The human society exerts its influence on the ecosystem through economic activities. While the robustness of an economy manifests through its industrial structure, human impact on nature is well represented by an economy's energy consumption patterns. Therefore, evaluating the industrial structure and unraveling its interconnection with energy consumption is crucial for achieving sustainable development. In this dissertation, I address the topic from several perspectives. First, I start with an exploratory analysis on the industrial structure itself, developing an easy measure, revealed comparative dependence (RCD), to compare regional dependence on sectors. Building on the RCD measure, I indirectly evaluate the economic resilience of U.S. states by quantifying their economic diversity. Second, I bring the measure for industrial structure into context with energy consumption patterns. RCD is used to characterize sector interactions, which are then used to explain the historical trend of regional energy consumption. I find that while the expansion of low energy intensity sectors does reduce energy use, these sectors' level of interaction with other sectors also plays a key role in determining energy use. As a third step, I investigate how regional structure affects an economy's response towards energy efficiency improvements, i.e., the economy-wide rebound effect. My regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model proves that production-side energy efficiency improvement induces moderate rebound effects, while feeding back into the industrial structure by changing sectoral production scale in different directions. I also identify sectors being able to trigger different levels of energy saving and energy rebound, and explore the mechanism for their impact propagation throughout the industrial structure. This study establishes the linkage between regional industrial structure and energy consumption from different perspectives. From the scientific perspective, it improves the fundamental understanding of how industrial structure and energy consumption are intricately connected to each other. From the policy perspective, it informs policy makers of the importance of considering sector interaction when designing energy policies, as well as the effectiveness of efficiency measures in achieving energy conservation.

This thesis aims to provide evidence on the relations between productivity, industrial structure, and labour markets for countries with different characteristics from 1965 to 1999. In order to do so, we first examine manufacturing industry production and trade with respect to both technology orientation and intensity, the impact of structural change on productivity growth, and the existence of convergence in industrial structures. Second, this study investigates the impact of labour market and industrial structures on aggregate productivity in manufacturing. While descriptive analysis of manufacturing industry with regard to technological orientation and intensity shows changing industrial structures in favour of relatively more technology intensive production and exports especially in fast growing countries, decomposition analysis suggests that the impact of structural change on productivity growth is negligible for most of the countries. The factor analysis revealed that although a general structural convergence tendency among countries is not observed, fast growing countries have converged their industrial structure towards those of industrialised countries. Finally, econometric estimation results also showed that while wage flexibility is detrimental to productivity in manufacturing, regulations in labour markets may foster productivity growth.

Orientador: Carlos Antonio Brandão / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T16:12:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_RobsonDiasda_D.pdf: 2948137 bytes, checksum: 060ef18802c50b7a3c531d2deeec00aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho investiga a relação entre dinâmica industrial e desenvolvimento regional no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para isso, primeiramente, faz breve recuperação histórica do desempenho da economia estadual durante o período relativo à industrialização brasileira e à "década perdida", destacando as principais transformações produtivas e a questão do "esvaziamento econômico" regional. Em seguida, analisa a dinâmica urbana e a trajetória econômica estaduais entre 1990 e 2008, salientando o comportamento dos diversos setores industriais. Por fim, investiga as relações entre a dinâmica industrial e o desenvolvimento regional no território fluminense, analisando a formação de padrões regionais de desenvolvimento industrial que tem por base os diferentes perfis produtivos consolidados no interior estadual e na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro / Abstract: This study approaches the relation between industrial dynamics and regional development in the state of Rio de Janeiro. We start presenting a brief historical recovery of the state economy performance during the Brazilian industrialization period and the "lost decade" stressing the main productive transformations and the issue of the regional "economic emptiness". We then approach the urban dynamics and the state economic paths between 1990 and 2008 focusing on the behavior of the state's several industrial sectors. We conclude addressing the relation between industrial dynamics and regional development in the fluminense region analyzing the shaping of regional patterns of industrial development based on the different productive profiles consolidated in the interior of the state and Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

Yes / Digital finance is playing an increasingly prominent role in economic development. This paper examines the impact of digital finance on industrial structure upgrading based on panel data from 289 Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2020. The paper adopts fixed effects, mediating effects, and spatial econometric models and the findings are as follows. First, digital finance development significantly boosts industrial structure upgrading in Chinese cities. The evidence remains valid after various robustness tests. Second, digital finance and industrial structure upgrading exhibit positive spatial spillover effects. Third, digital finance indirectly affects industrial structure upgrading through innovation, entrepreneurship and the structure of household consumption channels. Fourth, the influence of digital finance is more significant in cities with more developed economies, less financialization and lower income inequality. Finally, among the sub-indicators of digital finance, the breadth of coverage plays the most significant role, inspiring policymakers and financial institutions to speed up the digitization infrastructure in backward areas. / This work was supported by the Natural Science Fund of Hunan Province (2022JJ40647).

