In the Dravidian language Tulu, spoken in the south of present day India, in the states of Karnataka and Kerala, several verb forms exist which have hitherto been poorly described in the scientific literature. A set of these code different modal distinctions, and are thus labeled moods. Another set of non-finite verb forms are morphologically similar to the aforementioned moods, but do not code modality. For the purpose of this thesis, these are categorized under the umbrella term “verbals”. This thesis attempts to describe these forms, provide transparent, coherent and motivated terminology, describe their function, and provide some clarity as to their interplay within the paradigm of modality in the Tulu language. The moods discussed here have received different labels by different authors, often contradicting each other. Here, they will be called (in the order they are discussed in the thesis) the indicative, hypothetical, interrogative, imperative, prohibitive, hortative, permissive, potential, desiderative, optative and conditional moods. The non-finite forms that are here categorized as “verbals” have also been given various labels, again often contradicting each other and not being transparent in their meaning. One of the features that these forms have in common with each other is that they share some characteristics with other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, adverbs). The names given to these forms in this thesis are the purposive, the perfective verbal adverb, the imperfective verbal adverb, the simultaneous verbal adverb, the negative verbal adverb, the verbal noun, and the verbal adjective. Furthermore, a distinction is made between finite and non-finite forms, finite being those verb forms that take subject index. The non-finite forms comprise all verbals and several moods. The function of finiteness is discussed, and is for moods found to possibly relate to the historical origin of the markers, whereas for the verbals it may be related to subordination, as is common cross-linguistically (Nikolaeva 2010:1).

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Better understanding of the role of vegetation in the transport of fluid and pollutants requires improved knowledge of the detailed flow structure within the vegetation. Instead of spatial averaging, this study uses discrete measurements at multiple locations within the canopy to develop velocity and turbulence intensity profiles and observe the changes in the flow characteristics as water travels through a vegetation array simulated by rigid dowels. Velocity data were collected with a one dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) under single layer emergent and submerged flow conditions, and through two layers of vegetation. The effects of dowel arrangement, density, and roughness are also examined under the single layer experiments. The results show that the velocity within the vegetation array is constant with depth and the velocity profile is logarithmic above it. The region immediately behind a dowel, where the vorticity and turbulence intensity are highest, is characterized by a velocity spike near the bed and an inflection point near the top of the dowel arrays. With two dowel layers, the velocity profile in the region behind a tall dowel exhibits multiple inflection points and the highest turbulence intensities are found there. / Master of Science

Cette recherche traite de trois figures, la grille orthogonale, la trame tissée et le réseau aléatoire. Tout en étant constituées de lignes, ces figures caractériseraient des pratiques plastiques et approches théoriques diverses. Chacune constituerait un modèle conceptuel, un paradigme pour l’art et pour l’architecture. La grille orthogonale, modèle du strié, serait à la fois division spatiale, mode d’assemblage, matière immatérielle, figure géométrique flexible et universelle, symbole de la modernité et de l’anti-modernité, structure rythmique, trace de rationalité, structure langagière, écriture du discontinu et signe de l’universel. La trame tissée tirerait sa texture de logiques mathématiques. Cette dialectique entre structure / ornement se retrouverait dans la peinture. Le tissage serait un modèle d’hybridation et d’unicité. Les entrelacs mouvants représenteraient des chemins initiatiques et serviraient de modèle pour l’architecture tout comme le tissage dans divers procédés. La trame souple permettrait des déformations, des inflexions et des plis. Modèle relationnel, omniprésent dans l’univers et la philosophie, le réseau aléatoire signifierait le nomadisme. Il tracerait sur des cartes cette vision circulatoire du monde. Labyrinthe, il représenterait l’imaginaire. Diagramme, il ferait émerger par ses mises en relations, du sens en art Il serait aussi un modèle d’interactions et d’intersubjectivité. Les artistes simuleraient les réseaux chaotiques de la nature, pour générer des formes réticulaires. Le réseau, modèle des bifurcations situationnistes et ludiques, serait également celui des flux en architecture. / This research deals with three figures, the orthogonal grid, the woven wefts and the random network. While consisting of lines, these figures characterize plastics practices and various theoretical approaches. Each would be a conceptual model, a paradigm in art and in architecture. The orthogonal grid, pattern of striated, would be both spatial division, assembly mode, immaterial matter, flexible and universal geometric figure, symbol of modernity and antimodernity, rhythmic structure, trace of rationality, language structure, writing the discontinuous and sign of the universal. The woven weft would draw its texture from mathematical logic. This dialectic between structure / ornament would be present in painting. Weaving would be a model of hybridization and uniqueness. Intertwining would represent initiatory paths and serve as a model for architecture as well as weaving in various processes. The flexible weft would allow deformations, inflections and folds. Relational model, omnipresent in the universe and philosophy, random network would mean nomadism. It would trace on maps that circulatory worldview. Maze, it would represent the imagination. Diagram, by its connections, he would reveal meaning in art. It would be also a model of interactions and intersubjectivity. Artists would simulate the chaotic network of nature to generate lattice forms. The network model of Situationists and fun bifurcations, would also be flow in architecture.

