O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar, em presença de multi-carboidrase (MC: galactomananase, xilanase, beta-glucanase, e alfa-galactosidase) e fitase (10.000 FTU/g) o balanço nutricional, uso aparente da energia (EMA), a digestibilidade ileal aparente e estandardizada dos aminoácidos em diferentes ingredientes usados na alimentação de frangos de corte. Sob o delineamento inteiramente casualizado 1960 frangos machos (Cobb 500) foram distribuídos do 1 aos 21 dias de idade para receberem cinco tratamentos, em sete repetições com sete aves cada. A adaptação das aves às gaiolas, sob níveis nutricionais dietéticos recomendados à fase, se deu do 1º ao 10º dia de idade. A seguir, receberam as dietas experimentais dos 11 aos 18 dias, quando se procedeu a coleta de excretas, período esse, definido como Ensaio 1. A partir do 19º dia as aves receberam nova dieta até os 21 dias de idade, quando se deu o abate para amostragens do conteúdo ileal, período definido como Ensaio 2. As dietas do período experimental foram: dieta de referência e quatro dietas a base de milho (Ensaio 1) e quatro dietas a base de amido de milho (Ensaio 2). As dietas experimentais tinham como única fonte de proteína 30% do ingrediente testado, sendo fornecidas sob arranjo fatorial 2 MC (0 ou 200 mg/kg) x 2 fitase (0 ou 50 mg/kg). Os ingredientes testados foram: farelo de trigo, farelo de arroz, sorgo, farelo de canola, farelo de girassol, milho, farelo de soja e soja integral extrusada. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância utilizando o PROC GLM do SAS 9.2. As enzimas melhoraram (P < 0,05) o balanço de nutrientes, a EMA, digestibilidade ileal aparente e estandardizada dos aminoácidos nos diferentes ingredientes testados. Separada ou combinada a multi-carboidrase e fitase tiveram eficiência diferenciada para cada ingrediente estudado e utilizado na formulação das rações de frangos de corte na fase inicial, correspondente ao período de 14 aos 21 dias de idade / The aim of this study was to determine the effects of multi-carbohydrase (MC, that consist in: galactomannanase, xylanase, beta-glucanase and alpha-galactosidase) and phytase (10000 FTU/g of activity) the nutrients balance, apparent energy use (AME), apparent and standardized ileal amino acids digestibility in some feedstuffs fed to young chickens. Under a completely randomized design 1960 male broilers (Cobb 500) were allotted from 1 to 21 days old to receive five treatments in seven replicates with seven birds each. Birds cages adaptation under dietary nutritional levels recommended to the stage occurred from the 1st to 10th day of age. Then, the birds received the experimental diet from 11 to 18 days when was realized the excreta collection, period defined as Assay 1. From the 19th day the birds received the new diet until 21 days old when birds were slaughter for ileal digesta collection, this period was defined like Assay 2. The experimental diets were: one reference diet and four corn-based diets (Assay 1) and four corn-starch-based diets (Assay 2). The experimental diets containing 30% of ingredient test as a sole protein source in 2 MC (0 or 200 mg/kg) x 2 phytase (0 or 50 mg/kg) factorial arrangement. The ingredients tested were: wheat bran, rice bran, sorghum, canola meal, sunflower meal, corn, soybean meal and extruded soybean meal. Data were subjected to variance analysis using the PROC GLM of SAS 9.2. Enzymes improved (P < 0.05) the nutrients balance, AME use, apparent and standardized ileal amino acids digestibility on different tested ingredients. Isolated or combined the multi-carbohydrase and phytase have different efficiency for each studied ingredient and used on feed formulation for broiler chickens in initial phase, that corresponding from 14 to 21 days old

Orientador: Anita Jocelyne Marsaioli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T09:30:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CarlaPortoda_D.pdf: 8471917 bytes, checksum: 298adab03875869cd5d11c7dac0a7b90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Estima-se que o corpo humano que contém cerca de 10 trilhões de células seja portador de aproximadamente 100 trilhões de micro-organismos. Fatores ambientais como temperatura, umidade e exposição à luz, além de fatores do hospedeiro, como gênero, genótipo, status imune e uso de cosméticos, podem afetar a composição e a distribuição microbiana da pele. Inúmeras pesquisas indicam que a microbiota desempenha um papel importante no sistema imune da pele. Contudo, pouco é conhecido sobre os conjuntos de espécies presentes em amostras cutâneas bem como suas atividades enzimáticas. Esta tese visou realizar o estudo do potencial enzimático da microbiota da pele humana, vinculando este potencial às principais reações de degradação de formulações de cosméticos, mais especificamente, insumos de fragrâncias. O recrutamento dos voluntários levou em conta parâmetros como idade, sexo e fototipo de pele. As principais atividades enzimáticas das microbiotas coletadas foram avaliadas através de técnicas de triagem de alto desempenho, a fim de detectar proteases, lipases, amilases, esterases, epóxido hidrolases e mono-oxigenases, num total de 2.160 experimentos. Através dos resultados obtidos das triagens enzimáticas, algumas