Bakgrund: En del av barnhälsovårdens arbete är att erbjuda stöd och vägledning till föräldrar gällande barnets nutrition. Vårdpersonal är skyldiga att framföra amningens fördelar men bör emellertid ha ett familjecentrerat förhållningssätt och ta hänsyn till familjens specifika behov. Olika faktorer kan leda till att amning inte är möjligt och då kan bröstmjölksersättning vara ett alternativ. Tidigare forskning har visat att den här föräldragruppen kan uppleva negativa känslor som misslyckande och skam. BHV-sjuksköterskans kommunikation kan påverka hur föräldrar upplever information och känslomässigt stöd, därav är det av vikt att belysa kunskapsläget. Syfte: Syftet var att identifiera och beskriva föräldrars upplevelser avseende information och stöd från vårdpersonal vid användning av bröstmjölksersättning under barnets första år. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie med kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar valdes som studiedesign. Sökningar utfördes via databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Innehållsanalysen var en systematisk metod beskriven av Popenoe et al. (2021).  Resultat: Litteraturstudien baserades på 20 vetenskapliga artiklar och resulterade i sju subkategorier samt två kategorier. Många föräldrar upplevde bristfällig information och stöd från vårdpersonal vid användning av bröstmjölksersättning. Flertalet föräldrar upplevde även att vårdpersonalens information var fokuserad på amning och detta kunde bidra till att de kände skuld och skam över valet att använda bröstmjölksersättning. Slutsats: Baserat på litteraturstudiens resultat är det av vikt att BHV-sjuksköterskan är stödjande och bemöter alla familjer utifrån dess unika förutsättningar för att skapa en tillitsfull och vårdande relation. / Background: Child health nurses should offer support and guidance to parents regarding the child's nutrition. They are obliged to present the benefits of breastfeeding but should, however, have a family-centered approach and regard the specific needs of the family. Different factors can lead to a cease to breastfeed and in that situation infant formula can be an alternative. Previous research has shown that this group of parents may experience negative emotions such as failure and shame. The child health nurse's communication can affect how parents experience information and emotional support, hence it is important to illustrate the state of knowledge. Objective: The purpose was to identify and describe parents' experiences regarding information and support from healthcare professionals when using infant formula during the child's first year. Method: A general literature study with qualitative articles was chosen as the study design. The content analysis was a systematic method described by Popenoe et al. (2021). Results:The literature study was based on 20 articles and resulted in seven subcategories and two categories. Many parents experienced a lack of information and support from healthcare professionals when using infant formula. The majority of parents also felt that the information from healthcare professionals was focused on breastfeeding and this could contribute to parents feeling guilty and ashamed of their choice to use infant formula. Conclusion: It is important that the child health nurse is supportive and treats all families based on their unique conditions in order to create a trustful and caring relationship.

Lactose is the common disaccharide found in dairy products. It can, however, be a source of discomfort for those whom are lactose intolerant. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately, reliably, and efficiently determine the lactose content of foods. The goal of this research was to develop a reversed-phase HPLC method with UV detection for the determination of lactose. Aminobenzoic acid was used to prepare a derivative, making detection possible in the 300-360 nm region. The stationary phase is a C8 column, with 85% methanol 15% water mixture at pH 5 as the mobile phase. A linear response of peak area to lactose concentration of 0.018 mg/mL to 0.36 mg/mL was obtained with an estimated detection limit of 0.0036 mg/mL lactose concentration. The reproducibility was established with a 4.95% relative standard deviation. The average recovery was 107%, and results were in strong agreement with the standard alkaline ferricyanide method, establishing accuracy.

