Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16820号 / 工博第3541号 / 新制||工||1535(附属図書館) / 29495 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 澤田 純男, 教授 清野 純史, 准教授 五十嵐 晃 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Le partenariat public-privé (PPP) est un mode d’approvisionnement gouvernemental qui combine, en une seule entente contractuelle à long terme, toutes les étapes traditionnelles de la réalisation d’une infrastructure : la conception, la construction, l’exploitation, l’entretien et le financement. Au Québec, la décision d’utiliser le mode PPP a été accompagnée d’une série de réformes légales, réglementaires et institutionnelles. Ces réformes ont profondément bouleversé la manière de réaliser les grands projets d’infrastructure. Or, il semble que peu d’analyses aient été effectuées quant aux impacts de ces changements sur la gouvernance démocratique de l’approvisionnement en infrastructure. Cette thèse se penche donc sur le PPP en tant que mécanisme d’approvisionnement, mais aussi en tant que point de départ d’une série de réformes administratives venant influencer considérablement la gouvernance de l’approvisionnement gouvernemental. Le document propose d’abord une relecture et une redéfinition de la gouvernance démocratique à partir de la théorie des études critiques en management et de la théorie des instruments d’action publique. Les réformes récentes de l’administration publique québécoise y sont examinées à la lumière de cette redéfinition. Les politiques d’approvisionnement, ainsi que les critères d’appréciation qui leur sont propres, sont aussi étudiés à la lumière de la théorie critique. Ensuite, de façon plus précise, le mode PPP est étudié en partant de ses origines et des raisons qui ont mené à son adoption. D’un point de vue empirique, trois cas pratiques sont examinés afin de produire, d’une part, une évaluation de la performance administrative du mode PPP et, d’autre part, une caractérisation de ses effets démocratiques. Une attention particulière est portée au mécanisme du « comparateur public », qui fait l’objet d’une analyse financière critique. La thèse en arrive aux conclusions suivantes : D’abord, au niveau micro, soit celui du fonctionnement interne des PPP, les conséquences suivantes sont observables : une définition des besoins plus rigoureuse, mais contraignante à long terme; des économies difficiles à démontrer; une dynamique de confrontation et non de partenariat entre acteurs privés et publics; un entretien contractuellement garanti qui présente un avantage réel étant donné la tendance bien documentée des gouvernements à mal entretenir les infrastructures; et des risques financiers réels, mais pouvant être atténués notamment par le montage financier. Ensuite, au niveau meso, soit celui de l’arrimage avec les principes de la gouvernance démocratique, les conséquences de la mise en œuvre de la politique québécoise des PPP sont les suivantes : un discours trompeur sur les économies réelles, notamment par l’utilisation d’une méthodologie d’analyse financière ambiguë; un modèle de prise de décision laissant place à l’intervention politique illégitime; des difficultés quant à la gestion à long terme des incertitudes; et une imputabilité rendue plus difficile par la contractualisation. Finalement, au niveau macro, soit celui de la redéfinition du rôle de l’État induit par la mise en œuvre de la politique sur les PPP, les conséquences sont les suivantes: une dérive de la gouvernance vers une forme illégitime de contrôle politique; un modèle néolibéral de partenariat non-observable dans la pratique et s’effaçant plutôt au profit d’une logique de compétition classique; et une modernisation inachevée, reposant sur les principes de la gouvernementalité managériale plutôt que sur ceux de la rationalité communicationnelle. La thèse se conclut, au dernier chapitre, par une redéfinition critique de la gouvernance de l’approvisionnement gouvernemental. Cette redéfinition s’appuie sur un certain nombre de propositions de recherche pouvant servir de base à une réforme de la politique d’approvisionnement en infrastructure.

This thesis is concerned with the conditions of generating a livable Karoo landscape and the arts of living on a damaged Karoo veld. It takes place in a context where the anthropogenic influences on land degradation, desertification and biodiversity loss continues to haunt the Karoo in the present. The Karoo is a semi-arid region that spans the interior of South Africa. It is also region that has been subject to ongoing and widespread concern of the impact of overgrazing, threatening the livability of the Karoo landscape. This is a result of human/nonhuman relations that have been grounded in a colonial mastery of the land, whereby the advent of private property regimes, modernist technologies and capitalist extraction has allowed for the land to be cheapened, exhausted and severely degraded in a process of colonial dispossession. This research is a qualitative ethnography interacting with farmers and nonhumans on rangelands in the Great Karoo. This thesis shows how the earlier degradation of the Karoo has demanded farmersto pay attention to the relationalities between ecology and economy, since their economic/ecological survival depends entirely on the ongoing multispecies assemblages of which humans form a part. Infrastructures and technologies have become grounds for new ontological practices of regenerating the Karoo veld. Infrastructures (namely fencing) and sheep are used in ways that mimic the earlier migration of large herds of antelope. Here, the bodies of sheep are curated and moved in order to perform a particular ordering of a Karoo ‘nature’. This movement is believed to instigate multispecies liveliness. Sheep, who were once destroyers of the veld, are now enrolled in practices that are believed to bring back the ‘natural’ vegetation of the Karoo. The thesis problematises the ongoing Western ways of knowing that separate the world into binaries of ‘nature’/’culture’, ‘human’/’non-human’, ‘subject’/object’, ‘domestic’/‘wild’, ’economy’/‘ecology’, ‘life’/‘death’. Rather, it argues that a concern with ontological plurality is a process of paying attention to the mutual ecologies and multiple species that gather in human/nonhuman worlding projects on rangelands in the Karoo.

