prediction in this thesis: The physicians used indirect terms at a significantly higher rate when the news was bad than when the news was good. These results suggest that indirect language was the solution that these experienced physicians found for the situational dilemma of delivering bad news. In addition, the volunteer patients’ report after the bad news interview indicated that all of the volunteers understood the diagnosis and that virtually all appreciated the way the physician conveyed the bad news. These results provide evidence to support the effectiveness of indirect language in allowing physicians to convey bad news honestly while still being tactful. The findings of this study have direct implications for training physicians on how to break bad news in a manner that is both accurate and humane.

Indirect reciprocity describes a class of reputation-based mechanisms which may explain the prevalence of cooperation in groups where partners meet only once. The first model for which this has analytically been shown was the binary image scoring mechanism, where one's reputation is only based on one's last action. But this mechanism is known to fail if errors in implementation occur. It has thus been claimed that for indirect reciprocity to stabilize cooperation, reputation assessments must be of higher order, i.e. contingent not only on past actions, but also on the reputations of the targets of these actions. We show here that this need not be the case. A simple image scoring mechanism where more than just one past action is observed provides ample possibilities for stable cooperation to emerge even under substantial rates of implementation errors. (authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

In this study, optimization of a transformation and regeneration system via indirect and direct organogenesis in cotyledon, hypocotyl, petiole, leaf and shoot base tissues of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. ELK 345 and 1195) was investigated. Two different germination, three different callus induction and shoot induction medium was used for indirect organogenesis of sugar beet cultivar ELK 345. Except cotyledon, other explants (hypocotyl, petiole and leaf) produced callus. However no shoot development was observed from callus of these explants. Shoot base tissue of sugar beet cultivar 1195 was employed for direct organogenesis. Shoot development was achieved via direct organogenesis using 0.1 mg/L IBA and 0.25 mg/L BA. Root development and high acclimatization rate were accomplished from shoot base tissue. Different concentrations of kanamycin and PPT were applied to leaf blade explants to find out optimum dose for selection of transformants. Kanamycin at 150 mg/L and PPT at 3 mg/L totally inhibited shoot development from leaf blades. Moreover, an Agrobacterium mediated transformation procedure for leaf explants of ELK 345 was also optimized by monitoring transient uidA expression 3rd days after transformation. Effects of different parameters (vacuum infiltration, bacterial growth medium, inoculation time with bacteria, Agrobacterium strains and L-cysteine application in co-cultivation medium) were investigated to improve transformation procedure. Vacuum infiltration and Agrobacterium strains were significantly improved transformation procedure. Percentage of GUS expressing areas on leaves increased three folds from the beginning of the study.

The objective of the study was to investigate the optimum conditions for in vitro regeneration of common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) by using indirect organogenesis approach. Throughout the study / callus induction, organogenesis, improved organogenesis and root induction experiments were performed sequentially. It was found that explant position, genotype, gender, treatments and sampling time had significant effects on callus induction rate in common juniper. The results of treatments indicated that IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) at concentration range 0.5-4.0 mg/l combined with MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l BAP (benzylaminopurine), 3 % sucrose and 0.7% agar was the best one among the treatments to induce callus formation from common juniper explants collected as Spring buds. Also, a two-month culture was adequate period for the callus induction of common juniper regardless of position, before transferring the explants into organogenesis media. After a two-month culture in callus induction media, explants were transferred to organogenesis treatments in order to investigate adventitious bud development from callus tissues. There were significant differences among genotypes, treatments and explant-sampling times in initiation of organ development in common juniper. Additionally, it was found that excluding the auxin components while maintaining 1.0-2.0 mg/l BAP concentration in culture media, as refreshing after a month, stimulated the formation and development of adventitious buds and shoots. Among the treatments tested, it was found that 1.0 mg/l BAP plus 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D was the optimum culture media with adventitious bud formation capacity of 37.5% was though ageing of callus significantly affected the frequency of adventitious bud formation. Finally, rooting experiments were performed to investigate rooting efficiency of adventitious shoots. In the adventitious rooting experiments, no rooting was observed in any of the treatments used with common juniper explants. Although whole plantlet development from callus tissues could not be achieved as indirect organogenesis, the results of the study could aid to future studies dealing in vitro regeneration and production of secondary chemicals from common juniper.