Homogeneity of powder blends is an important metric for industrial applications in fortified dairy foods including commercial pediatric nutrition products. Product development practices evaluating physical properties and nutrient stability performance are reliant on blending parameters that deliver a uniform powder at both the pilot and commercial scale. Quantities of individual micronutrients in finished products are particularly critical for formulated infant foods. The two preliminary phases of this study focused on developing a simple, efficient method, specifically for a pilot scale ribbon blender, in which maximum homogeneity in fortified dairy-based powder blends could be reached. In phase one, a red iron oxide pigment powder was mixed throughout a white dairy powder and color homogeneity was measured by comparing L*a*b* color values from powder samples extracted from different areas of the ribbon blender. For phase two, sixteen similar fortified dairy blends were produced with varying ribbon blade shaft rpm, fill level, and blending durations according to a response surface method (RSM). The level of homogeneity of ferrous sulfate in the dairy blend was measured in these fortified mixtures to determine optimal blender parameters. After operating parameters were determined for uniform blending, phase three was enacted using these parameters. A comparison study of nutrient stability in fortified model non-agglomerated powder infant formula (PIF) and agglomerated whey protein concentrate (WPC) powder blends was executed to evaluate the degradative effect of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate (MFS) vs. unencapsulated ferrous sulfate (UFS) in these fortified dairy blends. The nutrient degradation rates of vitamins A, E and C in both PIF and WPC base powder, fortified with either MFS or UFS, were determined and compared during an accelerated eight-week stability study. Using p = 0.05, no statistically significant differences in vitamin degradation rates were observed when comparing independent spray-dried dairy-based blends containing unencapsulated or microencapsulated ferrous sulfate (using an encapsulating composition of 60% stearic acid) during eight weeks of accelerated shelf-life storage conditions (37 °C with a 75% relative humidity, RH). Of note, the degradation rates of vitamins A and E in blends containing PIF and UFS were more rapid than the control and suggestively significantly different (p = 0.07).

No description available.

No description available.

Bacterial contamination of food is a global concern. Methods of treating bacterial contamination are limited. Bacteriophages, bacterial viruses, offer a promising solution. However, bacteriophages may have limited application for foods that undergo sterilization processing, are inhospitable to organisms, or must be maintained in a dry state. This thesis focused on methods to expand the application of bacteriophages. First, bacteriophages were subjected to generalized stresses of desiccation, heat, and acidity, under laboratory conditions to propagate new populations with improved stress resistance. However, testing of these stress-resistant populations under real-world conditions failed to produce results comparable to generalized laboratory conditions. Success in the application of selected bacteriophages may require high situational specificity during selection, including in terms of food matrix and stress mechanics. The focus of our research shifted from the modification of bacteriophage populations themselves to the development of food-safe protective matrices. Designed matrices encapsulate bacteriophage for integration with modern food production and even the food products themselves. A pullulan-trehalose sugar powder was developed for the protection of a model bacteriophage from pasteurization. Microparticles were engineered such that the majority of the particle would be composed of trehalose as a stabilizer and polysaccharide pullulan was designed to accumulate at the particle surface to slow dissolution. This structure resulted in a bacteriophage powder that remained intact and protective over short-term high-temperature pasteurization, whereas unprotected bacteriophage experienced significant loss in titer. Leucine-lactose and leucine-lactose-maltodextrin microparticles were engineered for the inclusion of bacteriophage in powdered infant formula. The bacteriophage powder was designed as a dormant protection system that could activate upon reconstitution. The excipient system was formulated to not significantly affect the pH, composition, and dissolution of commercial infant formula. The bacteriophage powder was also engineered to match the shelf life and secondary shelf life of infant formula. Altogether, this thesis demonstrates that bacteriophage application in different foods can be expanded through particle engineering. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Bacterial contamination of food can lead to widespread outbreaks and subsequent preventable deaths. Our best tool against bacteria, antibiotics, cannot be widely applied to food for risk to the natural human biome and creation of resistant bacteria. Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, are a naturally occurring bactericide that offer an alternative solution. This thesis focuses on improving the application of bacteriophages in food. First, bacteriophages are selected for resistance to common food processing stresses, such as heat, drying, and acidity, to prepare future generations that are stress-resistant. Second, a protective sugar powder was designed that could be used to add bacteriophages to milk before pasteurization. Post-pasteurization, the sugar would dissolve and release bacteriophage into the milk to deal with any post-processing contamination. Lastly, an infant-safe bacteriophage powder was developed that could be intermixed with powdered infant formula in an effort to reduce infant death due to the ingestion of bacteria.

