<p>Försvarsmakten har förändrats från ett invasionsförsvar till ett insatsförsvar. Det har inneburit nedläggningar och omstruktureringar av organisationer. Artilleriet är en av de vapenslag som har gått från flertal regementen till idag ett regemente. Artilleribataljonen som är artilleriets insatsförband har kännetecknas som ett förband med lång räckvidd och kraftig verkan. Med pjäser som har kaliber 15,5cm understödjer de manöverförbanden. Idag har artilleribataljonen 8cm granatkastare som sekundär beväpning, ett vapen som har dålig räckvidd jämfört med 15,5cm pjäser, ett vapen som inte kan bekämpa pansar mål eller precisionsbekämpa. Detta arbete är en studie om varför artilleribataljonen anskaffat 8cm granatkastare. Är det av taktiskt rationella anledningar eller är det organisatoriskt rationella anledningar? Arbetet utgår från två hypoteser som förklarar varför artilleribataljonen anskaffat 8cm granatkastare. Studien visar på att artilleribataljonen utökar sina uppgifter genom att anskaffa 8cm grankastare. Det gör att artilleribataljonen har teoretiska möjligheter att konkurrera om platser vid eventuella missioner eller en platsvid Nordic battlegroup. Studien analyserar även artilleribataljonens uppgifter, dessa uppgifter skall organisationen klara av. Enligt resultatet har artilleribataljonen inte de förutsättningarna att lösa alla uppgifter utan 8cm granatkastare. Därför är det taktiskt rationellt att anskaffa 8cm granatkastare som sekundär beväpning.</p> / <p>The Swedish armed force has changed from defending the country from invasions to a military force that can be used as a military intervention at different places around the world. This change has meant that some organizations has been discontinued and reorganized. The artillery is one of the branches of the fighting services who have gone from several regiments to only one. The artillery battalion is recognized as a unit that has a long range and powerful impact. With 15,5 guns they support the maneuver units. Today the artillery battalion have 8cm mortars as secondary armament, a weapon that has bad range compared to 15,5 guns and a weapon that can’t penetrate armored targets and has bad accuracy. This essay is a study about why the artillery battalion has acquired 8 cm mortars. Is it because of tactical rational reasons or is it because of organizational rational reasons? The essay takes stand from two hypotheses that explain why the artillery battalion has acquired 8 cm mortars. The study indicates that the artillery battalion increases their assignments by acquiring 8 cm mortars. This enables the battalion theoretical possibilities to compete for places in missions or places in the Nordic battlegroup. The study also analyses the artillery battalion’s tasks, tasks that the organization should manage. The artillery battalion has, according to the result, not the resources to solve all the assignments without the 8 cm mortars. Therefore it is tactical rationally to acquire 8 cm mortars assecondary armament.</p>

The subject matter of the thesis is new as the phenomenon of the Box Corporation has not been the subject of a specialized investigation from the fiscal perspective before. A foreign subsidiary indirectly owned in a third country jurisdiction is in the thesis classified as a Box Corporation. The subject of the thesis is primarily to analyze and establish the following connections: the intended corporate objectives and ends and the modus operandi and the means that often require the Box Corporation as a necessary vehicle to attain those ends. The close connections between corporate law and tax law as intended legal results interdependent on one another. The application of the Box Corporation as an important vehicle for international tax planning by Swedish corporate groups on ever increasing competitive international markets and the special tax problems connected to the Box Corporation as it presents serious challenges to the pursuits for a consistent, neutral and undistorted Swedish corporate tax system. The thesis also investigates legislative and regulatory public reactions to the Box Corporation in the ways of CFC tax provisions, of denying tax treaty privileges by Limitation of Benefits clauses and of increasing domestic requirements on reportable transactions and international exchange of information and co-operation.

