Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-11-19T16:59:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GISELLE ANGÉLICA MOREIRA DE SIQUEIRA.pdf: 1650143 bytes, checksum: 0a85747b640c1ee6d3c2dc446dececf7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-19T16:59:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GISELLE ANGÉLICA MOREIRA DE SIQUEIRA.pdf: 1650143 bytes, checksum: 0a85747b640c1ee6d3c2dc446dececf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-19 / SIQUEIRA, Giselle Angelica Moreira de. Epidemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in the state of Goiás/Brazil: cases and deaths. Dissertation (MSc in Environmental Sciences) – Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, 2013. Between late March and early April 2009, were the first reported cases of human infection caused by a new viral subtype Influenza A (H1N1) in Southern California and near San Antonio, Texas, USA, and then in Mexico and Canada. Until July 6, 2009, 905 cases were confirmed by the Ministry of Health, with reports of 23 states and the Federal District. This study described the profile of confirmed cases and deaths affected by Influenza A ( H1N1 ) in 2009 in the state of Goias and Brazil through a descriptive ecological study of confirmed cases and deaths affected by Influenza A virus (H1N1) 2009 in the State of Goias and Brazil between epidemiological weeks 16 th to 52 th, variables of research Influenza record, feeding SINAN Influenza Web were selected such as epidemiological week, age, gender, education, signs and symptoms, comorbidities, vaccination status, hospitalizations and evolution. Among the total number of cases reported during the epidemic , more than 45% were confirmed Influenza A (H1N1) in Goiás and in Brazil , with 14.9% and 3.9% subsequently died respectively. Females were predominant, those over 6 % were pregnant. The age range was found between 15 and 45 years, with the primary and secondary school levels observed schooling. Among the signs and symptoms , more than 95% of cases and deaths had fever, cough and dyspnoea, less than 30% had comorbid conditions, the occurrence of hospitalizations of cases was 96% and 45% in Goiás in Brazil, while hospitalization those who subsequently died was above 96%, less than 14% of cases and deaths have taken the vaccine against influenza (H1N1). It was concluded that it was possible to know the profile of cases and deaths from socio demographic and clinical characteristics during the epidemic period Influenza (H1N1) 2009 in Goias and Brazil, many lessons were learned that will assist in the consolidation of plans to tackle the unusual situations of epidemic and pandemic character and guide the development of public policies that will strengthen the surveillance system of disease, health care, implementation of laboratory diagnosis, mass vaccination and personal protection and respiratory hygiene network. / SIQUEIRA, Giselle Angélica Moreira de. Epidemia da Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 no estado de Goiás/Brasil: casos e óbitos. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Ambientais) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, 2013. Entre o final de março e começo de abril de 2009, foram notificados os primeiros casos de infecção humana causada por um novo subtipo viral Influenza A (H1N1), no sul da Califórnia e próximo de San Antonio, no Texas, Estados Unidos, e, em seguida, no México e Canadá. Até o dia 06 de julho de 2009, 905 casos foram confirmados pelo Ministério da Saúde, com notificações de 23 estados e do Distrito Federal. Neste estudo foi descrito o perfil dos casos confirmados e óbitos acometidos por Influenza A (H1N1) em 2009 no Estado de Goiás e Brasil por meio de um estudo ecológico descritivo dos casos confirmados e óbitos acometidos pelo vírus Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 no Estado de Goiás e Brasil entre as semanas epidemiológicas 16ª a 52ª, foram selecionadas variáveis da ficha de investigação de Influenza, que alimenta o SINAN Influenza Web tais como semana epidemiológica, faixa etária, gênero, escolaridade, sinais e sintomas, comorbidades, situação vacinal, hospitalizações e evolução. Dentre o total de casos notificados durante a epidemia, mais de 45% foram confirmados por Influenza A (H1N1) em Goiás e no Brasil, sendo que 14,9% e 3,9% evoluíram para o óbito respectivamente. O gênero feminino foi predominante, destas mais de 6% eram gestantes. A faixa etária encontrada foi entre 15 a 45 anos, sendo o ensino médio e fundamental os níveis de escolaridade constatados. Dentre os sinais e sintomas, mais de 95% dos casos e óbitos apresentaram febre, tosse e dispneia, menos de 30% apresentaram comorbidades, a ocorrência de hospitalizações dos casos foi de 96 % em Goiás e 45% no Brasil, enquanto que a hospitalização dos que evoluíram para o óbito foi acima de 96%, menos de 14% dos casos e óbitos tomaram a vacina contra a Influenza (H1N1). Concluiu-se que foi possível conhecer o perfil de casos e óbitos a partir das características sócio demográficas e clínicas durante o período epidêmico da Influenza (H1N1) 2009 em Goiás e no Brasil, foram aprendidas muitas lições que auxiliarão na consolidação de planos de enfrentamento a situações inusitadas de caráter epidêmico e pandêmico e norteará a construção de políticas públicas que fortalecerá o sistema de vigilância da doença, da rede de atenção à saúde, implementação de diagnóstico laboratorial, vacinação massiva e medidas de proteção individual e higiene respiratória.