El presente trabajo ha sido dividido en tres estudios diferentes, en el primer estudio se evaluó la fermentación in vitro de diversos oligosacáridos por cuatro especies de bifidobacterias, mostrando que 4'-galactosil lactosa (4'-GOS) estimuló en mayor medida el crecimiento de las bacterias estudiadas, especialmente de B. breve y B. bifidum. En un segundo estudio, se evaluó la viabilidad de las bifidobacterias presentes en una fórmula comercial probiótica (B. bifidum y B. longum) durante un máximo de 14 días, mostrando que aunque el paso del tiempo redujo significativamente (p<0,05) los recuentos bacterianos, éstos se mantuvieron siempre por encima del nivel recomendado (106 células/g de producto). Posteriormente se estudió el efecto de ésta fórmula probiótica sobre la flora fecal infantil durante el primer año de vida. Los resultados mostraron que los recuentos no fueron significativamente (p<0,05) superiores a los del grupo control hasta tres meses después de estar tomando la fórmula probiótica (7 y 9 meses de edad). En el tercer estudio se elaboraron siete dietas experimentales (1 dieta probiótica, 3 prebióticas y 3 simbióticas) que fueron administradas a un total de 54 ratas recién destetadas durante 30 días, donde se evaluó el efecto de los probióticos (B. bifidum y B. longum) y prebióticos (4'-GOS) sobre la absorción de los minerales mediante un balance mineral realizado en tres periodos. El análisis factorial de los resultados observados reveló que el aumento en la absorción de Ca, Mg y Fe estuvo relacionado con el descenso del pH y el incremento en la proliferación del epitelio del colon. Igualmente, este estudio permitió relacionar el depósito en huesos (tibia y fémur) con la absorción y retención mineral, el pH en el contenido del ciego y colon y la proliferación del epitelio del colon. / The present work has been divided into three studies, in the first study the in vitro fermentation of some oligosaccharides by four species of bifidobacteria. It showed that 4'-gallactosyllactose (4'-GOS) estimulated more intensively the bacterial growth specially of B. breve and B. bifidum. In the second study, it was evaluated the viability of bifidobacteria presents in a commercial probiotic infant formula (B. bifidum and B. longum) during 14 days as maximum. The counts were decreasing significantly (p<0,05) with days. However, they were kept above the recommended level (106 cells/g of product). Later, it was studied the effect of the probiotic formula on infant fecal flora during the first year of life. The results showed that bifidobacteria fecal counts of probiotic formula fed infants were not significantly (p<0,05) larger than those of the control group until three months after consuming the probiotic formula (7 and 9 months of age). In the third study, a total of seven experimental diets were elaborated (1 probiotic, 3 prebiotics and 3 synbiotics diets) that were administered to 54 weanling rats during 30 days, and the effect of probiotics (B. bifidum and B. longum) and prebiotics (4'-GOS) added to the diet on mineral absorption by mineral balance of three periods was evaluated. The factorial analysis of the results exhibited that the increase of Ca, Mg and Fe absorption was related with the pH decrease and the increase of cell proliferation in the epithelium of the colon. Likewise, this study allowed relating the mineral content in bones (femur and tibia) with the mineral absorption and retention, pH of the content of the cecum and colon and the proliferation of the epithelium of colon.