<p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2008</p>

Försvarsmakten har förändrats från ett invasionsförsvar till ett insatsförsvar. Det har inneburit nedläggningar och omstruktureringar av organisationer. Artilleriet är en av de vapenslag som har gått från flertal regementen till idag ett regemente. Artilleribataljonen som är artilleriets insatsförband har kännetecknas som ett förband med lång räckvidd och kraftig verkan. Med pjäser som har kaliber 15,5cm understödjer de manöverförbanden. Idag har artilleribataljonen 8cm granatkastare som sekundär beväpning, ett vapen som har dålig räckvidd jämfört med 15,5cm pjäser, ett vapen som inte kan bekämpa pansar mål eller precisionsbekämpa. Detta arbete är en studie om varför artilleribataljonen anskaffat 8cm granatkastare. Är det av taktiskt rationella anledningar eller är det organisatoriskt rationella anledningar? Arbetet utgår från två hypoteser som förklarar varför artilleribataljonen anskaffat 8cm granatkastare. Studien visar på att artilleribataljonen utökar sina uppgifter genom att anskaffa 8cm grankastare. Det gör att artilleribataljonen har teoretiska möjligheter att konkurrera om platser vid eventuella missioner eller en platsvid Nordic battlegroup. Studien analyserar även artilleribataljonens uppgifter, dessa uppgifter skall organisationen klara av. Enligt resultatet har artilleribataljonen inte de förutsättningarna att lösa alla uppgifter utan 8cm granatkastare. Därför är det taktiskt rationellt att anskaffa 8cm granatkastare som sekundär beväpning. / The Swedish armed force has changed from defending the country from invasions to a military force that can be used as a military intervention at different places around the world. This change has meant that some organizations has been discontinued and reorganized. The artillery is one of the branches of the fighting services who have gone from several regiments to only one. The artillery battalion is recognized as a unit that has a long range and powerful impact. With 15,5 guns they support the maneuver units. Today the artillery battalion have 8cm mortars as secondary armament, a weapon that has bad range compared to 15,5 guns and a weapon that can’t penetrate armored targets and has bad accuracy. This essay is a study about why the artillery battalion has acquired 8 cm mortars. Is it because of tactical rational reasons or is it because of organizational rational reasons? The essay takes stand from two hypotheses that explain why the artillery battalion has acquired 8 cm mortars. The study indicates that the artillery battalion increases their assignments by acquiring 8 cm mortars. This enables the battalion theoretical possibilities to compete for places in missions or places in the Nordic battlegroup. The study also analyses the artillery battalion’s tasks, tasks that the organization should manage. The artillery battalion has, according to the result, not the resources to solve all the assignments without the 8 cm mortars. Therefore it is tactical rationally to acquire 8 cm mortars assecondary armament.

While the dark matter has so far only revealed itself through the gravitational influence it exerts on its surroundings, there are good reasons to believe it is made up by WIMPs – a hypothetical class of heavy elementary particles not encompassed by the Standard Model of particle physics. The Inert Doublet Model constitutes a simple extension of the Standard Model Higgs sector. The model provides a new set of scalar particles, denoted inert scalars because of their lack of direct coupling to matter, of which the lightest is a WIMP dark matter candidate. Another popular Standard Model extension is that of supersymmetry. In the most minimal scenario the particle content is roughly doubled, and the lightest of the new supersymmetric particles, which typically is a neutralino, is a WIMP dark matter candidate. In this thesis the phenomenology of inert scalar and supersymmetric dark matter is studied. Relic density calculations are performed, and experimental signatures in indirect detection experiments and accelerator searches are derived. The Inert Doublet Model shows promising prospects for indirect detection of dark matter annihilations into monochromatic photons. It is also constrained by the old LEP II accelerator data. Some phenomenological differences between the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model and a slight extension, the Beyond the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, can be found. Also, supersymmetric dark matter models can be detected already within the early LHC accelerator data.

Syftet med experimentet var att genom en beroende mätning undersöka om förnedrings-tv hade någon effekt på individers upplevda och självrapporterade empatiförmåga och sinnestämning. Vidare undersöktes också om det förelåg genusskillnader i empatiförmåga och sinnesstämning beroende på vilket filmgenus försökspersonerna fått se förnedras eller lovordas i filmsekvensen. Undersökningen utfördes på 185 högskolestudenter med hjälp av enkät. Försökspersonerna fördelades över vilken typ av film de har sett. Filmeskvenserna delades in i fyra olika, där två var av positiv karaktär med filmgenus man och kvinna där filmpersonerna fick positiv feedback av en jury. Två var av negativ karaktär, med filmgenus man och kvinna där filmpersonerna fick förnedrande feedback av en jury. Detta tillsammans med försökspersonernas genus ger totalt åtta grupper att undersöka. Resultatet visade att den totala empatin ökade när försökspersonerna fick se en kvinna få förnedrande feedback men minskade i de tre andra filmsekvenserna. Vidare ökade sinnesstämningarna glädje, skam och ilska efter att försökspersonerna såg filmsekvenserna med förnedring. En ökning i förvåning oavsett filmtyp uppmättes.

The aim of this study was to find out how features that have been found to be typical of women’s language, such as hedges, tag questions and a high level of talkativeness etc., are represented in a popular TV series. Five cross-sex conversations from one episode of the sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine were analyzed, and the results show that many of the features of interest, as for instance tag questions, minimal responses and indirect style, are unexpectedly used more frequently by men in this small investigation. In fact, the only feature that was used more frequently by the female main character was hedges. Several factors affect the results of the study, as for instance the fact that the conversations are fictional. The special characteristics of the speakers also affect the results, as well as the tone and the topic of the chosen conversations. Many of the features of interest were used to a very small extent, which is probably a result of the fact that the language in a sitcom is to be entertaining and rather quick, which leaves little or no room for the features studied.

