Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-117).

Cette thèse aborde la laïcité en tant que notion à interroger et à placer dans son contexte historique, mais aussi politique et social. La laïcité est un type d’individuation psychique et collective qui apporte à ceux qui la pratiquent un apaisement des relations interpersonnelles, permettant la libre expression des opinions. D’une part, la laïcité sera distinguée de la tolérance et de la sécularisation, toutes deux nécessaires à son déploiement ; d’autre part, seront discutées, au sein même de la laïcité, les postures combatives anti-cléricales et inversement, celles qui permettent la constitution d’un espace apaisé de libre expression (qui suppose la liberté de conscience) / This thesis addresses laicity as a notion which is to be questioned and set in its context – historical, but also political and social. Laicity is a particular form of psychical and collective individuation which brings to those who practice it an appeasement in their interpersonal relations, allowing for the free expression of opinions. On the one hand, laicity will be distinguished from toleration and secularization, which are both necessary for its development; on the other hand, there will be a discussion, within the framework of laicity, of the twin postures of combative anti-clericalism, and its opposite which allows the constitution of a space of pacified free expression (which supposes a freedom of conscience)

x, 147 p. A print copy of this title is available from the UO Libraries, under the call number: KNIGHT PR6053.A6944 Z75 2008 / This study explores and demonstrates how Marina Can uses Irish folktale motifs in her plays to bring the audience to a state of mind where they viscerally, as opposed to intellectually, engage with Ireland's search for a cultural post-colonial identity. The analysis of Carr's works focuses on four of her post- Mai plays: The Mai, Portia Coughlan, By the Bog of Cats, and On Raftery's Hill. The focus is on the connection between these plays and Irish folklore, and explores Carr's use of folklore motifs within her plays. The analysis uses the folkloristic research approach, which classifies items or stories in the folktales by identifying distinguishing characteristics or specific items within a tale genre. The indices used in the analysis are Aarne-Thompson Index, Tom-Peete Cross's Motif-index of Early Irish Literature, and Sean O'Sullivan's Motif-Index of Irish Folklore. The plays were searched for motifs that correspond with those of the folktale motifs, and were then compared with these found in the indices. A second analysis showed that, within these four plays, Marina Carr mainly uses Irish folktales from before England's colonization. She modifies the folktales within her plays, specifically around the issue of agency for her female protagonists. The concluding chapter offers a Jungian explanation of Carr's use of these folktales as a means to engage the Irish national discussion of the development of a cultural identity. / Adviser: John Watson

Cette thèse part d’une question simple : les œuvres d’art ont-elles une influence pouvant modifier notre perception du monde, et par là, nos jugements politiques ? Poser cette question revient à se demander ce qu’est la culture, l’art, la ou le politique pour interroger les fonctionnements des humains, ce qui influe sur leurs comportements et leur capacité à désirer, à produire de l’alternative, et à nourrir leur esprit critique et leur faculté de juger. Ces fonctionnements (systèmes nerveux, affects) et milieux indiquent tout à la fois l’espoir et la difficulté de la résistance dans notre contexte culturel postmoderne où nous sommes plutôt modifiés dans le sens de la servitude volontaire que de l’émancipation. L’état esthétique du monde à l’époque du capitalisme tardif, dans ses productions et dans ses pratiques de “consommation” des produits culturels, n’augure rien en faveur de la démocratie, la vraie : celle de l’autonomos, de l’entre, du dissensus, issue de l’individuation, de l’émancipation et de la résistance des individus, celle qui permettrait le large déploiement de la responsabilité politique de l’artiste. / This PhD starts from a simple question: do the artwork influence may change our perception of the world and thus, our political judgments ? Asking this question comes down to ask what culture, art, or politics to question humans ways of working, which affects their behavior and their ability to desire, to produce alternative, and grow a critical mind and their ability to judge. These operations (nervous system, affects) and milieu indicate at once the hope and the difficulty to resist in our postmodern cultural context where we are rather modified in the sense of voluntary servitude than emancipation. The aesthetic state of the world in the era of late capitalism, in its productions and its practices of "consumption" of cultural products, does not omen in favor of democracy, the real one : the one with autonomos, with 'between’, dissensus, from individuation, emancipation and resistance of individuals, which would enable the widespread deployment of the artist's political responsibility.