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / It is estimated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) that thousands of millions of cases of foodborne diseases occur world–wide every year. Enterobacter sakazakii is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and has been identified as an occasional contaminant of powdered infant formula milk (IFM). Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic emerging pathogen and has the ability to cause a severe form of neonatal meningitis. This organism was referred to as “yellow pigmented Enterobacter cloacae” until 1980 after which it was renamed as E. sakazakii. The current method for the detection of E. sakazakii is very time consuming and includes pre–enrichment, enrichment in Enterobacteriaceae enrichment broth, subsequent plating on violet red bile glucose agar and subculturing on tryptone soy agar. In this study a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for the identification of the presence of E. sakazakii in infant food products. A part of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene from E. sakazakii was amplified using the primer pair Esak2 and Esak3. An internal amplification control (IAC) was constructed as part of the PCR detection method. The 850 base pair (bp) E. sakazakii PCR product was digested with AluI and the two fragments containing the primer binding sites were ligated, resulting in a 240 bp IAC. During this study a positive band for both the target DNA (850 bp) and the IAC (240 bp) was simultaneously observed when the IAC was added to the PCR mixture at a concentration of 0.72 pg.ml-1. Four of 22 South African food products tested positive for the presence of E. sakazakii, using both the PCR and recommended culturing methods. The PCR method was used successfully for the detection of E. sakazakii within three days and thus provides a possible alternative and improvement on the recommended current culturing methods. Other microorganisms present in the products tested included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Raoultella terrigena (“Klebsiella terrigena”) and Chryseomonas luteola. Since E. sakazakii is usually present in low numbers in food products, it is possible that these few cells are unevenly distributed in the products, making it important to take multiple samples when evaluating IFM and thereby ensuring that even low numbers of this pathogen are detected.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-10-21T12:41:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação -Ludimila Pereira da Silva Souza - 2015.pdf: 1303469 bytes, checksum: b364a318b441043e6cc435d82ad0a1f2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-22T12:58:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação -Ludimila Pereira da Silva Souza - 2015.pdf: 1303469 bytes, checksum: b364a318b441043e6cc435d82ad0a1f2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-22T12:58:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação -Ludimila Pereira da Silva Souza - 2015.pdf: 1303469 bytes, checksum: b364a318b441043e6cc435d82ad0a1f2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / The objective the present study was to evaluate the factors associated with breastfeeding, and consumption of cow's milk and infant formula. This is a cross-sectional study, from a matrix study ENFAC, with 213 children between 12 to 15 months. Milk consumption was evaluated using R24h. We analyzed the association of the independent variables with the outcomes breastfeeding, consumption of cow's milk and consumption of infant formula. The infants were categorized in three groups: breastfeeding (BF), complemented breastfeeding (CBF) and not breastfeeding (NBF). The mean intake of macronutrients and calcium adjusted for energy, and average month weight and length gain was compared among groups. It was observed that 50.2% of the children were breastfed and 56.1% of breastfed children consumed another milk. There was a negative association between maternal education and consumption of cow´s milk (p = 0.046), however positive association with the amount of milk ingested for infants (p = 0.005). Energy intake of the CBF group was higher than the BF and NBF (p < 0.001). Moreover, the CBF group showed average month weight gain greater than BF (p = 0.017). Calcium intake was higher in the NBF group (p < 0.001). It was concluded that half of the infants consumed breast milk and it was found a high consumption of other milks for breast-fed infants. Children of mothers with a lower level of education consumed cow's milk more often; however, the amount ingested was lower. Those in complemented breastfeeding presented higher energy consumption and greater weight gain. / O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os fatores associados ao aleitamento materno e ao consumo de leite de vaca e fórmula infantil. Trata-se de estudo transversal, parte do estudo matriz ENFAC, com 213 crianças entre 12 a 15 meses. O consumo de leite foi avaliado pelo R24h. Analisou-se a associação das variáveis independentes com os desfechos aleitamento materno, consumo de leite de vaca e consumo de fórmula infantil. Os lactentes foram categorizados em três grupos: aleitamento materno (AM), aleitamento materno complementado (AMC) e não estava em aleitamento materno (NAM). As médias do consumo de macronutrientes e cálcio ajustados pela energia, e do ganho de peso e do comprimento médio foram comparadas entre os grupos. Observou-se que 50,2% das crianças eram amamentadas e 56,1% delas consumiram outro leite. A escolaridade materna apresentou associação negativa com a frequência do consumo de leite de vaca (p = 0,046), porém associação positiva com a quantidade ingerida desse leite pelos lactentes (p = 0,005). O consumo energético do grupo AMC foi maior que do AM e NAM (p < 0,001). Ainda, o grupo AMC apresentou ganho de peso mensal maior que o AM (p = 0,017). O consumo de cálcio foi maior no grupo NAM (p < 0,001). Conclui-se que o leite materno foi consumido por metade dos lactentes e, constatou-se alto consumo de outros leites por crianças amamentadas. As crianças de mães com menor escolaridade consumiram em maior frequência o leite de vaca, entretanto a quantidade ingerida foi menor. Aqueles em aleitamento materno complementado apresentaram maior consumo energético e maior ganho de peso mensal.

Master of Public Health - MPH / The World Health Organisation recommendations for breastfeeding in the general population, including mothers living with HIV, emphasise breastfeeding within one hour of birth, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first six months of life, and continued breastfeeding for up to two years or beyond. However, only 34.8% of infants worldwide are exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life, and as a result, about 1.4 million infants lose their lives due to undernutrition. In South Africa, only 31.6% of infants are exclusively breastfed for the first six months. Despite the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, many mothers living with HIV do not initiate breastfeeding or discontinue breastfeeding prematurely. It is, therefore, crucial to determine the barriers inhibiting the uptake of EBF and factors promoting mothers living with HIV to adopt exclusive breastfeeding.