Thesis. 1979. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Bibliography: leaves 382-385. / Ph.D.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-10-05T12:29:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) O_infinitivo_flexionado_em_português_brasileiro.pdf: 10141957 bytes, checksum: cb45b8ed410d6d3e477ae5651b7f5790 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-10-05T13:16:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) O_infinitivo_flexionado_em_português_brasileiro.pdf: 10141957 bytes, checksum: cb45b8ed410d6d3e477ae5651b7f5790 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-05T13:16:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) O_infinitivo_flexionado_em_português_brasileiro.pdf: 10141957 bytes, checksum: cb45b8ed410d6d3e477ae5651b7f5790 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-07 / Sem bolsa / No Português Brasileiro, existem dois tipos de orações reduzidas de infinitivo: uma que comporta uma flexão número-pessoal e outra sem flexão alguma. O infinitivo com flexão, chamado de infinitivo pessoal ou flexionado, se constitui há tempos como um problema para os estudiosos da área da linguagem, permanecendo algumas questões em aberto. Nosso estudo tem o objetivo de revisitar o seu comportamento, apresentando alguns dos “problemas” remanescentes e inovadores do PB, seja pela tradição gramatical, que não encontra uma forma harmônica de descrever os contextos em que ele pode ocorrer, seja pela linguística, que não adota uma teoria unificada. Assim, apresentaremos a visão da tradição gramatical e a visão da linguística como forma de abordá-lo a partir de diferentes perspectivas. Nosso intuito é verificar se o trabalho de Eduardo Raposo, que atribui à Teoria do Caso a principal disposição para licenciamento do Infinitivo Flexionado, dá conta dos exemplos encontrados no Corpus LLIC-PósLetrasUsp e de que forma os resultados de um teste de julgamento realizado podem ser avaliados sob essa ótica. São levantados alguns questionamentos que permanecem sem resposta: a questão do alçamento do sujeito em sentenças com verbo auxiliar (aspectual ou modal); a natureza da preposição que acompanha os verbos auxiliares aspectuais; a dupla concordância verbal com um único sujeito nas perífrases; a concordância do verbo principal das locuções com o vestígio do alçamento do sujeito. / In Brazilian Portuguese, two types of reduced sentences of infinitive are existing: one that includes a personal number morphology and one without any inflection. The inflected infinitive, called personal infinitive or inflected infinitive has been for a long time a problem for researchers on language, fact that left some questions remaining. Our study aims to present some of these problems on the grammatical tradition, which did not find an harmonious way to describe the contexts of bending infinitives occurrence, either by linguistics, which does not adopt a unified theory, since many researches address the problem differently. For this reason, we will cover the traditional grammar and linguistics view in a way to present the problem as well as presenting problems that are displayed in each of these fields of study. Later, we will try to verify if Raposo's paper on the inflected infinitives supports the examples found in the Corpus LLIC-PostLetrasUsp and in what way the results of a trial test can be evaluated in this perspective. Some questions that remain unanswered are raised: the question of the subject's elevation in the structure in sentences with auxiliary verb (aspectual and modal); the nature of the preposition that accompanies the auxiliary aspectual verbs, the double verbal agreement (of the verbal locution) with one only subject; and the verbal agreement of the main verb of the verbal locution with the subjetc trace.

The incredible productivity and creativity of language depends on two fundamental resources: a mental lexicon and a mental grammar. Rules of grammar enable us to produce and understand complex phrases we have not encountered before and at the same time constrain the computation of complex expressions. The concepts of the mental lexicon and mental grammar have been thoroughly tested by comparing the use of regular versus non-regular word forms. Regular verbs (e.g. walk-walked) are computed using a suffixation rule in a neural system for grammatical processing; non-regular verbs (run-ran) are retrieved from associative memory. The role of regularity has only been explored for the past tense, where regularity is overtly visible. To explore the representation and encoding of regularity as well as the inflectional processes involved in the production of regular and non-regular verbs, this dissertation investigated three groups of German verbs: regular, irregular and hybrid verbs. Hybrid verbs in German have completely regular conjugation in the present tense and irregular conjugation in the past tense. Articulation latencies were measured while participants named pictures of actions, producing the 3rd person singular of regular, hybrid, and irregular verbs in present and past tense. Studying the production of German verbs in past and present tense, this dissertation explored the complexity of lexical entries as a decisive factor in the production of verbs. / Regularität spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Produktion von Verben. Zweiroutenmodelle nehmen an, dass regelmäßige Formen aus Stamm und Suffixen zusammengesetzt werden und unregelmäßige Verben als ganze Form im mentalen Lexikon gespeichert sind. Ziel der Dissertation war eine ausführliche Untersuchung der Repräsentation von regelmäßigen und unregelmäßigen Verben im Deutschen sowie der morphologischen Prozesse bei ihrer Produktion. Dazu wurden drei Typen von Verben im Deutschen untersucht: Regelmäßige Verben (z.B. lachen) haben nur einen Stamm, irreguläre Verben (z.B. graben) haben mehrere Stämme und ihre Formen sind daher unvorhersagbar. Hybride Verben (z.B. singen) haben regelmäßige Formen im Präsens und unregelmäßige, unvorhersagbare im Präteritum. Besondere Berücksichtigung fand daher das Tempus bei der Generierung von Verben. Artikulationszeiten in einer Serie von Bild-Wort-Interferenzexperimenten lassen vermuten, dass Regularität nicht durch abstrakte generische Knoten repräsentiert ist wie es z.B. für Genus angenommen wird. Die Artikulationszeiten von allen drei Typen von Verben in einem weiteren Bildbenennungsexperiment haben gezeigt, dass Regularität eine Eigenschaft des gesamten Lexikoneintrags eines Verbs ist und nicht von individuellen Wortformen. Die präsentierten Daten sind eine Herausforderung für das Zweiroutenmodell (Pinker, 1999), sie sind jedoch mit einem Ansatz vereinbar, der komplexe Lexikoneinträge für unregelmäßige Verben annimmt.