amostras foram selecionadas para a realização de ensaios de degradação de insumos de fragrâncias através de ensaios de multibiorreação. Todos os resultados obtidos foram avaliados com intuito de relacionar o tipo da microbiota coletada com reações de degradação de componentes de fragrância, levando em conta as diferenças intrínsecas de cada voluntário. Além disso, observou-se uma grande diversidade fúngica, ainda pouco descrita na literatura, onde diversos representantes foram isolados e identificados. Os dados obtidos demonstraram que os tipos de pele devem ser levados em consideração nas formulações de uso tópico a fim de atingir alvos específicos, tendo em vista que a pele humana não é um ambiente estéril, mas sim um microbioma complexo. Desta forma, o potencial de biotransformação de insumos cosméticos pela microbiota da pele é um fator relevante e poderá auxiliar na busca de produtos mais eficazes, seguros e versáteis / Abstract: The human body contains about 10 trillion cells and carries approximately 100 trillion microorganisms¿ cells. Environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity and light exposure and host factors such as gender, genotype, immune status and use of cosmetics, can affect the composition and distribution of skin microbes. Numerous studies indicate that skin microbiota plays an important role in the human skin immune system. However, little is known about the species present in skin samples and their enzymatic activities. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate the enzymatic potential of the human skin microbiota, establishing a link between this potential and the main fragrance degradation of cosmetic formulations, more specifically, fragrance ingredients. The recruitment of volunteers (55) took into account some parameters such as age, gender and skin phototype. The main enzymatic activities of the collected microbiota were assessed by high throughput screening techniques in order to detect protease, lipase, amylase, esterase, epoxide hydrolase and monooxygenase, in a total of 2160 experiments. These enzymatic profiles were applied in the selection of microorganisms to probe the biodegradability of fragrance ingredients using the multibioreaction protocol. The results linking microbiota type and degradation reactions of fragrance ingredients took into consideration the intrinsic differences between volunteers. In addition, a great fungal diversity, still poorly described in the literature, was observed and several representative entities of this diversity were isolated and identified. The obtained data showed that skin types must be considered in topical formulations to achieve specific biological targets and , taking into consideration that the human skin is not a sterile environment, but rather consists of a complex microbiome. Consequently the biotransformation susceptibility of cosmetic ingredients to human skin microbiota is a relevant factor to consider in formulations / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer, les possibilités de diversification des matières premières utilisées en alimentation de la volaille et les conditions d’application des systèmes d’alimentation séquentielle et mélangée en milieu chaud. Une méta-analyse et deux expérimentations in vivo ont permis de conclure qu’il est possible de combiner sorgho/tourteau de coton et millet/sorgho dans l'aliment du poulet sans effet synergique sur les performances. Chez la poule pondeuse, une étude réalisée en milieu chaud et humide a permis de montrer que lorsque l’animal est soumis à des conditions thermiques et hygrométriques variables, les performances de production des poules en alimentation séquentielle et mélangée sont fortement affectées. En température chaude et constante, les poules en alimentation séquentielle ont une meilleure efficacité alimentaire que les poules en alimentation classique. Ce travail a permis de mettre en place des systèmes d’alimentation permettant de mieux valoriser des matières premières locales et d’améliorer l’ajustement des apports aux besoins des animaux. Les modèles présentés permettent ainsi de renforcer les liens entre filières avicole et végétale et de contribuer à leur développement. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of alternative feed ingredients in poultry feeding and to determine bird’s responses to sequential and loose-mix feeding in hot climate. A meta-analysis and in vivo trials were performed on the use of millet. sorghum and cottonseed meal in poultry diets. Results showed that simple or combined utilization of these ingredients resulted in similar feed intake and growth performance as corn/soybean-based diets. In laying hens, a study conducted in warm conditions showed that when they are subjected 10 variable temperature and humidity throughout and within a day, laying and growth performance decreased in sequential and loose-mix feeding. A second study confirmed that high environmental temperature does not disable sequential feeding benefits. This work suggest feeding systems in which feed ingredients produced in hot climates could be directly included in birds diets have been proposed. This will thereby help consolidating the links between poultry and vegetable supply chains and contribute to their development.