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-12T14:01:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 54.pdf: 1028475 bytes, checksum: d2d42ea5ee44212711e7935436caa735 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Nas últimas quatro décadas espécies de Campylobacter spp. têm sido reconhecidas como patógenos emergentes e despontaram como importantes agentes de gastrenterites de origem alimentar em várias partes do mundo. No Brasil, cabe aos órgãos normatizadores e à Vigilância Sanitária assegurar o cumprimento das legislações a fim de garantir a segurança dos alimentos comercializados e preservar a saúde do consumidor. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência das espécies termofílicas de Campylobacter em 30 amostras de carcaças resfriadas de frango adquiridas no comércio do Município do Rio de Janeiro. A preparação das amostras e o isolamento de colônias suspeitas de Campylobacter spp. foram realizados de acordo com os protocolos descritos no Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, APHA. A confirmação de Campylobacter spp. foi feita pelo teste de aglutinação em látex e a diferenciação das espécies foi realizada pela bioquímica convencional e pela abordagem molecular. Foi proposto, neste estudo, a utilização da Duplex PCR para amplificar os genes 16S rRNA e o gene da oxirredutase, para a detecção das espécies do gênero Campylobacter e da espécie C. jejuni respectivamente. O plaqueamento direto das amostras, utilizando meios de cultivo seletivos, foi mais eficiente no isolamento de Campylobacter spp. do que a etapa de enriquecimento seletivo. / During the last four decades, different species of Campylobacter spp. have been recognized as emerging pathogens and important agents of gastroenteritis from food source worldwide. In Brazil, health authorities are responsible for the surveillance of foods in order to preserve the health of the population. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of thermophilic Campylobacter species among 30 chilled chicken carcasses samples purchased in the Rio de Janeiro City. Sample preparation and isolation of suspected Campylobacter spp. colonies were performed according to the protocols described in the Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, APHA. Campylobacter spp. confirmation was performed with the latex agglutination test and species differentiation was carried out through biochemistry tests and molecular approach. A Duplex-PCR approach has been proposed through amplification of 16S rRNA and oxidoreductase genes, for the detection of the genera Campylobacter and C. jejuni respectively. Direct plating of samples using selective culture media, was more efficient for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. then the selective enrichment step. We detected the presence of Campylobacter spp. in 21 samples (70%), six (28,6%) from slaughterhouses, eight (38,1%) from supermarkets and seven (33,3%) from street markets. Two (9,6%) out of 21 isolates were identified as C. coli, 18 (85,7%) as C. jejuni and one isolate showed after 7 days an ambiguous result by biochemical tests. Duplex PCR confirmed the biochemical results for C. coli and detected 19 (90,48%) C. jejuni after 4 hours. Our results suggest that the implementation of rapid and reliable methods for the detection of this food pathogen in poultry may contribute for the improvement of food surveillance systems and public health surveillance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-30T10:50:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_2599_.pdf: 878116 bytes, checksum: 0d56a077298c47028a7290f7c166fbfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-14 / Este estudo avalia os efeitos da vacina da influenza na morbidade e mortalidade do idoso. Analisa uma amostra de pessoas com 65 anos e mais, que tenham registro de internação hospitalar no Sistema Único da Saúde, e pessoas com 60 anos e mais, com registro de óbitos, por doenças atribuíveis à influenza, no período de 1995 a 2003, no estado do Espírito Santo. Campanhas de vacinação contra a influenza (gripe), para toda a população maior de 60 anos acontecem anualmente desde 1999. Isto possibilita avaliar como os idosos se comportam quanto a duas variáveis, morbidade e mortalidade, antes e depois das campanhas de vacinação da influenza. No tratamento estatístico utiliza o SPSS - versão 8.0 (1997). Conclui que os dados encontrados são estatisticamente significativos para a morbidade (internação hospitalar), demonstrando que a intervenção da vacina é significativa para esta variável. Para a variável mortalidade, não encontrou diferença significativa nos dados pós-vacinal comparado ao pré-vacinal, necessitando de mais esclarecimentos.