In this thesis, a practical vector controlled elevator drive is presented. Indirect vector control of induction machine is investigated in theory and then implemented. Control technique is compared with scalar control and induction machine is compared with dc motor. The operation of the system depends on induction machine parameters, so how to accurately and automatically obtaining of the parameters is also presented. Finally, the elevator system is introduced, the application of this control system to the elevator system is described and a basic elevator control system is simulated.

Quality of life and productivity are two important measures in health outcomes that usually require the use of self-reported surveys for accurate assessment. Measuring health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has been established as an important field in the past century, and many psychometrically validated instruments exist for both general and specific population use. Another health measure that has attracted a significant amount of attention in recent years, although there is no gold standard, is that of workforce productivity. Most productivity studies measure the amount of work loss incurred by employees in the form of absenteeism and presenteeism. A new survey that combines questions from existing HRQOL and workforce productivity surveys, the Health-Related Quality of Life and Work Productivity Questionnaire (HQWP), was constructed and tested using a descriptive, cross-sectional study of faculty and staff at a major research university. As expected, HRQOL and work loss were found to be negatively correlated. In addition, staff were found to have statistically higher levels of absenteeism than faculty, but faculty had higher levels of presenteeism. Using multivariate regression models on several measures of productivity, including both absenteeism and presenteeism, we concluded that mental health measures were stronger predictors of productivity than physical health measures for our overall sample, as well as faculty and staff groups separately. In addition, those who work extra hours to make up for lost production had significantly lower social function scores compared to those who do not. Other statistical analyses performed include PCA factor analyses on presenteeism covariates. Lastly, we performed economics analyses on the cost savings that could be achieved through health management programs to reduce absenteeism and presenteeism levels. A better understanding of reasons for absenteeism and presenteeism could help inform targeted workplace programs to reduce employer indirect costs related to lost productivity. Moreover, such programs could reduce rates of turnover due to increased employee satisfaction, as well as improve both quantity and quality of life years.

Doctor of philosophy (Ph D) / This thesis deals with numerical investigations on some rheological problems of fibre suspensions: the fibre level simulation of non-dilute fibre suspensions in shear flow; the numerical simulation of complex fibre suspension flows and simulating the particle motion in viscoelastic flows. These are challenging problems in rheology. Two numerical approaches were developed for simulating non-dilute fibre suspensions from the fibre level. The first is based on a model that accounts for full hydrodynamic interactions between fibres, which are approximately calculated as a superposition of the long-range and short-range hydrodynamic interactions. The long-range one is approximated by using slender body theory and includes infinite particle interactions. The short-range one is approximated in terms of the normal lubrication forces between close neighbouring fibres. The second is based on a model that accounts only for short-range interactions, which comprise the lubrication forces and normal contact and friction forces. These two methods were applied to simulate the microstructure evolution and rheological properties of non-dilute fibre suspensions. The Brownian configuration method was combined with the highly stable finite element method to simulate the complex flow of fibre suspensions. The method is stable and robust, and can provide both micro and macro information. It does not require any closure approximations in calculating the fibre stress tensor and is more efficient and variance reduction, compared to CONNFFESSITT, for example. The flow of fibre suspensions past a sphere in a tube and the shear induced fibre migration were successfully simulated using this method The completed double layer boundary element method was extended to viscoelastic flow cases. A point-wise solver was developed to solve the constitutive equation point by point and the fixed least square method was employed to interpolate and differentiate data locally. The method avoids volume meshing and only requires the boundary mesh on particle surfaces and data points in the flow domain. A sphere settling in the Oldroyd-B fluid and a prolate spheroid rotating in shear flow of the Oldroyd-B fluid were simulated. Based on the simulated orbit of a prolate spheroid in shear flow, a constitutive model for the weakly viscoelastic fibre suspensions was proposed and its predictions were compared with some available experimental results. All simulated results are in general agreement with experimental and other numerical results reported in literature. This indicates that these numerical methods are useful tools in rheological research.