In this paper I start from the exploration of the change of industrial structure during the economic development in Taiwan after World War II. Through the document analysis, I find out the reasons why the manufacture and service industries move outside to mainland China and other areas around the world are because of the extension of market and the cut down of cost. Since China is the most important trade partner of Taiwan, I focus the study on the economic zones in China, especially the economic zone of West Coast of Taiwan Strait (West Coast economic zone). The argument of this paper is that Taiwan should take advantage of the favor policy of economic zones in China and build the supply chain in the certain economic zones with local comparative advantage industries. And the evaluation of Taiwan¡¦s economic strategy depends on which economic zone in China can offer the supply chain advantage industries with the need of Taiwan¡¦s industries. After the comparison of the current trends of the investment of Taiwanese businessmen in West Coast economic zone and other economic zones in mainland China, I find out West Coast economic zone is not Taiwanese businessmen¡¦s best choice to invest. To attract more investments from Taiwan, the authority of West Coast economic zone should alter its favor policy according to co-opettion strategy and to meet the need of Taiwan industries. In conclusion, I suggest the authorities on both side of Taiwan strait should offer the need of local comparative advantage industries according to the supply chain theory, by this way, we can get a win-win result for the both side of Taiwan Strait.

Unemployment is a major problem from a socio-economic perspective and affects the longterm growth in a country as a consequence of reduced tax revenues and reduced production.There are clear differences in unemployment between foreign-born and domestic-born. The focus of the study will be on cultural differences and the municipalities' industrial structure. Factors that we have selected based on theories and statistical analysis to examine unemployment among foreign-born in Sweden's municipalities are the following: small businesses, Sverigedemokraterna, post-secondary education of at least 2 years, population density and foreign-born people born in Europe expressed as a proportion of the total number of foreign-born people in municipalities. A cross-sectional study for all variables for Sweden's 290 municipalities during the year 2018 constitutes regression models that are presented and analyzed. Our hypotheses based on theories and statistical analysis are then compared with the results of the regressions. According to our regression models, the conclusion shows that there is a negative correlation between the variable foreign-born in Europe and the dependent variable unemployment among foreign-born, the variables small business and education also have a negative impact on unemployment among foreign-born. Should there be an increase inany of these factors, unemployment among foreign-born would decrease. The amount of votes on Sverigedemokraterna, on the other hand, has the opposite effect on unemployment among foreign-born. Should the proportion of votes for Sverigedemokraterna change in the municipality, the unemployment level among foreign-born would change in the same direction. Regarding the variable population density, we have in our study obtained different results depending on whether all variables have been estimated in the regression or whether only the variables that estimate the relationships that explain industrial structure are estimated.The study's delimitation to these five factors is linked to human capital theory, discrimination theories, segregation models and matching theory. To counteract the fact that unemployment continues to increase among foreign-born, studies of a similar nature to ours are required to beable to distinguish whether municipalities' industrial structures have an impact on unemployment among foreign-born and how to work to integrate individuals whose cultural norms and values differ from those. and values that prevail in Sweden. This is to create security and trust in each other as cooperation benefits from common norms and values. / Arbetslöshet är ett stort problem utifrån ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv och påverkar den långsiktiga tillväxten i ett land som en konsekvens av minskade skatteintäkter och minskadproduktion. Det finns tydliga skillnader i arbetslöshet mellan utrikesfödda och inrikesfödda. Fokus i studien kommer att ligga på kulturella skillnader och kommunernas industristruktur. Faktorer som vi utifrån teorier och statistisk analys valt ut för att undersöka arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda i Sveriges kommuner är följande: småföretag, Sverigedemokraterna, eftergymnasial utbildning på minst 2 år, befolkningstäthet och utrikesfödda personer födda inom Europa uttryckt som andel av det totala antalet utrikesfödda personer i kommunerna. En tvärsnittsstudie för samtliga variabler för Sveriges 290 kommuner under året 2018 utgör regressionsmodeller som presenteras och analyseras. Våra hypoteser som baseras på teorier och statistisk analys jämförs sedan med resultatet av regressionerna. Slutsatsen visar enligt våra regressionsmodeller att ett negativt samband finns mellan variabeln utrikesfödda inom Europa och beroendevariabeln arbetslöshet bland utrikesfödda, även variablerna småföretag och utbildning har en negativ påverkan på arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda. Skulle en ökning ske i någon av dessa faktorer så skulle arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda att minska. Andelen röster på Sverigedemokraterna har å andra sidan motsatt effekt på arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda. Skulle andelen röster på Sverigedemokraterna förändras i kommunen så skulle arbetslöshetsnivån bland utrikesfödda ändras i samma riktning. Gällande variabeln befolkningstäthet så har vi i vår studie fått olika resultat beroende på om samtliga variabler skattats i regressionen eller om endast de variabler som skattar sambanden som förklarar industristruktur skattas. Studiens avgränsning till dessa fem faktorer är kopplade till humankapitalteori, diskrimineringsteorier, segregationsmodeller och matchningsteori. För att motverka att arbetslösheten fortsätter att öka bland utrikesfödda krävs studier av liknande karaktär som vår för att kunna urskilja om kommuners industristrukturer har en påverkan på arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda samt hur man kan arbeta för att integrera individer vars kulturella normer och värderingar skiljer sig från de normer och värderingar som råder i Sverige. Detta för att skapa trygghet och tillit till varandra då samarbete gynnas av gemensamma normer och värderingar.