Dynamic Linear Models are a state space model framework based on the Kalman filter. We use this framework to do seasonal adjustments of empirical and artificial data. A simple model and an extended model based on Gibbs sampling are used and the results are compared with the results of a standard seasonal adjustment method. The state space approach is then extended to discuss direct and indirect seasonal adjustments. This is achieved by applying a seasonal level model with no trend and some specific input variances that render different signal-to-noise ratios. This is illustrated for a system consisting of two artificial time series. Relative efficiencies between direct, indirect and multivariate, i.e. optimal, variances are then analyzed. In practice, standard seasonal adjustment packages do not support optimal/multivariate seasonal adjustments, so a univariate approach to simultaneous estimation is presented by specifying a Holt-Winters exponential smoothing method. This is applied to two sets of time series systems by defining a total loss function that is specified with a trade-off weight between the individual series’ loss functions and their aggregate loss function. The loss function is based on either the more conventional squared errors loss or on a robust Huber loss. The exponential decay parameters are then estimated by minimizing the total loss function for different trade-off weights. It is then concluded what approach, direct or indirect seasonal adjustment, is to be preferred for the two time series systems. The dynamic linear modeling approach is also applied to Swedish political opinion polls to assert the true underlying political opinion when there are several polls, with potential design effects and bias, observed at non-equidistant time points. A Wiener process model is used to model the change in the proportion of voters supporting either a specific party or a party block. Similar to stock market models, all available (political) information is assumed to be capitalized in the poll results and is incorporated in the model by assimilating opinion poll results with the model through Bayesian updating of the posterior distribution. Based on the results, we are able to assess the true underlying voter proportion and additionally predict the elections. / <p>At the time of doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript; Paper 4: Manuscripts</p>

L'exploration des diverses solutions liées au problème de l'éclairement global en synthèse d'images a vu l'émergence de deux disciplines fort différentes. La plus ancienne est l'application d'un principe utilisé par les physiciens dans les calculs d'échanges thermiques. Dans le cas de la synthèse d'images, ce ne sont en fait que les grandeurs échangées qui diffèrent et les ondes infrarouges sont remplacées par la lumière visible. Ce ne sont donc plus des échanges thermiques qui sont traités, mais uniquement des échanges lumineux entres différentes surfaces : la radiosité. Plus récemment, nous avons vu l'application de concepts mathématiques statistiques (les méthodes de Monte-Carlo) à un algorithme de lancer de rayons : l'équation de rendu et sa résolution par le suivi de chemins. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse fait partie de cette seconde famille. Les vecteurs d'éclairement indirect (VEI) obtenus à l'aide du lancer de rayons,s'appliquent dans le cadre de scènes d'intérieur et utilisent, pour leur calcul,une méthode de Monte-Carlo. Les recherches que nous avons menées ont pour but de développer cette jeune méthode que sont les VEI. Nous avons,pour cela,tenté d'explorer différentes voies, parfois en appliquant des principes connus,parfois en proposant des méthodes originales. Le résultat est une collections de propositions permettant de calculer les VEI plus rapidement et plus précisément. Ces propositions se séparent en deux groupes bien distincts dont le premier est l'étude du calcul d'un VEI. Le second propose des améliorations pour visualiser l'éclairement indirect calculé avec les VEI.

The primary objectives of this research were to demonstrate that: 1.) antibiotic resistant bacteria can promote the survival of antibiotic sensitive organisms when grown simultaneously as biofilms in antibiotics, 2.) community-level multiple antibiotic resistance of polymicrobial consortia can lead to biofilm formation despite the presence of multiple antibiotics, and 3.) biofilms may benefit plasmid retention and heterologous protein production in the absence of selective pressure. Quantitative analyses of confocal data showed that ampicillin resistant organisms supported populations of ampicillin sensitive organisms in steady state ampicillin concentrations 13 times greater than that which would inhibit sensitive cells inoculated alone. The rate of reaction of the resistance mechanism influenced the degree of protection. Spectinomycin resistant organisms did not support their sensitive counterparts, although flow cytometry indicated that GFP production by the sensitive strain was improved. When both organisms were grown in both antibiotics, larger numbers of substratum-attached pairs at 2 hours resulted in greater biofilm formation at 48 hours. For biofilms grown in both antibiotics, a benefit to spectinomycin resistant organism’s population size was detectable, but the only benefit to ampicillin resistant organisms was in terms of GFP production. Additionally, an initial attachment ratio of 5 spectinomycin resistant organisms to 1 ampicillin resistant organism resulted in optimal biofilm formation at 48 hours. Biofilms also enhanced the stability of high-copy number plasmids and heterologous protein production. In the absence of antibiotic selective pressure, plasmid DNA was not detected after 48 hours in chemostats, where the faster growth rate of plasmid-free cells contributed to the washout of plasmid retaining cells. The plasmid copy number per cell in biofilms grown without antibiotic selective pressure steadily increased over a six day period. Flow cytometric monitoring of bacteria grown in biofilms indicated that 95 percent of the population was producing GFP at 48 hours. This research supports the idea that ecological interactions between bacteria contribute to biofilm development in the presence of antibiotics, and demonstrates that community-level multiple antibiotic resistance is a factor in biofilm recalcitrance against antibiotics. Additionally, biofilms may provide an additional tool for stabilizing high copy number plasmids used for heterologous protein production.