L’ontologie contemporaine, héritière de l’ancienne querelle des universaux et des contestations empiristes de la substance, se débat aujourd’hui dans les controverses sur l’individu et l’universel. Qu’est-ce qu’un individu ? Qu’est-ce qui est individuel, qu’est-ce qui en fait un individu ? Le point de départ méthodique de la philosophie analytique, l’analyse du langage, pose côte à côte les universels, les particuliers, les propriétés, les événements etc. On tâche alors de donner de toutes ces notions un compte-rendu systématique. Mais les difficultés rencontrées suggèrent, plutôt que de partir du langage, d’analyser l’objet de notre expérience commune, le particulier concret, pour se donner de ces réalités qui sont la première donnée de notre connaissance une notion satisfaisante, c’est-à-dire qui rende compte de nos perceptions et souffre la confrontation avec les problématiques contemporaines. C’est l’objet de ce travail. On trouve dans la conjonction des propriétés d’unité et de distinction une caractérisation des individus qui permet de résoudre les paradoxes posés par des théories antiques ou contemporaines telles que les divers monismes (de l’acte ou de la puissance), la question du principe d’individuation, les difficultés liées à la désignation de l’individu, la dissolution de la notion de corps matériel dans la théorie quantique, etc. Ces deux propriétés pouvant être possédées à divers degrés suggèrent de parcourir la hiérarchie des êtres en suivant l’échelle qu’elles constituent, jusqu’à l’individu par excellence d’ici-bas, la personne, dont on saisit au passage qu’elle ne peut se réduire à la simple conscience de soi ou égologie. Mais quelques considérations sur la vie politique montrent que l’individu qu’est la personne humaine ne réalise pas au maximum la raison d’individu : elle est encore trop dépendante. On peut tâcher dès lors de se représenter ce que peut être l’Individu qui se tient au sommet de cette échelle, l’individu souverain, en qui la simplicité et l’indépendance ontologiques atteignent le degré souverain. Ce parcours de l’individuation dans tous ses états permet de vérifier à quel point les concepts antiques de l’aristotélisme – substance, matière et forme, nature – demeurent pertinents / Contemporary ontology follows the old controversies about universals and particular beings. What is an individual ? What is it to be an individual ? In virtue of which principle is an thing an individual ? The methods of analytic philosophy begins with an analysis of language, and tries to give a systematic explanation of concepts like universal, particular, feature, event, and so on.But the encountered difficulties suggest rather to study the object of our common experience, the concrete particular in order to give a satisfactory account of our perceptions that succeeds in confronting contemporary problematics. That is the aim of this work. We may through the features of unity and division characterize what an individual is and resolve the paradoxes laid by ancient and contemporary theories : monism, problem of the principle of individuation, reference to individuals, quantum mechanics, and so on.These two features may be more or less possessed. The person occupies the top of the scale among the objects that we commonly meet. Our analysis shows that the person cannot be the mere self-consciousness. It must be a substance endowed with reason. Nevertheless it doesn’t fit the perfect realization of the concept of individual. There is place for another being which completely fulfills thesovereign independence that the features of simplicity and division means.This journey through the various states of individuals give by the way a proof of the relevance of aristotelian concepts like substance, matter, form, nature, even in contemporary ontology

This study examined separation—individuation developmental issues for young adult women, from the perspective of object-relations theory. Its purpose was to explore a woman's perception of her relationship with mother as it is affected by age and request for psychotherapy as well as the relationship between the mother-daughter bond and selfreported personality characteristics. Ninety-six women from 17 to 40 years of age volunteered to participate, and they were grouped into two age ranges. Life Stage 1 women were 17-22 years of age, while Life Stage 2 women ranged from 23-40. Within each Life Stage, the women were further categorized into clinical and non-clinical groups. All of the participants were college students and/or working women from clerical, managerial, and professional occupations who were recruited from their respective schools, jobs and outpatient clinics. Each woman completed the test packet which included a demographic data questionnare; the Identity vis-a-vis Mother Questionnaie (IVM-20) developed by Crastnopol (1980); the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (CAQ) and Rotter1s Locus of Control Scale. The IVM-20 contains four scales, each designed to measure a unique mother-daughter relationship: Individuated (Ind), Symbiosis (Syra), Practicing (Prac) and Distancing (Dist). Ind is supposed to reflect a healthy autonomy with a loving mother-daughter bond, while Prac should represent ambivalence toward mother. Sym represents an overly dependent relationship and Dist was designed to measure an angry rejection of mother.