美國於過去30至40年來，女性勞動參與率大幅增加，然而女性照顧小孩的時間卻仍呈現增長的趨勢；若以男性來看，也可發現照顧小孩的時間呈現穩定成長。為了探討此現象，我們進而搜集父母照顧小孩的相關資料，發現父母照顧小孩時間與教育程度的報酬率有關，故想研究父母照顧小孩時間與一個地區產業結構之相關性。在本文中，我們針對一個地區的勞力密集程度與父母教育小孩時間進行分析，而著重於體力的探討是因為本文假設從事體力密集的工作者較不具區域遷徙性，進而討論此特性對於父母照顧小孩的時間影響為何。 本研究的貢獻，在於以美國的州別為單位，利用不同職業所使用的勞力程度與其在各州分佈的比例，形成州與州之間產業結構的差異，並深入分析此差異對於父母照顧小孩時間的影響。由實證結果可發現，勞力密集程度與父母照顧小孩時間呈現負相關，且對於不同性別小孩的照顧時間並無顯著差異，表示父母對於不同性別小孩的重視程度相當。此外，教育程度不同的父母親，照顧小孩時間的差異性不大，表示產業結構的差異為全面性的影響，不因父母教育程度的不同而有所改變。最後，父母減少照顧小孩的時間主要來自於教育及接送時間，且對於0至11歲的小孩影響最大，表示勞力密集程度越高，使得父母對於小孩的人力資本投資自幼較不那麼重視。 / In the United States, women’s labor force participation rapidly rises over the past several decades; however, the amount of time women spent with children increases as well. On the other hand, man’s time with children has the same trend as women. For finding potential explanations of parents’ childcare time increased, we collect related literatures on this issue. It reveals that increasing time may be a response to a return on parents’ education. Here, we claim the strong correlation between the childcare time and industrial structure. We take physical factors to define industrial structure in that we assume labor-intensive workers are less mobile across regions. We discuss this assumption would impact on the parents’ childcare time. We estimate difference in industrial structure between states in America and discuss this effect on parents’ childcare time. By several empirical results, we summarize that (a) there is a negative relationship between labor-intensive levels and childcare time, (b) the sex of children and parents’ education degree would not affect empirical results, (c) decreasing childcare time of parents comes from educational time and travel time, and (d) the drop in childcare time was particularly pronounced among those children ranges from 0 to 11. This conclusion implies that parents neglect human capital development of children.