No description available.

Amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients remain in the research focus as an avenue to achieve a better solubility of drugs. Several processing techniques are applied to produce amorphous materials. Main two approaches applied to production of amorphous phases are comminution of crystalline materials in order to break down molecular long-range order of their crystal lattices and amorphous phase precipitation from solutions. This thesis is focused on processing challenges in preparation of amorphous API phases from solutions by spray drying and evaporative antisolvent sonoprecipitation. Budesonide (BUD) and simvastatin (SMV) were used as model poorly soluble APIs. Amorphous phases of relatively low-glass transition (Tg) APIs are physically unstable and crystallise upon storage and/or processing conditions. To tackle this issue, for the first time in this work a selection of polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVP-VA) co-polymers has been applied to investigate impact of sonoprecipitation processing parameters and a composition of PVP-VA on physicochemical and micromeritic properties of BUD/PVP-VA nanoparticulate composites. Studies confirmed that in solid-state BUD is miscible with PVP-VA polymers. Application of factorial design revealed that processing parameters: polymer type, surfactant concentrations, time and amplitude of sonication impact the entrapment efficiency, drug loading, polydispersity and particle size properties of produced nanoparticles. The largest fraction of polymer to drug in produced nanoparticles has been achieved with PVP VA E-535. As it is known that polymer content in formulation of APIs may slow down its dissolution, novel approach to processing and dissolution enhancement of amorphous composites of SMV produced by spray drying has been applied. Introduction of easily crystallising inorganic salt- sodium chloride into spray drying feed rendered SMV-polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) amorphous microparticles loaded with nanocrystalline NaCl. Addition of NaCl successfully facilitated generation of discrete microparticles post spray drying with low-Tg polymers, which otherwise were not processable as binary mixtures. In addition, NaCl content aided tabletability and dissolution of amorphous API composites with more viscous and high-Tg PVP polymers. Studies confirmed that application of factorial design facilitates robust design of production process of amorphous nanocomposites by sonoprecipitation as well as that introduction of soluble nanocrystalline phase into amorphous binary solid dispersion by spray drying aids its processing and dissolution.

Yes / This mini-review highlights the latest advances in the chemistry and biology of Pluronic® triblock copolymers. We focus on their applications in medicine, as drug delivery carriers, biological response modifiers, and pharmaceutical ingredients. Examples of drug delivery systems and formulations currently in clinical use, clinical trials or preclinical development are highlighted. We also discuss the role that Pluronic® copolymers may play in the innovative design of new nanomedicines in the near future. / We thank the Leverhulme Trust (Early Career Fellowship no. ECF-2013-414 to NPEB), the University of Warwick (Grant no. RDF 2013-14 to NPEB) and EPSRC (EP/G004897/1 to APB) for support.

Yes / Properties of a matter are intrinsically dependent upon the internal arrangement of molecules in the solid state. Therefore, knowledge of 3-dimensional structure of the matter is prerequisite for structure-property correlations and design of functional materials. Over the past century, X-ray crystallography has evolved as a method of choice for accurate determination of molecular structure at atomic resolution. The structural information obtained from crystallographic analysis paved the way for rapid development in electronic devices, mineralogy, geosciences, materials science, pharmaceuticals, etc. Knowledge of the structural information of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is prerequisite for rational drug design and synthesis of new chemical entities for development as new medicines. Over the past two decades, X-ray crystallography has played a key role in the design of pharmaceutical cocrystals-crystalline solids containing an API and one or more of pharmaceutically acceptable coformers. These materials have proved promising for fine-tuning several important properties of APIs. This short review highlights the history of crystallography, early breakthroughs, and the role of crystallography in understanding physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical cocrystals. / S. Aitipamula gratefully acknowledges the financial support from the Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences of A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore. V. R. Vangala thanks Royal Society of Chemistry for Researcher Mobility Grant (2015/17).