La notion d’individu fait l’objet d’une intuition triviale. Notre expérience nous la livre si naturellement qu’elle semble constituer le socle élémentaire de toute ontologie naïve. Mais en philosophie, le problème de l’individuation ouvre un vaste champ de problèmes métaphysiques traités dans la postérité scolastique d’Aristote. Dénoncée et ré-élaborée dans l’ontologie fondamentale de Heidegger comme métaphysique du Dasein à la faveur d’une critique de Kant, prolongée et dépassée dans la phénoménologie de la donation, la métaphysique semblerait évacuée de la pensée moderne post-kantienne, a fortiori de la phénoménologie, si Husserl ne lui restituait pas un problème évincé par l’ensemble des phénoménologies du sujet : l’individuation. Faisant de l’individuation le problème de « la constitution de l’être individuel (donc “factuel”) en général et d’après ses formes fondamentales essentielles » accompagné de « la résolution de la problématique transcendantale la plus profonde », Husserl, en 1918, porte cet enjeu à son paroxysme. Rédigeant les Manuscrits de Bernau, il se livre à un projet ambitieux et doublement étonnant en ce qu’il sonne comme une résurgence métaphysique au cœur de sa phénoménologie et invite à une lecture phénoménologique de Kant alternative à celle de Heidegger. La première partie de cette étude s’emploie à faire apparaître le sens transcendantal du problème de l’individuation par rapport à l’approche métaphysique traditionnelle. Cette mise au jour invite à établir, deuxièmement, en quel sens il existe bien un problème d’individuation au cœur de la Critique de la raison pure, mobilisant la synthèse et l’imagination dans la constitution du phénomène kantien. Une troisième partie analyse la manière dont le temps se présente chez Kant et Husserl comme un opérateur transcendantal adapté à la résolution de ce problème. Elle s’efforce de présenter à la fois l’affinité de leur traitement et ce qui les distingue l’un de l’autre. Une quatrième et dernière partie montre de quelle manière le problème de l’individuation jette, chez Husserl, une lumière nouvelle sur l’eidétique et sur le concept de constitution. / The notion of the individual is the object of a trivial intuition. It is so naturally delivered by our experience that it seems to constitute the basic core of any kind of naïve ontology. But in philosophy, the problem of individuation opens up a wide range of metaphysical issues that have been tackled in the wake of Aristotle’s scholastic posterity. Denounced in Heidegger’s fundamental ontology and recast as the metaphysics of Dasein which is critical of Kant, then extended and exceeded within the phenomenology of givenness, Metaphysics would appear to have been abandoned by the modern post-kantian (especially phenomenological) legacy until Husserl came to restore an issue pushed aside by every kind of subjective phenomenology : namely, individuation. By making individuation the issue of “the constitution of the individual human being (thus “factual”) in general and according to its essential fundamental forms” along with “the resolution of the deepest transcendental problem”, Husserl, in 1918, made this central issue reach its height. While writing the Bernau Manuscripts, he undertook a project which is ambitious and remarkable for two reasons : first, because it appears to be a metaphysical resurgence within his phenomenology, and then second, because it engages a phenomenological reading of Kant, yet not Heidegger’s. The first part of this analysis aims at highlighting the transcendental meaning of the issue of individuation in comparison with the traditional metaphysical approach. Secondly, this invites us to see to what extent there is indeed an issue of individuation at the core of the Critique of Pure Reason, relying on synthesis and imagination in the constitution of the Kantian phenomenon. The third part accounts for time in Kant and Husserl as the transcendental operator fitted to the solving of this problem. It endeavours to analyse what makes them similar and what sets them apart. The fourth and last part reveals how the problem of individuation sheds a new light on eidetics and Husserl’s concept of constitution.

Kandidatuppsatsens syfte är främst att besvara huruvida mor-dotterrelationens litterära uttryck varieras genom romanerna: hur förhållandet framställs, vilka likheter och olikheter det finns i temats gestaltning samt hur det eventuellt skulle kunna förklaras.

The present thesis presents a causal approach to transitivity and proposes a model of transitivity based on the view that a single event is a single ‘causal impact’, which consists of a single causation and a single effect. It defines semantic intransitivity as events where the effect is borne by and expressed through the actor and semantic transitivity as events where the effect is borne by and expressed through the patient. It finds evidence for this definition in the phenomenon of ‘selective specification’ of action or result by verbs with actor and patient. Furthermore, it proposes that the verb eat has dual event structures, intransitive and transitive, and uses a Web data test to test and confirm this hypothesis.

This thesis is concerned with the elucidation of the structure of three basic cognitive functions. Firstly, an organism must be able to make distinctions between different aspects of its environment if it is to respond selectively. This is classification. Secondly, it must be able to anticipate conditions in other parts of its environment. If an organism at x is to anticipate that the condition c holds at y then, at the very least, the information that c holds must be accessible from x. Hence anticipation depends on a flow of information. Thirdly, an organism must be able to recognize uniformities across different parts of the environment. This is individuation. We propose that each of these functions can be understood in terms of a primitive ability of `seeing' the world from a perspective. In contrast to the possession of a conceptual scheme, or mastery of a language of thought, a characteristic of an organism's ability to adopt perspectives is the additional ability to shift from one perspective to another. In the thesis we first propose a theory of classification. Its usefulness in categorizing different classificatory systems, like taxonomies, state systems and attribute-value structures, is demonstrated in the Appendix. We then study two approaches to characterizing the flow of information. One, due to Dretske (1981), is based on conditional probabilities. The other, due to Barwise and Perry (1983), is based on the Situation Theoretic idea of a constraint. Our theory of perspectives takes ideas from both accounts: from Situation Theory, the distinction between information supported and information carried by a situation, and from Dretske, the implicit relativity to an information channel. We give a rudimentary account of the individuation of objects as predictive regularities across situations. Properties of objects individuated in this way are characterized as shifts in perspective which preserve the predictive regularity. Finally, we consider a more concrete model of information flow (called a world system, Rosenschein (1989)) in which environmental conditions are understood in terms of possible state distributions over locations and times. We generalize his model and show how information channels offer a more sensitive account of information flow than the one induced by the global notion of possibility. Information channels are then used to construct perspectives within a world system.