Coastal mapping and shoreline change detection are critical to many applications, including navigation, coastal zone management, coastal environmental protection, and sustainable development. Field surveying and on-site investigation become inevitable to ensure the quality of coastal decision making. To provide innovative tools for governmental agencies to increase efficiency and reduce operation costs, a wireless mobile GIS is developed and applied to on-site decision making for coastal management. This wireless mobile GIS system has three components: a coastal-structure permit subsystem; a shoreline erosion awareness subsystem; and a wireless on-site spatial subsystem. The coastal-structure permit subsystem has been implemented to simulate, in a GIS environment, the decision-making process for granting construction permits for coastal protection structures. The web-based shoreline erosion awareness subsystem has been developed to aid local residents in making land-use decisions. It is implemented both to describe the extent of historic shorelines and previous erosion and to predict future shoreline change due to erosion. The wireless on-site spatial subsystem helps government officials remotely access and update spatial data from field, thus allowing for decision making in real time. This system has been developed in the United States based on the environment at Lake Erie, Ohio.

Yes / Process safety has drawn increasing attention in recent years and has been investigated from different perspectives, such as quantitative risk analysis, consequence modeling, and regulations. However, rare attempts have been made to focus on inherent safety design assessment, despite being the most cost-effective safety tactic and its vital role in sustainable development and safe operation of process infrastructure. Accordingly, the present research proposed a knowledge-driven model to assess inherent safety in process infrastructure under uncertainty. We first developed a holistic taxonomy of contributing factors into inherent safety design considering chemical, reaction, process, equipment, human factors, and organizational concerns associated with process plants. Then, we used subject matter experts, content validity ratio (CVR), and content validity index (CVI) to validate the taxonomy and data collection tools. We then employed a fuzzy inference system and the Extent Analysis (EA) method for knowledge acquisition under uncertainty. We tested the proposed model on a steam methane-reforming plant that produces hydrogen as renewable energy. The findings revealed the most contributing factors and indicators to improve the inherent safety design in the studied plant and effectively support the decision-making process to assign proper safety countermeasures.

Chapter 1- We offer the first causal evidence on the effect of high-speed Internet on sexual behaviour, and HIV spread in Africa. Exploiting the gradual connection of the Internet network to the submarine Internet cables in Africa's coastal regions in combination with individual-level data, we apply difference-in-differences and find that exposure to fast Internet reduces the likelihood of HIV infection in locations close to the Internet network. The effect is significantly larger for women, educated individuals, older adults, and urban residents. The analysis of causal mechanisms reveals that, while access to fast Internet increases the likelihood of early sexual initiation and extramarital relationships, it also increases knowledge of HIV prevention and transmission, the use of modern methods of contraception, reduces fertility, and the likelihood of being in a polygamous marriage. We do not find that employment status, occupational choice, or migration drives the effect of the fast Internet on HIV. In addition, we use google trends data to show that Internet access increases the search popularity of sex-related topics, contraception, and HIV/AIDS. The findings imply that the expansion of Internet networks in Africa requires educational policies to promote healthy and stable intimate connections. Chapter 2- We combine longitudinal data on the financial activities of individuals with information on temporal and spatial variations in broadband diffusion in the United States in recent years to study the causal impact of high-speed Internet on financial decisions. Our identification strategy controls for individual fixed effects and uses lightning strike density as an instrument for broadband penetration. We find that broadband diffusion increases the probability of investment in the stock market, having a mortgage, and having an active savings account. Analyzing causal mechanisms, we find that access to broadband Internet increases financial literacy and the use of financial services such as online banking and having a financial advisor. Additionally, heterogeneity analysis shows that the effect of broadband penetration on stock market participation significantly differs by gender, age, marital status, education, income, level of social connection, and mental health status. Analyzing the interconnection between financial decisions provides novel insights into the well-known stock market participation puzzle in the United States. We show that the probability of investing in the stock market is lower for an individual with a mortgage payment. Also, the probability of participation in the stock market is higher for a person with active savings. Chapter 3- Evidence for road expansion and electrification as drivers of job creation is limited and mixed, with most studies considering either one or the other and only in isolation. We estimate the average and heterogeneous impacts of road and electricity investments and the interaction of the two on job creation over the past two decades in 27 countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Exploiting the exogenous location of ancestral ethnic homelands, we introduce a new instrumental variable for road accessibility inspired by post-independence leaders' agenda of building roads to extend authority over their country's entire expanse and promote nation-building. we used the topography and lightning strikes, a key source of damage to electric lines and disruption of service, to instrument the electricity supply. We find that constructing new roads and electricity grids positively and significantly affects employment from higher access to roads and electric grids. Moreover, the interaction between access to the two enhances the effects, making them complementary investments. The impacts of both individual and bundled investments are positive, but with differences between men and women, workers of various ages, and countries at different stages of development. In urban areas, better access to roads and electricity promotes employment, mostly related to the skilled base job creation. In rural areas, greater access induces a transition from low-to high-skilled occupations. These differential effects suggest that the structural transformation brought about by road and electricity expansion is primarily a rural phenomenon.