Yes / Cocrystallization is an attractive approach to improving the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which have great potential in drug development. Accordingly, there is a growing need to understand the physicochemical changes that occur upon co-crystallisation. This work focuses on the combined use of spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to understand the molecular structure, hydrogen bond interactions and physicochemical properties of a pharmaceutical cocrystal. Solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy can provide detailed molecular structure information on pharmaceutical cocrystals and complexes. It is non-destructive and usually provides deep structural insights that complement well with vibrational spectroscopy. In this work, a cocrystal of an antibiotic drug, nitrofurantoin (NF), with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HBA) is examined to understand the capability of multiple spectroscopic techniques such as infrared (IR), Raman and solid-state NMR spectroscopies, and to confirm the molecular structure and hydrogen bonding of cocrystal systems. The results of IR and Raman spectroscopy showed that for the cocrystal formation, NF and 4HBA molecules interact through N–H⋯O–H interactions between the imide N–H of nitrofurantoin and the phenolic –OH of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and these interactions are also confirmed by natural bond orbital (NBO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analyses. It is critical to understand whether a given cocrystal, upon conceiving a modified crystalline structure compared to that of its API, shows enhanced physical and chemical properties or not. Computationally, it is found that the NF–4HBA cocrystal shows softer (more reactive) behaviour in comparison to NF as its cocrystal, NF–4HBA, has a low band gap in comparison to the API, NF. These results demonstrate that the quantum chemical approach predicts accurately how to relate cocrystal with its physical and chemical properties. / BSR meritorious fellowship scheme. The Newton-Bhabha PhD placement award (2017). The Royal Society Seed Corn Research Grant (2018-19)

Objective: Food insecurity among South Asians in the US is a public health issue. Food insecure adults face a plethora of adverse outcomes and research shows that individuals with ancestral origins from South Asia have a higher susceptibility rate for cardiovascular disease after migrating to urban environments. As such, the goal of this study was to research possible barriers South Asians face when creating cultural dishes in the US. Methods: This was a convergent parallel mixed-methods analysis to understand how South Asians feel about food insecurity. Pricing and availability of cultural food items were obtained from South Asian and Western grocery stores. Focus groups were conducted among twelve participants who identified as South Asian immigrants where participants discussed their experiences obtaining cultural food items. After the interviews, the discussions were transcribed, and patterns were identified and analyzed. Results: The results of the study demonstrate that South Asians find barriers such as availability, price, and quality when shopping for cultural food items. Participants reported cooking cultural foods at a lower frequency than what they would prefer because while many of the food items commonly used in cultural dishes were available at both Western and South Asian grocery stores, South Asian stores were more expensive. Furthermore, participants reported that some culturally specific ingredients were not available at South Asian stores thus further limiting their ability to cook healthy items. Conclusion: The results of the study highlight the need for more public health initiative to address food insecurity among South Asians in the US.