天津經過百年來的努力發展，以及改革開放後濱海新區在「十一五規劃」被納入國家發展戰略，不但成為中國大陸高收入的城市，亦是眾多外資亟欲前往的投資地點。從天津三級產業結構的觀察，可以發現雖然目前天津的第二、三級產業的分布仍與先進國家有所落差，但整體來說，仍是逐漸從二三一的產業結構往三二一的產業結構發展。但1997年至2006年仍發生工業化現象，即工業部門產值比重增加。這段時間亦伴隨產業升級，使得產業結構從消費財產業轉成為資本財產業。由政策上觀察，此結果主要與天津濱海新區的發展關係最密切。 從本研究的ARDL時間序列模型的估計中發現，造成天津工業化的最主要因素為資本勞動比的提升與貿易依存度的增加，而造成產業升級的主要因素則為外資與財政的科技支出。天津政府在經濟迅速發展的條件下，調節產業結構的均衡發展亦是重要任務，使得天津以及中國大陸其他城市能夠早日進入已開發國家的產業結構模式。 / After centuries of efforts to develop and the Binhai New Area being writing into national development strategies in the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" after reform and open-up, Tianjin has not only become the high-income cities in mainland China, but also a location that many foreign investment is anxious to go. According to the observation of Thrice Industrial structure in Tianjin, there is a big gap that the distribution of Tianjin’s secondary and tertiary industry with compared with other advanced countries. However, on the whole, there is still a gradual shift from the industrial structure of two-three-one to three-two-one. From 1997 to 2006, there is still a phenomenon of industrialization in Tianjin, which means that the percentage of secondary industry increasing the whole industrial sectors’ GDP. It’s also accompanied with industrial upgrading, which means that industrial structure will turn from consumer goods industries to capital property industries. From the prospect of policy, this result is most closely related to the development of the Tianjin Binhai New Area. By using ARDL time series model, this study estimates found that the most important factor of Tianjin industrialization was the capital-labor ratio improvement and the increase of trade dependence. The main factor of causing the industrial upgrading was the foreign investment and finance spending on technology. Under the rapid economic development, adjusting the industrial structure for balanced development is also Tianjin Government’s important task that could help Tianjin and other cities in mainland China as early as possible to enter the mode of development of the country's industrial structure.

本文除第一章緒論及末章結論外，全文共分四章。第二章為產業結構變動之文獻回顧，針對產業結構變動之相關理論與實證文獻做整理分析，再導入產業政策之理論，最後指出本文之最適研究之基礎；第三章為台灣產業結構變動之時序性分析，將民國四十二年來分為四個階段︰第一階段的進口替代期、出口擴張期、第二階段的進口替代與出口擴張期及產業轉型暨升級期，分別討論各階段之產業結構變動；第四章為國內外環境變遷對台灣產業結構變動之影響，主要探討國內產業變化、兩岸經貿交流問題及投資、與國際區域經濟整合趨勢對台灣產業結構及產業環境的影響；第五章為台灣產業政策對產業結構變動之影響，利用實證分析結果來探討產業政策對結構變動之影響，再與產業政策最成功的日本做比較，視我國產業政策之優劣成敗，以期能展望未來的產業政策最適方向。

Esta tesis aplica herramientas de teoría de juegos a la investigación de los efectos dinámicos de distintas formas de externalidades, debidas a interacción localizada. Se compone de tres capítulos. El primero, "Competencia y reputación", estudia la interacción entre oligopolistas en mercados con información asimétrica. El segundo, "Política comercial y estructura industrial", se enfoca en la interacción entre empresas en competencia monopolística, expuestas a la competencia internacional, y en sus externalidades de aprendizaje. El tercero, "Crecimiento económico y desarrollo social", investiga los procesos de acumulación de capital privado y de capital social, que emergen de las decisiones individuales, en un contexto marcado por externalidades de interacción social. / This thesis applies game theoretic tools to the investigation of the dynamic effects of several forms of local interaction externalities. It consists of three chapters. The first, "Competition and Reputation", is devoted to study repeated interaction among oligopolits in markets with asymmetric information. The second, "Trade Policy and Industrial Structure", focuses on interaction among monopolistic competitors facing foreign competition, and on their learning externalities. The third, "Economic Growth and Social Development", investigates the patterns of private and social capital accumulation, arising from individual choices in an environment with social interaction externalities.