Neben der Frequenz eines cues ist es dessen Zuverlässigkeit, die Kindern hilft, die an sie gerichtete Sprache zu segmentieren, Worteinheiten zu erkennen sowie diese syntaktisch zu kategorisieren. Im Deutschen weist die Subsilbe „Langvokal+Konsonant+/t/“ (z.B. in fehlt, wohnt) zuverlässig auf eine -t-flektierte Verbform hin. Die in kindgerichteter Sprache höher frequente Subsilbe „Kurzvokal+Konsonant+/t/“ (z.B. in Feld, Hemd, fällt, rund) gibt hingegen keinen derartig eindeutigen Hinweis. Es wurde der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern diese unterschiedlichen Zuverlässigkeiten und Frequenzen der Subsilben auf die Nomen-, Verb- und Verbflexionsverarbeitung einwirken. Drei Altersgruppen wurden untersucht: achtzehn Monate alte Kinder, drei- bis fünfjährige sprachunauffällige und -auffällige Kinder sowie erwachsene Sprecher. Einflüsse der unterschiedlichen Zuverlässigkeiten und Frequenzen der ausgewählten Subsilben konnten für alle Probandengruppen gefunden werden. Die Subsilbe stellt damit eine linguistische Größe dar, die in der frühen Sprachwahrnehmung als cue dienen sowie die Sprachverarbeitung Erwachsener lenken kann und auch für die Sprachdiagnostik und -therapie sprachauffälliger Kinder berücksichtigt werden sollte. / Frequency and reliability have an impact on children’s reliance on cues for the segmentation and syntactic categorization of words. In German, the subsyllable “long vowel+consonant+/t/” reliably indicates that a word containing this type of subsyllable is an inflected verb form, e.g. “fehlt” (to lack, 3rd pers. sing.) or “wohnt” (to live, 3rd pers. sing.) In contrast, the more frequent subsyllable “short vowel+consonant+/t/” is not a reliable cue to word class as it occurs not only in inflected verb forms but in monomorphemic nouns and adjectives as well, e.g. “fällt” (to fall, 3rd pers. sing.), “Hemd” (shirt), “Feld” (field) or “rund” (round). This study addresses the question to what extent the different cue properties of subsyllables (i.e. reliability and frequency) have an impact on the processing of nouns, verbs and verb inflection. Participants of three different age groups were recruited: eighteen-month-old children, three- to five-year-old children with typical and atypical language acquisition and adults. Impacts of the different subsyllabic reliabilities and frequencies were found for all groups. This indicates that the subsyllable is a linguistic unit that provides relevant cues for early language acquisition and for language processing in adults. Therefore, it should also be considered for assessment and treatment of children with atypical language acquisition.

The preferential looking paradigm was used to investigate how toddlers integrate recently learned grammatical cues with well-established social cues in a novel word-learning scenario. To test this we examined children’s ability to decipher the referent of a novel noun using the grammatical information from a plural cue and social information from an eye-gaze cue. Experiment 1 is the first study showing that children as young as 24 months of age can rely on plural markings alone to infer the referent of a novel noun. Preliminary results of Experiment 2 suggest that when the plural cue is presented alongside contradicting information from a gaze direction cue, children still map the novel word to the grammatically cued object. Taken together, these results suggest that by the time children reach their second birthday, even newly learned grammatical information, such as plural markings, might already outweigh established social cues.

The preferential looking paradigm was used to investigate how toddlers integrate recently learned grammatical cues with well-established social cues in a novel word-learning scenario. To test this we examined children’s ability to decipher the referent of a novel noun using the grammatical information from a plural cue and social information from an eye-gaze cue. Experiment 1 is the first study showing that children as young as 24 months of age can rely on plural markings alone to infer the referent of a novel noun. Preliminary results of Experiment 2 suggest that when the plural cue is presented alongside contradicting information from a gaze direction cue, children still map the novel word to the grammatically cued object. Taken together, these results suggest that by the time children reach their second birthday, even newly learned grammatical information, such as plural markings, might already outweigh established social cues.