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Les données massives se situent au coeur de beaucoup d’enjeux scientifiques et sociétaux, et leur volume global ne cesse de croître. Il devient donc crucial de disposer de solutions permettant leur traitement et leur analyse. Hélas, alors qu’une majorité de ces données intègrent une composante spatiale vectorielle, peu de systèmes sont à même de gérer cette dernière. En outre, les rares prototypes qui s’y essaient respectent mal les standards ISO et les spécifications OGC et présentent des performances limitées. La présente recherche visait donc à déterminer comment gérer les données spatiales massives vectorielles de façon plus complète et efficiente. Il s’agissait en particulier de trouver une façon de les indexer avec une bonne scalabilité horizontale, d’assurer leur compatibilité avec la norme ISO-19125 et ses extensions, et de les rendre accessibles depuis les logiciels SIG. Il en résulte le système Elcano, une extension spatiale au système de gestion de données massives Spark qui fournit des performances accrues par rapport aux solutions du marché. / Big data are in the midst of many scientific and economic issues. Furthermore their volume is continuously increasing. As a result, the need for management and processing solutions has become critical. Unfortunately, while most of these data have a vectorial spatial component, almost none of the current systems are able to manage it. In addition, the few systems who try either do not respect the ISO standards and OGC specifications or show poor performances. The aim of this research was then to determine how to manage the vectorial massive data more completely and efficiently. The objective was to find a scalable way of indexing them, ensuring their compatibility with ISO-19125 and its extensions, and making them accessible from GIS. The result is the Elcano system. It is an extension of the massive data management system Spark which provides increased performance compared to current market solutions.

De trop nombreux évènements survenus la décennie passée illustrent la gravité et l’étendue des impacts auxquels les territoires peuvent être confrontés. L'atteinte aux infrastructures critiques peut induire de très nombreux dysfonctionnements en cascade pouvant plonger ce territoire et sa société dans une crise de grande ampleur. Les interdépendances entre ces activités essentielles et celles avec la population accentuent leur fragilité. Afin d'évaluer les impacts directs et indirects d'une perturbation majeure, la méthodologie développée étudie la problématique sous un angle multisectoriel répondant ainsi à une prise en compte de la complexité des territoires. Dans un premier temps, le territoire via ses activités essentielles et sa population est modélisé en s'appuyant sur les liens d'interdépendance existants. Sur la base d'un évènement initial donné, la méthode identifie les scénarios de propagation possibles et leurs conséquences sur les "usagers" concernés par la délivrance des services touchés. Cette simulation permet ainsi d'apprécier la résilience systémique des enjeux du territoire. Basé sur une approche systémique et spatiale, ce travail a pour objectif de fournir une aide à la décision à la planification des mesures de continuité et de rétablissement d'activité ou à la mise en place de mesures de traitement des risques. / Too many dramatic events occurred over the last ten years have demonstrated the severity and extent of impacts that territories may be confronted with. Damages to critical infrastructures may have a variety of downfall disturbing effects, which can lead territories and society into a huge crisis. Interdependency between these essential activities on the one hand, and between these activities and the population on the other hand, increases their vulnerability. This thesis presents a methodology to better assess direct and indirect impacts of a major disturbance. The issue is addressed from a multi-activity perspective, to take into account territories complexity.In the first stage, a territory is modeled using existing interdependency links between essential activities and the population. The methodology then identifies, based on a defined initial event, possible propagation scenarios and their consequences on services “users”. Finally, this simulation gives an assessment of the territory stakes resilience. This works provides a decision-making tool for the development of activity continuity plans, or risk assessment and mitigation policies.