CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Tem esse estudo o objetivo de investigar o processo educacional dos filhos â crianÃas de 06 a 12 anos - das profissionais do sexo atuantes nas casas de prazer situadas no Centro da cidade de Fortaleza. Os filhos das meretrizes tÃm direito à educaÃÃo. E à um dever dessas mulheres educÃ-los, juntamente com o Estado. As primeiras aÃÃes educativas exercidas sobre os seres humanos sÃo praticadas pela famÃlia, no local de moradia, especialmente pela genitora. Para Simon (1999), as prÃticas pedagÃgicas dessa populaÃÃo em relaÃÃo aos seus filhos incitam bastante curiosidade e questionamentos. Acredita-se nos pais como os primeiros grandes preparadores emocionais dos filhos, influenciando no desenvolvimento dos mesmos nÃo sà atravÃs do trabalho educativo que desempenham, mas tambÃm como modelos de identificaÃÃo, principalmente nos primeiros anos de vida deles. A existÃncia da prostituiÃÃo à fato constante e frequente na histÃria da humanidade. TambÃm à popularmente chamada de âprofissÃo mais antiga do mundo‟. No Brasil, desde o sÃculo XIX, essa atividade à identificada na sociedade, mas somente em 1987, por ocasiÃo da realizaÃÃo do I Encontro Nacional de Prostitutas e da criaÃÃo de AssociaÃÃes Estaduais, percebeu-se uma iniciativa mais estruturada de organizaÃÃo de um movimento associativo prÃprio, preocupado com a reduÃÃo do estigma, do estereÃtipo e da discriminaÃÃo ao redor da atividade. Preocupado tambÃm com a melhoria de condiÃÃes de trabalho e da qualidade de vida das prostitutas, e com o estabelecimento de uma linha direta reivindicatÃria com organizaÃÃes governamentais e nÃo-governamentais. Para realizar esta pesquisa, utilizou-se como procedimentos metodolÃgicos as narrativas das prostitutas em seus locais de trabalho. Foram selecionadas quatro casas de prostituiÃÃo para obter os dados apresentados. Conclui-se com esta pesquisa que a educaÃÃo dos filhos das prostitutas à bastante cuidadosa e, em muitos aspectos, chega a ser bastante conservadora. SÃo mÃes dedicadas a seus filhos e bastante preocupadas com o desenvolvimento das crianÃas. A ideia de que os filhos seriam negligenciados foi excluÃda. Eles sÃo bem tratados, na medida do possÃvel. Palavras-chave:

A cross-sectional growth study was designed to obtain information on the growth patterns of British Columbian Native Indian children. The object of the study was to establish whether growth patterns of B.C. Native Indian children living in student residences correspond to those of non-Indian reference children. The study sample consisted of all children 6 to 17 years attending the six student residences administered by the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs. The total sample size was 734 children, representing 77 reserves in the province. Standing height, sitting height, weight, arm circumference, four skinfold thicknesses (triceps, subscapular, biceps and suprailiac), and head circumference were measured according to the recommendations of the International Biological Program (Weiner and Lourie, 1969). Arm muscle diameter, circumference and area were derived according to the method of Frisancho (1974). Individual findings were plotted, as scatter diagrams against standard reference curves, data for which was obtained from Caucasian children. Results indicate a considerable growth deficit in standing and sitting height in younger children which appears to be somewhat corrected by adolescence. Weight measurements, although falling predominantly below the Iowa mean, generally reflect adequate gain with age. Arm measurements indicate well maintained musculature throughout the age-range studied, with relatively low degrees of triceps adipose tissue. Head circumference displays an initial deficit in younger children which is largely corrected by adolwscence. It was concluded that protein nutritional status of B.C. Native Indian children living in student residences may be relatively better than calorie nutritional status. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