Class of 2011 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to create and evaluate the usability and credibility of an informational website about the influenza vaccination. METHODS: This was a descriptive study of user’s reactions to a website. Questionnaires administered during a regularly scheduled class collected ratings of the usability and credibility of an informational website about the influenza vaccination; data on vaccination status, year in pharmacy school and plans for future vaccination were also collected. RESULTS: Questionnaires were completed by 8 students. Eighty-eight percent of participants were in their 3rd year of pharmacy school and 62% received the influenza vaccination in the past season. Only one participant had used the internet to access information about vaccines in the past. The means scores for the 9 usability and credibility statements were between 2 to 2.9 indicating agreement with the statements. CONCLUSION: The influenza website is easy to navigate and provides a source of credible information about the influenza vaccination.

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Influenza infection occurs in as much as 5–15% of the world population, resulting in 3–5 million cases of severe illness and up to 500,000 deaths annually. According to the CDC, on average 24% of all influenza positive respiratory samples during 2001 to 2011 tested positive for Influenza B. Influenza has two main surface glycoproteins, neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA), HA being responsible for the binding of the virus to the host cell. Currently, seasonal influenza vaccines are produced using two strains of Influenza A and one or two strains of Influenza B viruses recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). These vaccines are mainly targeting the head domain of the HA protein, which mutates constantly, hence the need for annual vaccine updates. The goal of this research is to develop an experimental universal vaccine against influenza B and increase our knowledge to help pave the way for finding a one-time vaccination alternative, reducing the need for a yearly flu shot. To achieve the above, protection and toxicity studies were conducted in DBA/2 mice immunized with a designed HA2 adenoviral-vectored vaccine targeting the HA stem region of influenza B. Results showed that this designed vaccine was able to confer 100% survival protection, this was supported by lower viral titer in trachea and lung tissues. Additionally, we studied the influence of CD40L as a targeting adjuvant, by analyzing its effect on the humoral and cellular immune response, where results showed that it has a significant effect by inducing a higher TH1-bias response. This research is the first report that leads us to a better understanding of the potential use of a conserved consensus HA2 sequence to induce protection against influenza B virus.

Cigarette smoke is the leading cause of preventable mortality worldwide. This excess death is attributable to an increased risk of acquiring a variety of conditions, including chronic respiratory/cardiovascular diseases and various types of cancer. Smokers are additionally predisposed to develop infectious diseases, notably including pneumonia caused by the influenza virus, one of the most prevalent and burdensome pathogens in existence today. Although cigarette smoke is well known to modulate many aspects of the immune system, the specific mechanisms by which this predisposition is mediated are incompletely understood. Also unclear is the effect of cigarette smoke on responses to intranasal immunization strategies aimed at eliciting immunity against pathogens such as influenza in the upper airways, where protection may substantially contribute to sterilizing immunity. This PhD thesis focused primarily on addressing these knowledge gaps. In the first study, we assessed the effect of cigarette smoke on antibody induction following intranasal immunization in the upper airways of mice, finding that smoke exposure attenuated antigen-specific IgA induction in the upper respiratory tract, reproductive tract, and systemic circulation. In addition, we found that these nasal IgA demonstrated a reduced antigen-binding avidity in the acute post-immunization period. Mechanistically, deficits in nasal IgA were associated with a reduced accumulation of antigen-specific IgA antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in the nasal mucosa, induction of these cells in nasal-draining lymphoid tissues, and upregulation of molecules critical to ASC homing (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1) and IgA transepithelial transport (polymeric immunoglobulin receptor; pIgR) in the nasal mucosa. Ultimately, in tandem with recent clinical work published by others, our study strongly suggests that cigarette smoke can attenuate IgA induction in the upper airways, which may have implications for aspects of intranasal vaccine efficacy. Thus, smoking status should be more consistently considered in the design of clinical trials for IgA-oriented intranasal vaccines. The second study did not assess smoking and host defense directly, but rather served to optimize protocols for assessing immunoglobulins in human mucoid respiratory samples as a precursor to future studies in smoking-related disease. In this regard