Os contaminantes inorgânicos, entre eles o cádmio (Cd), estão associados a efeitos negativos na saúde humana e animal. Este projeto, em parceria com o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de validar método analítico para determinação de Cd em matriz de alface para extensão de aplicabilidade em outras matrizes vegetais. A otimização e validação foram realizadas no Lanagro-SP em Campinas, sendo testadas as técnicas de digestão via seca, digestão via úmida em forno micro-ondas e suspensão ácida. A suspensão ácida propiciou melhores recuperações (70 a 110%), maior simplicidade de preparo e economia de reagentes, logo foi a técnica selecionada para validação. O método consiste em pesagem de 0,5 g de alface moído, adição de 2,5 mL de ácido nítrico, sonicação durante 20 minutos, tempo de reação de 2 horas e 20 minutos de centrifugação. As análises estatísticas consistiram em cálculo da média aritmética e coeficiente de variação entre replicatas de amostras. Para validação do método foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: sensibilidade, linearidade, precisão e exatidão com material de referência certificado, recuperação, seletividade ou efeito matriz, limite de detecção e quantificação, repetitividade e reprodutibilidade. Todos os experimentos da validação realizados até o momento estão de acordo com o requerido pelo Regulamento (CE) 657/2002 e INMETRO. As análises estatísticas consistiram basicamente em avaliação da média aritmética, desvio-padrão e coeficiente de variação. Após validação, o método foi utilizado para estudo de caso com amostras provenientes de experimento conduzido na USP/ESALQ Piracicaba com 63 bovinos de corte desmamados ½ Nelore x ½ Canchim em B. brizantha sob lotação rotacionada, com terminação em confinamento. O delineamento foi em blocos completos casualizados com três tratamentos e três repetições: T1 sal mineral ad libitum; T2 sal mineral + milho (0,3% do peso vivo PV); T3 sal mineral + milho (0,6% até 0,9% PV). Foram amostrados pasto, feno (Tifton 85), milho, sorgo, farelo de soja, solo, água, rins e fígado. As amostras vegetais foram preparadas pela técnica de suspensão ácida e os tecidos por calcinação, todos analisados por espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite (GF AAS). Na triagem algumas amostras estiveram abaixo do limite de quantificação (LQ) dentre elas a pastagem (13 µg kg-1), farelo de soja e milho (8 µg kg-1) e água (0,0025 mg L-1), ao passo que feno e sorgo permaneceram acima do L.Q. porém abaixo do limite máximo permitido (200 µg kg-1). O solo com pH ácido de 5,4 com 1,5 mg kg-1 de Cd. As amostras de fígado apresentaram teor abaixo do LQ (22 µg kg-1) e as de rim abaixo do máximo permitido (1000 µg kg-1). Não houve diferença entre tratamentos. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva para amostras vegetais e transformação logarítmica (10) nos dados de rim pelo SAS com médias comparadas pelo teste t a 5%. Não foram encontrados teores prejudiciais de Cd neste estudo. / The inorganic contaminants like cadmium (Cd) are toxic to human and animal health. This work, accomplished with Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, had the purpose to validate an analytical method for Cd determination in lettuce samples and other vegetables samples. The development and validating steps were made on Lanagro-SP in Campinas. The techniques tested were dry ashing, microwave digestion and slurry. The slurry method had best recoveries (70 % up to 110%), the simplest preparing with less reagents, so it was selected to be validate. After optimizing the experimental parameters, the steps of the method were the following: weighting 0.5 g of ground lettuce; addition of 2.5 mL of HNO3 distilled; 20 minutes of sonication; 2 hours of standing and 20 minutes of centrifugation after volume completed for 25 mL. The statistical analyses were did evaluating means and relative standard deviation of the experiments. To validate the method the sensibility, linearity, precision and accuracy with certified reference material, recovery, matrix effects, limit of detection, limit of quantification, repeatability and reproducibility. All the experiments that have been done until now are in accordance with Comission Decision (CD) 2002/657/EC and INMETRO. The statistical analyses were basic the same at the development period. After the validation, the method was used in a screening with samples from ESALQ/USP Piracicaba experiment using 63 ½ Nelore x ½ Canchim beef steers, under a rotational grazing system in B. brizantha, finishing animals in feedlot. The experimental design was a randomized block with three treatments and three replications: T1 - mineral supplementation (MS) ad libitum; T2 - MS + corn (0.3% body weight BW); T3 - MS + corn (0.6% up to 0.9% BW). Samples of pasture, hay (Tifton 85), corn, sorghum, soybean meal, soil, water, kidney and liver were collected. Vegetables samples were prepared by acid slurry and animal tissues by dry ashing, and then all analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS). Some samples were under limit of quantification (LOQ) like pasture (13 µg kg-1), soybean meal and corn (8 µg kg-1) and water (0.0025 mg L-1), while hay and sorghum were bellow acceptable levels (200 µg kg-1). Soil pH was 5.4 with a Cd content of 1.5 mg kg-1. The liver samples were under LOQ (22 µg kg-1) and kidney samples were bellow acceptable levels (1000 µg kg-1, FB).There was no difference between treatments. The vegetables data were submitted to descriptive statistics, while kidney means were transformed by log (10) on SAS and compared by t test in 5% level. No hazardous Cd concentrations were observed in this trial.