An attempt was made to shed new light upon the controversy between semantic overlap (e.g., Rohwer, 1973) and interacting imagery (e.g., Paivio, 1970) interpretations of mnemonic effects in children's associative learning. Two approaches were taken to this task. First, several conflicting predictions of the semantic and imagery models were pinpointed and subjected to experimental analysis. Second, in an attempt to supercede the semantic versus imagery issue, the Piagetian (e.g., Piaget and Inhelder, 1973) conception of memory was considered and some predictions, derived from an extrapolation of this model to associative learning were examined experimentally. In terms of the former approach, the results of the four experiments generally were more consistent with the imagery perspective. However, since only peripheral features of the-semantic model were contradicted, no clear choice between the two positions was warranted. Inclusion of several measures of delayed recall in order to pursue the second, Piagetian-based, approach did point out the inadequacy of the semantic and imagery models with regard to longer retention intervals. From the Piagetian perspective the various memory-improving effects, rather than being attributable to operative (i.e., assirailatory) processes, instead, seemed more appropriately assigned to a figurative-level mnemonic. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Excessive screen time in children is linked to reduced white matter integrity and developmental delays such as reduced vocabulary. Nevertheless, many parents allow their infants and toddlers to have access to screen devices. The current study examined mothers’ awareness of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations, parenting information sources utilized, and motivational and contextual factors associated with screen time exposure in mothers who had a child under the age of two. Results indicated that over 60% of mothers were aware of the recommendations, usually citing educational benefits as their rationale for infant screen time use. Most mothers reported they receive information from medical professionals or online platforms. These findings identify factors that researchers, policy makers, and public health professionals should consider when updating and disseminating information to the public in the near future.

Background: Diminished cytokine production in infancy has been associated with an increased risk for allergen sensitization and early-life wheeze. Objective: We sought to assess the effect of low cytokine production in the first year of life on the development of wheeze through age 13 years. Methods: Cytokine production (IFN-γ and IL-2) by mitogen-stimulated mononuclear cells was determined from peripheral blood samples (9.4 months, n = 118) in a subset of healthy infants enrolled in the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study. The occurrence of wheeze during the previous year was ascertained at ages 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, and 13 years by means of questionnaire. Relative risk for wheeze was computed with generalized estimating equations. Results: The risk of wheezing between 2 and 13 years was significantly higher for subjects with low 9-month IFN-γ production (relative risk, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.35-3.89) and borderline significant for those with intermediate IFN-γ production (relative risk, 1.59; 95% CI, 0.95-2.68) compared with those who produced high levels of IFN-γ (P value for linear association = .002). Nine-month IL-2 production was unrelated to wheeze. In relation to complex wheezing phenotypes, 9-month IFN-γ production was inversely related to toddler wheeze (occurring only before age 6 years, P = .03) and chronic wheeze (occurring before and after age 6 years, P = .007) but not school-age wheeze (occurring only after age 6 years, P = .06). Conclusion: The results suggest that characteristics of the immune system present during the first year of life can anticipate the likelihood of development of episodes of airway obstruction characterized by wheezing. Clinical implications: Immune susceptibility to asthma is established very early during postnatal life.

Sleep and cortisol function are two physiological self-regulatory processes that codevelop during infancy. Dysregulation of each system is linked to enduring health problems, so it is critical to understand factors contributing to the development of physiological self-regulation. However, it is not clear how infant sleep and cortisol interact with each other or with the parenting context. This project examined (1) the interplay of infant sleep and cortisol; (2) how cortisol interacts with parent characteristics in relation to infant sleep; and (3) whether consistent parenting buffers infant cortisol dysregulation. Study 1 (86 parent-infant dyads) investigated whether average nighttime sleep onset and duration predicted cumulative cortisol exposure, indexed by hair cortisol concentration (HCC). As hypothesized, infants who fell asleep earlier at night had lower HCC regardless of their family income and household chaos. Additionally, I expected that sleep characteristics on one night would predict total salivary cortisol exposure (AUCg) the next day, and that salivary cortisol at bedtime would predict sleep the same night. Partially supporting expectations, time-based analyses revealed that infants with lower cortisol on a particular evening fell asleep earlier the same night. In Study 2 (84 parent-infant dyads), I hypothesized that the link between parent characteristics (i.e., bedtime parental involvement and parental sensitivity) and infant sleep would differ by AUCg. Falling asleep independently predicted earlier sleep onset only for infants with dysregulated cortisol, whereas bedtime parental involvement did not predict sleep for infants with well-regulated cortisol. Infants with emotionally warm and appropriately responsive parents fell asleep earlier at night only if their cortisol was well-regulated. Utilizing archival data of 82 mother-infant dyads, Study 3 assessed consistency in parenting behaviors (i.e., smiles and laughter, and positive vocalizations), cortisol, and socioeconomic status (SES). As hypothesized, higher-SES infants experienced consistency, whereas lower-SES infants experienced inconsistency, in maternal smiles and laughter across 6 to 12 months of infancy. Contrary to expectations, inconsistent parenting did not predict cortisol. Findings highlight the intricate relation between two vital physiological processes codeveloping in the first year of life – sleep and cortisol regulation – and the role cortisol plays in moderating how parenting characteristics contribute to infant sleep.