we found that, relative to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), dithiothreitol (DTT)-based processing of human sputum samples increased total IgA yields, decreased IgE yield, and improved the detection of a specific IgG autoantibody. These findings suggest that processing choices for human mucoid respiratory samples should be made with specific goals in mind as they pertain to antibody isotype(s) of interest. Finally, in the third study we investigated potential mechanisms by which cigarette smoke exposure promotes influenza, given that smokers are at increased risk of acquiring the pathogen, progressing to severe disease, and being admitted to hospital/ICU following infection. In doing so, we found that concurrent smoke exposure increased morbidity, hypoxemia, pulmonary edema, neutrophilia, and ultimately mortality in a mouse model of H1N1 infection. These changes were associated with an increased accumulation of viral (v)RNA in cells independent of any change in the shedding of replication-competent viral particles. Using a novel dysregulation score approach, we found that interleukin (IL)-6 and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)3 expression was highly exacerbated in the lungs and circulation of smoke-exposed, infected mice relative to controls. Supplementation of recombinant (r)CSF3 increased morbidity, hypothermia and edema, while blockade of the cognate receptor (CSF3R) improved alveolar-capillary barrier function. On the cellular level, single cell RNA-sequencing revealed a shift in the distribution of Csf3+ cells towards neutrophils. Finally, deep transcriptional analysis of neutrophils revealed a gene signature that was largely indicative of an exacerbated form of typical disease with select unique regulatory elements. Ultimately, this work identifies potential therapeutic targets (CSF3R signaling, excess vRNA accumulation) for the treatment of cigarette smoke-augmented influenza, and warns against clinical rCSF3 therapy to treat neutropenia during viral infectious disease. In conclusion, the work presented in this PhD dissertation expands our understanding of the relationship between cigarette smoke and antimicrobial host defense as it pertains to both IgA immunity in the upper airways, and the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-augmented influenza. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Cigarette smoke exposure is well known to have many harmful effects on human health, including through its ability to promote various infectious diseases such as influenza. However, the mechanisms by which it promotes infection are not fully known. This is an important knowledge gap given that over 1.1 billion individuals continue to smoke worldwide, and a large number of people are exposed to the harmful effects of second-hand smoke, both with fatal consequence. The central goal of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of this relationship between cigarette smoke and infectious disease, specifically by assessing how smoke exposure impacts immune responses in the upper and lower airways. In the first study, we found that smoke exposure interferes with the ability to activate immunoglobulin (Ig)A antibody responses in the nasal passages of mice, which may have important implications for human nasal vaccination strategies. The second study investigated different methods with which to best measure antibodies in human respiratory samples. Finally, in the third study we defined a role for a specific molecule, CSF3, in worsening health in a mouse model of concurrent cigarette smoke and influenza infection. Overall, this work provides new insights into the ways in which smoking can increase the risk of respiratory infection, thereby informing the future design and testing of vaccines and treatments for use in our highly smoke-exposed global population.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Influenza pandemics are a fact of nature. Our human history is marked by global influenza outbreaks that have stricken large numbers of people with illness, caused many deaths, and disrupted the social and economic life of many communities, states, and nations. A novel influenza virus spreading efficiently human to human and causing severe illness causes an influenza pandemic. In the last three hundred years there have been at least ten influenza pandemics (IOM 2005; Osterholm 2005a). The twentieth century alone experienced three pandemics in 1918, 1957, and 1968 (HHS 2005). There is no single ethical framework robust enough to adequately address the various issues that arise in pandemic planning and response. Pandemic influenza is a social problem that requires a social effort in planning, preparedness, and response. The values of participation, loyalty, and solidarity are fundamental social values that are critical to sustain the life of communities. The study of these values will assist local officials with an ethical approach for developing pandemic response plans that ensures community participation, incorporates fundamental values, and minimizes conflicting obligations in the planning stages, which in turn inspires loyalty to the response effort and fosters an attitude of solidarity in the community during the pandemic.

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No description available.