Modern intelligent monitoring systems use digital computer technology to analyze and evaluate physiological vital signs. This analytical and evaluative process is performed by algorithms developed for this purpose. The degree of 'intelligence' of the monitoring system is dependent on the 'sensitivity' and 'specificity' of these algorithms. In order to develop robust and clinically valid algorithms, a database of representative waveforms is required. The aim of this thesis was to create a neonatal vital signs database to be used for this purpose, by means of a computer-based central station. The computer was interfaced to a number of neonatal monitors (Neonatal ICU, Groote Schuur Hospital). The monitors were interrogated to obtain patient condition, ECG waveforms and respiration waveforms using the impedance technique. When possible, percentage oxygen saturation was also captured. The database contains 509 documented clinical records obtained from 35 patients and 20 records containing examples of technical alarm conditions and high frequency noise. Additional patient record data is included. Clinical events recorded include apnoea, bradycardia, periodic breathing tachycardia, tachypnoea and normal traces. These events were recorded against a variety of signal quality conditions that have been characterized in Appendix C. A prototype rate detection algorithm was checked using samples from the database.

Toy sharing between 97 Infants and their mothers was used to measure shared reference, mother and infant attention-directing strategies, and maternal and infant responsiveness. The association of toy sharing with early language and symbolic play was assessed. Infants were videotaped in a 10-minute free-play session at 11 months. Videotapes were coded for frequency of toy exchanges and level of infant symbolic play. Language was assessed at both 11 and 14 months. Maternal responsiveness to infant-initiated toy exchanges was positively related to symbolic play at 11 months. Maternal responsiveness was also related to Productive, Receptive, and Total Language scores at 14 months. Symbolic play at 11 months and language at 11 and 14 months were associated, suggesting underlying cognitive abilities associated with language and play development. Results support the notion that shared reference, maternal responsiveness, and underlying infant cognitive abilities are important components of a context where scaffolding of language and symbolic play can occur.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This investigation examined the relationship between oral hygiene scores and visual motor integration scores (developmental age) in five- to eleven-year-old children. A total of 128 subjects were given the Beery test of visual motor integration to determine their developmental age. A pre- and post-brushing plaque score was obtained as a measure of each subject's oral hygiene ability. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that chronological age was not a statistically significant predictor of oral hygiene ability, while developmental age as determined by the Beery test was found to be a statistically significant predictor of oral hygiene ability (p < .006).

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This investigation examined the relationships among light cured glass ionomer liner, light cured glass ionomer base, and composite resin material in the reattachment of fractured anterior tooth fragments. Seventy-five bovine incisor teeth were fractured and luted back together with three different materials (Universal Bonding Agent/TPH Composite Resin; VariGlass VLC Liner; VariGlass VLC Base, LD Caulk Div Dentsply Int Inc, Milford, DE) of equal number. The reattached fragments were subjected to thermocycling with a 40° C differential and then were loaded until the force required to detach the fragment was reached. The mean dislodgment strengths were 36.8 (± 25.6)kg for the composite resin, 36.4 (± 26.7)kg for the glass ionomer base, and 31.4 (± 29.S)kg for the glass ionomer liner. Analysis of variance demonstrated no significant difference between the three groups at p≤0.05. Also examined was the type of fracture after reattachment. Of the sixty-five teeth that were studied microscopically, 84.6 percent of the fractures were cohesive in nature, thus a breakdown occurred within the material itself.